Regional variation in tropical forest tree species composition in the Central African Republic: an assessment based on inventories by forest companiesR´ejou-M´echain, M.P´elissier, R.Gourlet-Fleury, S.Couteron, PNasi, R.Thompson, J.D2008http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ANasi0801.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2609GAJournal of Tropical Ecology24Biofuel plantations on forested lands: double jeopardy for biodiversity and climateDanielsen, F.Beukema, H.Burgess, N.Parish, F.Bruhl, C.A.Donald, P.F.Murdiyarso, D.Phalan, B.Reijnders, L.Struebig, M.Fitzherbert, e.B2008This article will be available in the February issue of Conservation BiologyThe growing demand for biofuels is promoting the expansion of a number of agricultural commodities, including oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Oil-palm plantations cover over 13 million ha, primarily in Southeast Asia, where they have directly or indirectly replaced tropical rainforest. We explored the impact of the spread of oil-palm plantations on greenhouse gas emission and biodiversity. We assessed changes in carbon stocks with changing land use and compared this with the amount of fossil-fuel carbon emission avoided through its replacement by biofuel carbon. We estimated it would take between 75 and 93 years for the carbon emissions saved through use of biofuel to compensate for the carbon lost through forest conversion, depending on how the forest was cleared. If the original habitat was peatland, carbon balance would take more than 600 years. Conversely, planting oil palms on degraded grassland would lead to a net removal of carbon within 10 years. These estimates have associated uncertainty, but their magnitude and relative proportions seem credible. We carried out a meta-analysis of published faunal studies that compared forest with oil palm. We found that plantations supported species-poor communities containing few forest species. Because no published data on flora were available, we present results from our sampling of plants in oil palm and forest plots in Indonesia. Although the species richness of pteridophytes was higher in plantations, they held few forest species. Trees, lianas, epiphytic orchids, and indigenous palms were wholly absent from oil-palm plantations. The majority of individual plants and animals in oil-palm plantations belonged to a small number of generalist species of low conservation concern. As countries strive to meet obligations to reduce carbon emissions under one international agreement (Kyoto Protocol), they may not only fail to meet their obligations under another (Convention on Biological Diversity) but may actually hasten global climate change. Reducing deforestation is likely to represent a more effective climate-change mitigation strategy than converting forest for biofuel production, and it may help nations meet their international commitments to reduce biodiversity loss.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Articles/AMurdiyarso0801.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2608GAConservation BiologyHunting for livelihood in North East Gabon: patterns, evolution and sustainabilityVan Vliet, N.Nasi, R2008huntingimpactsustainabilityassessmentWe suggest an ethno-biological approach to analyze the cultural and social drivers of hunting activities and assess sustainability in villages near Makokou, northeast Gabon, based on interviews with hunters, participatory mapping of hunting territories, and daily records of offtakes for 1 yr. Hunting in villages of northeast Gabon is practiced for both local consumption and cash income to cover basic family expenses. There appears to be no clear tendency to abandon subsistence hunting for commercial hunting as in other regions of Africa. Cultural and socioeconomic factors explain the temporal and spatial variation in hunting activities. Hunting increases in the dry season during circumcision ceremonies, when it is practiced mainly at > 10 km from villages, and decreases during the rainy season because most hunters are occupied by other economic activities. Degraded forest such as secondary regrowth supplies 20% of the animals killed and the greatest diversity of species at short distances from villages. Mature forest supplies the species with the greatest commercial value, e.g., red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), and is the preferred source of meat for traditional ceremonies. In the last 15 yr, hunting patterns have changed rapidly, mainly because of the spread of gun hunting, which had serious implications for the nature of offtakes. Our results suggest that there is potential to allow hunting for resistant species such as blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus). Other species such as red river hog and small diurnal monkeys require more attention. Specific management systems could be discussed in participatory hunting management plans to identify possible solutions to maintain the population levels of the more critical species.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2592GAEcology and Society213Sustainable forest management in Cameroon needs more than approved forest management plansCerutti, P.O.Nasi, R.Tacconi, L2008certificationforest managementsustainabilityOne of the main objectives of the 1994 Cameroonian forestry law is to improve the management of production forests by including minimum safeguards for sustainability into compulsory forest management plans. As of 2007, about 3.5 million hectares (60%) of the productive forests are harvested following the prescriptions of 49 approved management plans. The development and implementation of these forest management plans has been interpreted by several international organizations as long awaited evidence that sustainable management is applied to production forests in Cameroon. Recent reviews of some plans have concluded, however, that their quality was inadequate. This paper aims at taking these few analyses further by assessing the actual impacts that approved management plans have had on sustainability and harvesting of commercial species. We carry out an assessment of the legal framework, highlighting a fundamental flaw, and a thorough comparison between data from approved management plans and timber production data. Contrary to the principles adhered to by the 1994 law, we find that the government has not yet succeeded in implementing effective minimum sustainability safeguards and that, in 2006, 68% of the timber production was still carried out as though no improved management rules were in place. The existence of a number of approved management plans cannot be used a proxy for proof of improved forest management.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Articles/ACerutti0801.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2591CMEcology and Society213Matching national forest policies and management practices for climate change adaptation in Burkina Faso and GhanaKalame, F.B.Nkem, J.Idinoba, M.Kanninen, M2008adaptationBurkina Fasoclimatic changeforest managementforest practicesforest policyMany studies have suggested various kinds of forest policies, management planning and practices to help forests adapt to climate change. These recommendations are often generic, based mostly on case studies from temperate countries and rarely from Africa. We argue that policy and management recommendations aimed at integrating adaptation into national forest policies and practices in Africa should start with an inventory and careful examination of existing policies and practices in order to understand the nature and extent of intervention required to influence the adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change. This paper aims to contribute to closing this gap in knowledge detrimental to decision making through the review and analysis of current forest policies and practices in Burkina Faso and Ghana and highlighting elements that have the potential to influence the adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change. The analysis revealed that adaptation (and mitigation) are not part of current forest policies in Burkina Faso and Ghana, but instead policies contain elements of risk management practices which are also relevant to the adaptation of forest ecosystems. Some of these elements are found in policies on the management of forest fires, forest genetic resources, non-timber resources, tree regeneration and silvicultural practices. To facilitate and enhance the management of these elements, a number of recommendations are suggested. Their implementation will require experienced and well-trained forestry personnel, financial resources, socio-cultural and political dimensions, and the political will of decision makers to act appropriately by formulating necessary policies and mainstreaming adaptation into forest policy and management planning.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2589BFMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change1381-2386Decentralization of natural resource governance regimesLarson, A.M.Soto, F2008democracyforest managementlocal governmentparticipationproperty rightsThis chapter reviews the literature on natural resource decentralization with an emphasis on forests in developing countries. This literature can be located at the intersection between discussions of good governance and democracy, development, and poverty alleviation, on the one hand, and common property resources, community-based resource management, and local resource rights, on the other. Policies implemented in the name of decentralization, however, are often not applied in ways compatible with the democratic potential with which decentralization is conceived, and only rarely have they resulted in pro-poor outcomes or challenged underlying structures of inequity. Greater attention to who receives decentralized powers, the role of property rights, the notion of &ldquo;the local,&rdquo; and the meeting of expert and local knowledge provides insights into key issues and contradictions. Fundamental differences in conceptions of democracy, participation, and development lie behind these contradictions and shape strategies for the redistribution of access to political power and resources, which is implied by decentralization.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ALarson0801.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2588BFAnnual Review of Environment and Resources33A methodological proposal for the evaluation of farmer&rsquo;s adaptation to climate variability, mainly due to drought in watersheds in Central AmericaBenegas, L.Jimenez, F.Locatelli, B.Faustino, J.Campos, M2008adaptationclimatic changemethodologyThe current study shows the process and the results of a methodology proposed to contribute with the issue of how to evaluate the adaptation to climate variability and future climate change. The proposed methodology consists of a standard to evaluate farmer&rsquo;s adaptation to climate variability, mainly due to drought in watersheds in Central America; and was created with contributions from experts and professionals around this region. The phases for this process were: (1) literature review about the topic, (2) development of a preliminary standard, (3) expert interviews for the evaluation of this preliminary standard, (4) construction of a standard to evaluate the issue of adaptation to climate variability emphasizing drought through contributions from experts and their preliminary evaluations, (5) applicability test of this standard for the evaluation of climate variability under real conditions and (6) application of this standard through a case study in the Aguas Calientes river sub-watershed in Nicaragua, which permanently undergoes drought problems and climate variability. This standard has five main principles that go from the general, considering regional and national policies and institutionalism, to the specifics at the level of watersheds. In addition to those principles, the standard contains ten criteria, 26 indicators and 51 verifiers distributed among the main five principles. In the process for testing this standard in the Aguas Calientes river watershed in Nicaragua, the score for the general applicability to this standard was middle-level (score of 3 in a scale of 1 to 5), although, for the main principles of this standard, the score was four (high).ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2587BFMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global ChangeRegional variation in tropical forest tree species composition in the Central African Republic: an assessment based on inventories by forest companiesR´ejou-M´echain, MP´elissier, RGourlet-Fleury, S.Couteron, PNasi, R.Thompson, J.D2008soilsoiltreesforest inventoriescommunity ecologyUnderstanding how species assemblages are structured in relation to environmental variation is a central issue in community ecology. However, factors that create regional variation in relative species abundances have been little studied due to the rarity of large-scale datasets. Here, we investigated a large dataset (30 180 0.5-ha plots spread over 1 600 000 ha) gathered from forest planning inventories in the semi-deciduous forest of the south western Central African Republic. We used Correspondence Analysis and Non-Symmetric Correspondence Analysis on Instrumental Variables to analyse variation in the abundance of73commontree species in relation to soil type, rainfall and proximity to villages. Together, environmental variables explained 10.3% of multi-species floristic variation among plots, and the regional spatial structure almost disappeared when the effects of these variables were removed. A Trend Surface Analysis using a third order polynomial function of the geographical coordinates of the plots explained 14.5% of the floristic variation and more than 75% of this variation was explained by environmental variables. Sandy soil was the most influential factor affecting floristic composition. Residual spatial variation not explained by the environmental variables probably reflects the natural and anthropogenic history of the vegetationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2586BFJournal of Tropical Ecology24REDD models and baselinesAngelsen, A2008climatic changedeforestationmodelsThe article reviews some of the critical issues for including Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) into a new global climate agreement. Four different REDD models (regimes) are discussed based on two dimensions: scale (national vs. project) and funding (market vs. funds). One of the most troublesome issues concerns setting national baselines (= emission quotas). Research provides few defi nite answers on how to do this, yet it has huge implications for the possible payments to developing countries. The paper argues that the expectations about the magnitude of such transfers are unrealistically high, and may reduce the prospect for reaching an agreement and increase the chances for &lsquo;hot air&rsquo; from the South.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2585BFInternational Forestry Review310The architecture of proposed REDD schemes after Bali : facing critical choicesKarsenty, A2008deforestationdegradationRules governing the REDD (Reductions of Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) scheme have yet to be established. Different national interests compete within the debate on baselines in order to maximize expected gains. The scheme could have a deleterious impact on the carbon market through massive hot air creation (fake emission reductions), and ultimately on the current international climate change regime derived from the cap-and-trade architecture adopted by the Kyoto Protocol. The political economy of avoided deforestation is frequently overlooked as is the issue of additionality, although both of them are more critical with deforestation at national level than they could be with project-based CDM. An alternative REDD architecture which relies on a special fund would not only allow protection of the carbon market against massive fl ooding by non additional credits, but could also help fi nance potentially effi cient policies and measures.Sustaining long-term adequate funding is still an issue to be addressed on a multilateral basis.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2583BFInternational Forestry Review310Regulating industrial forest concessions in Central Africa and South AmericaKarsenty, A.Drigo, I.G.Piketty, M.G.Singer, B2008sustainabilityforest managementTropical countries face special specific problems in implementing sustainable forest management (SFM). In many countries, questions are raised on whether tropical forests should be publicly, commonly or privately owned and managed in order to enhance sustainability. Other debates also focus on whether small-scale enterprises are better positioned than large-scale industrial concessions to reduce poverty and attain sustainable management. In countries where large tracts of forest are state-owned, concessions are viewed as a means of delivering services of public and collective interest through an association of private investment and public regulation. However, the success of an industrial concession model in countries with large forest resource endowment to achieve multiple goals such as sustainable forest management and local/regional development depends on two critical assumptions. First, forest functions and services should be managed and maintained as public goods. Inmany cases, additional uses &ndash; and corresponding rights &ndash; can take place alongside logging activities. Industrial concessions can be more efficient than other tenure models (such as community-based forest management and small-scale enterprises) in achieving SFM, add value to rawmaterial and comply with growing environmental norms. This is especially the case in market-remote areas with low population density and poor infrastructure. Secondly, to achieve these different outcomes, any concession system needs to be monitored and regulated, especially in contexts dominated by asymmetrical information between regulating authorities and concessionaires. New institutional responses have recently been put forward in several countries, providing valuable materials to design a renewed policy mix which associates public and private incentives. This paper provides a survey of the experience of forest concessions in several Central African and South American countries. The concession system is examined in order to clarify the issues involved, the problems encountered, and what can be learned from the shared experience of these countries in the last decade. This paper argues that despite a sometimes patchy record, concessions can help promote SFM so long as they are packaged with a certain number of specific measuresArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2579BFForest Ecology and Management256Monitoring, indicators and community based forest management in the tropics: pretexts or red herrings?Garcia, C.A.Lescuyer, G2008criteria and indicatorsparticipationtropical forestsOver the last 20 years, transfer of the management of natural resources to local populations has been a major trend in the tropics. Many of these initiatives today incorporate the development of monitoring systems based on Criteria and Indicators (C&I), used to gauge environmental, socio-economic, and institutional consequences over a long period of time. The design of C&I at a local level involves combining scientific expertise with traditional ecological knowledge. There are numerous methods of merging these two branches of knowledge and developing a local monitoring system. The difficulty lies in setting up these local monitoring systems. A review of the literature available demonstrates that the handing over of monitoring systems to local communities has rarely been successful. In almost every case study, when the donor agency initiating the process withdrew, monitoring was either much less intensive or came to a complete stop. Despite this blatant deficiency local monitoring systems constitute an almost compulsory component of any donor-funded program/project dealing with sustainable management of natural resources. In our views, the real implementation of C&I by and for communities can only be achieved if there is a genuine devolution of management power, including responsibilities and benefits, to local stakeholders. Unless they link environmental changes to the communities&rsquo; own management decisions, formal participative monitoring systems will continue to fail.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2569BFBiodiversity and Conservation0960-311517Paying for avoided deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: from cost assessment to scheme designBorner, J.Wunder, S2008deforestationdegradationland useopportunity costsReducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) is considered a signifi cant mitigation opportunity. Forest loss in the Brazilian Amazon has traditionally been highest in the world and, thus, represents a likely target for future REDD initiatives. The paper presents an ex-ante assessment of the potential REDD costs in two of the three largest states in the Brazilian Amazon using offi cial land use and cover change statistics. The two states, Mato Grosso and Amazonas, historically feature largely different land use dynamics. The findings focus on the opportunity costs of REDD and suggest that at least 1 million ha of projected deforestation in Mato Grosso and Amazonas could be compensated for at current carbon prices until 2017. Total costs may differ between US$ 330 million and over US$ 1 billion depending on how payment mechanisms are designed. Implications of payment scheme design for the political economy of REDD are discussedArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2566BFInternational Forestry Review310Institutional foundations of agricultural development in Ethiopia: drawing lessons from current practice for agricultural R&DGerman, L.Ayele, S.Mazengia, WTsegaye, M.Abere, K.Bedane, K.Geta, E.Tolera, T.Taye, H2008natural resources managementagricultural developmentlocal communitiesThe historical emphasis on technological innovation as a pathway to rural development has obscured the institutional foundations of development &ndash; in this case, the role of local and external organizations in shaping patterns of benefits capture. Agrarian communities have a host of ways in which they self-organize to buffer themselves from economic hardship, facilitate access to limited resources and foster social cohesiveness. Yet these forms of collective action often remain invisible to development actors. External agricultural research and development organizations also play an important role in structuring development pathways and opportunities for some while marginalizing others. They also tend to create new social structures at the community level, rather than build upon existing social capital to channel its potential as a driver of development. This paper summarizes research on the development and natural resource management functions of local organizations in the highlands of Ethiopia, and on the role of local and external organizations in structuring patterns of opportunity. Three key findings are highlighted, namely: that wealth tends to beget wealth, requiring concerted attempts to support resource-poor households; that local organizations tend to produce more equitable outcomes than external development organizations; and that local organizations for natural resource management (NRM) are deficient, despite the prevalence of local NRM concerns. Implications for agricultural research and development include the need to build upon the strengths of local institutions; make the practices of external development organizations more equitable; minimize the effect of existing wealth on the potential for wealth creation; and strengthen local organizational capacities to address commonly felt NRM concerns.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2565ETQuarterly Journal of International Agriculture347Future scenarios as a tool for collaboration in forest communitiesEvans, K.de Jong, W.Cronkleton, P2008community forestrycommunity developmentparticipatory rural appraisallocal governmentForest devolution is meant to provide communities with greater decision-making power over the use and future of tropical forests. However, devolution policies have not always had the intended effect; in some cases they have caused or furthered the disenfranchisement of the poor, the creation of open access conditions, resource conflict and forest degradation. These problems are likely to arise when forest communities are at a disadvantage when interacting with other local players and are unprepared for their new opportunities and responsibilities due to their physical remoteness, cultural isolation, low literacy rates or lack of experience in formal planning and negotiation. This paper discusses how a participatory method to facilitate thinking about the future &ndash; called future scenarios &ndash; can help change the way forest communities and local governments interact. The paper reviews a growing body of literature on future scenarios and shares first-hand experiences with future scenarios in forest communities in the northern Bolivian Amazon and the central provinces of Vietnam. It finds that under the right conditions, the use of future scenarios allows forest communities to collaborate more effectively with local government, better assume responsibilities when given control over forests under devolution schemes and self-organize to benefit from the opportunities that communal control over forests offers. Future scenarios help communities think about dependency, vulnerabilities and ways to prepare for the future; the methods develop organizational capacity and encourage internal democratic processes and planning. Community leaders become more vocal and assertive in meetings with local government, and marginalized groups within communities, such as women or the poorest segments, make their voices heard. However, the methods are less effective when facilitation skills are not available or where government or other interests are threatened by local constituents. Future scenarios are not without their pitfalls and do not work in all situations, but given the appropriate context they can create "break-through moments" that improve collaboration between communities and local officials.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ADeJong0801.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2564ETSapiens21Wood density as a conservation tool: Quantification of disturbance and identification of conservation-priority areas in tropical forestsSlik, J.W.F.Bernard, C.S.Breman, F.C.Van Beek, M.Salim, A.Sheil, D2008wood densityspecies diversitytropical forestsinventoriesforest conservationInventories of tree species are often conducted to guide conservation efforts in tropical forests. Such surveys are time consuming, demanding of expertise, and expensive to perform and interpret. Approaches to make survey efforts simpler or more effective would be valuable. In particular, it would be good to be able to easily identify areas of old-growth forest. The average density of the wood of a tree species is closely linked to its successional status. We used tree inventory data from eastern Borneo to determine whether wood density can be used to quantify forest disturbance and conservation importance. The average density of wood in a plot was significantly and negatively related to disturbance levels, with plots with higher wood densities occurring almost exclusively in old-growth forests. Average wood density was unimodally related to the diversity of tree species, indicating that the average wood density in a plot might be a better indicator of old-growth forest than species diversity. In addition, Borneo endemics had significantly heavier wood than species that are common throughout the Malesian region, and they were more common in plots with higher average wood density. We concluded that wood density at the plot level could be a powerful tool for identifying areas of conservation priority in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2559ETConservation Biology0888-8892522Development Strategies for Green Tourism in Mountain VillagesJeon, Jun-HeonYoo, Byoung IlKim, Jong-HoSeong-il, KimOh, Sun HwaLee, Duk-Jae2008Articles185p.enCIFOR Head Quarter2556ETDesigning payments for environmental services in theory and practice: an overview of the issuesEngel, S.Pagiola, S.Wunder, SElsevier Science Publishers2008incentivesconservationPayments for environmental services (PES) have attracted increasing interest as amechanism to translate external, non-market values of the environment into real financial incentives for local actors to provide environmental services (ES). In this introductory paper, we set the stage for the rest of this Special Issue of Ecological Economics by reviewing the main issues arising in PES design and implementation and discussing these in the light of environmental economics. We start with a discussion of PES definition and scope. We proceed to review some of the principal dimensions and design characteristics of PES programs and then analyze how PES compares to alternative policy instruments. Finally, we examine in detail two important aspects of PES programs: their effectiveness and their distributional implications. PES is not a silver bullet that can be used to address any environmental problem, but a tool tailored to address a specific set of problems: those in which ecosystems are is managedbecause many of their benefits are externalities from the perspective of ecosystem managers. PES is based on the beneficiary-pays rather than the polluter-pays principle, and as such is attractive in settings where ES providers are poor, marginalized landholders or powerful groups of actors. An important distinction within PES is between user-financed PES in which the buyers are the users of the ES, and government-financed PES in which the buyers are others (typically the government) acting on behalf of ES users. In practice, PES programs differ in the type and scale of ES demand, the payment source, the type of activity paid for, the performance measure used, as well as the payment mode and amount. The effectiveness and efficiency of PES depends crucially on program design.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2555ETEcological Economics65Global cost estimates of reducing carbon emissions through avoided deforestationKindermann, G.Obersteiner, MSohngen, B.Sathaye, JAndrasko, K.Rametsteiner, ESchlamadinger, BWunder, S.Beach, R2008climatic changecarbon sequestrationdeforestationtropical forestsTropical deforestation is estimated to cause about one-quarter of anthropogenic carbon emissions, loss of biodiversity, and other environmental services. United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change talks are now considering mechanisms for avoiding deforestation (AD), but the economic potential of AD has yet to be addressed. We use three economic models of global land use and management to analyze the potential contribution of AD activities to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. AD activities are found to be a competitive, low-cost abatement option. A program providing a 10% reduction in deforestation from 2005 to 2030 could provide 0.3&ndash; 0.6 Gt (1 Gt = 1 X 10'5 g) CO2'yr-1 in emission reductions and would require $0.4 billion to $1.7 billion.yr-1 for 30 years. A 50% reduction in deforestation from 2005 to 2030 could provide 1.5&ndash;2.7 Gt CO2'yr-1 in emission reductions and would require $17.2 billion to $28.0 billion.yr-1. Finally, some caveats to the analysis that could increase costs of AD programs are described.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2554ETProcedures of the National Academy of Science30105Impacts of payments for environmental services on local development in northern Costa Rica: A fuzzy multi-criteria analysisLocatelli, B.Rojas, V.Salinas, Z2008forest plantationscommunity developmentMarket mechanisms for forest environmental services are increasingly used for promoting environmental conservation, and their impacts on development are of considerable interest. In Costa Rica a national scheme of Payment for Environmental Services (PSA) rewards landowners for the services provided by different forest land-uses. We evaluated the impacts of reforestation under the PSA on local development in the North of the country. We applied a fuzzy multi-criteria analysis including socioeconomic, institutional, and cultural dimensions and based on the individual perceptions of landowners. The impacts of the PSA applied to reforestation are positive; negative economic impacts are balanced by positive institutional and cultural impacts. In most dimensions, the impacts on the poorest landowners are notably positive and generally higher than for upper class landowners. However, the short-term incomes of the poorest landowners decrease as a consequence of reforestation. This problem may engender negative outcomes and reduce the participation of the poorest landowners in the PSA. Positive impacts were stronger for landowners applying to the PSAthrough a local non-governmental organization.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2551CRForest Policy and Economics510Combining napier grass with leguminous shrubs in contour hedgerows controls soil erosion without competing with cropsMutegi, J.K.Mugendi, D.N.Verchot, L.V.Kung'u, J.BSpringer Netherlands2008soil fertilitysoil erosionLeucaenaWe established hedges/barriers of calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner), leucaena (Leucaena trichandra (Zucc.) Urban)) and napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum chumach) and combination hedges of either calliandra or leucaena with napier grass on slopes exceeding 5% to study the effect of vegetative barriers on productivity of arable steeplands in central Kenya. Hedges/barriers were pruned regularly and biomass incorporated into the plots. Hedge plots were monitored for soil fertility, soil losses and maize crop yield changes. Inorganic-N concentration in the tree hedge plots was higher than in the control and napier barrier plots after 20 months. Napier grass barriers were the most effective in reducing erosion losses across the two seasons. The effectiveness of napier grass to significantly reduce soil erosion was detectable in one year old napier barriers. Soil loss from all the other one year old vegetative treatmentswas similar to soil loss from the control. Seventeen month old combination hedge plots recorded lower soil losses than tree hedges of the same age (P = 0.012). Maize crop yields throughout the trial period were high and similar for leguminous and combination hedge plots, but lower in the napier grass and control plots. Overall, we observed that the combination hedges seemed to provide a win-win scenario of reduction in soil erosion combined with improvement of maize crop yields and soil fertility enhancement.We conclude that vegetative hedges have a potential for improving soil productivity in arable steep-lands of the central highlands of Kenya, and that in adoption of vegetative hedges for this purpose there are trade-offs between soil conservation, soil fertility and maize crop yields to be considered.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2550CRAgroforestry Systems0167-436674A revision of the genus Podococcus (Arecaceae)van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H.Sunderland, T.C.H2008taxonomyArecaceaedistributionconservationA taxonomic revision of the palm genus Podococcus (Arecaceae) is presented. Two species are recognised:P. barteri, a species relatively widespread in a coastal band from Nigeria to the D. R. Congo and P. acaulis, a species previously considered conspecific to P. barteri, almost exclusively confined to Gabon. The taxonomic history, morphology, distribution and conservation status of the genus and each species are discussedArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2547NGKew Bulletin63Financing forest conservation in Ugandavan Heist, M.Sheil, D.Bitariho, P.Kasangaki, ATropenbos InternationalWageningen, Netherlands2008forest conservationnature tourismnatural resources managementnational parksArticles114-120enCIFOR Head Quarter2542Financing Sustainable Forest ManagementNG1608-2486Water scarcity under a changing climate in Ghana: options for livelihoods adaptationGyampoh, B.A.Idinoba, M.Amisah, S2008climatic changewater resourcesThe effects of climate change and variability on water availability in Ghana is being felt throughout the country. Coping with water scarcity has become a major issue. Most communities in the Offin River basin are rural with no pipe-borne water, and consist predominantly of farmers who depend on irrigation for their crops. The basin provides the communities with water for drinking, and for other economic activities. Benjamin Apraku Gyampoh, Monica Idinoba and Steve Amisah look at livelihood options to cope with water scarcity as the climate situation worsens in the coming yearsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2541GHDevelopment1011-6370351Fluxes of CH4, CO2, NO, and N2O in an improved fallow agroforestry system in Eastern AmazoniaVerchot, L.V.Brienza, S., Jr.de Oliviera, V.C.Mutegi, J.K.Cattanio, J.H.Davidson, E.A2008land use changeThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of leguminous fallows on ethane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), N oxides (N2O and NO) fluxes.We measured CH4, N2O, NO, and CO2 fluxes from improved fallows of Inga edulis and Acacia mangium during two successive fallow periods in an old agricultural frontier on sandy soils in eastern Amazonia. Sampling for the first fallow period was done in 1996 and 1997 while that for the second fallow was done in 1999 and 2000. We observed net CH4 uptake during majority of the sampling campaigns.We did not observe any significant difference in CH4 flux between improved fallows and unimproved fallows (control) during either of the sampling periods (P > 0.05).We observed significantly higher uptake during the dry season relative to wet season, indicating the importance of soil water content and gas transport on CH4 fluxes. For both wet and dry seasons, soil respiration rates (CO2), N2O and NO fluxes were similar for improved fallow plots and the control (P > 0.05). We did not observe any significant seasonality in soil respiration or NO fluxes, but there was a significant difference in N2O flux between seasons (P = 0.0638). Contrary to other studies, our observations suggest that improved fallows using N-fixing trees do not appear to decrease the soil CH4 sink and also do not seem to increase CO2 and N-oxide emission in these sandy Amazonian soils. The result for N oxides is particularly pertinent to greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting methods that assess N2O emissions as a fraction of N fixationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2540GHAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment [R]0167-8809126Climate change mitigation: a spatial analysis of global land suitability for Clean Development Mechanism afforestation and reforestationZomer, R.J.Trabucco, A.Bossio, D.A.Verchot, L.V2008climatic changeafforestationland useland use changeclean development mechanismWithin the Kyoto Protocol, the clean development mechanism (CDM) is an instrument intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while assisting developing countries in achieving sustainable development, with the multiple goals of poverty reduction, environmental benefits and cost-effective emission reductions. The CDM allows for a small percentage of emission reduction credits to come from afforestation and reforestation (CDM-AR) projects.We conducted a global analysis of land suitability for CDM-AR carbon &lsquo;sink&rsquo; projects and identified large amounts of land (749 Mha) as biophysically suitable and meeting the CDM-AR eligibility criteria. Forty-six percent of all the suitable areas globally were found in South America and 27% in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Asia, despite the larger land mass, relatively less land was available. In South America and Sub-Saharan Africa the majority of the suitable land was shrubland/grassland or savanna. In Asia the majority of the land was low-intensity agriculture. The sociologic and ecological analyses showed that large amounts of suitable land exhibited relatively low population densities. Many of the most marginal areas were eliminated due to high aridity, which resulted in a generally Gaussian distribution of land productivity classes. If the cap on CDM-AR were raised to compensate for a substantially greater offset of carbon emission through sink projects, this study suggests that it will be increasingly important to consider implications on local to regional food security and local community livelihoods.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2539GHAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment0167-8809126Climate change mitigation through afforestation / reforestation: a global analysis of hydrologic impactsTrabucco, A.Zomer, R.J.Bossio, D.A.Van Straaten, O.Verchot, L.V2008climatic changeafforestationclean development mechanismhydrologyThe implicit hydrologic dimensions of international efforts to mitigate climate change, specifically potential impacts of the Clean Development Mechanism-Afforestation/Reforestation (CDM-AR) provisions of the Kyoto Protocol (KP) on global, regional and local water cycles, are examined. The global impact of the redistribution of water use driven by agriculture and land use change, of which CDM-AR can be a contributing factor, is a major component of ongoing global change and climate change processes. If converted to forest, large areas deemed suitable for CDM-AR would exhibit increases in actual evapotranspiration (AET) and/or decreases in runoff. Almost 20% (144 Mha) of all suitable land showed little or no impact on runoff and another 28% (210 Mha) showed only moderate impact. About 27% (200 Mha) was in the highest impact class, exhibiting an 80&ndash;100% decrease in runoff, and prevalent in drier areas (based on Aridity Index (AI)), the semi-arid tropics, and in conversion from grasslands and subsistence agriculture. Significant impacts on local hydrologic cycles were evident, however large impacts were not predicted at regional or global scale due primarily to the current limit on carbon offset projects under the Kyoto Protocol. Predicted decreases in runoff ranged from 54% in drier areas to less than 5% in more humid areas, based on four case studies located across a range of biophysical conditions and project scenarios in Ecuador and Bolivia. Factors other than climate, e.g. upstream/ downstream position, were shown to be important in evaluating off-site impacts. This study demonstrates that it will become increasingly important to consider implications on local to regional water resources, and how the hydrologic dimension of CDM-AR impacts on issues of sustainability, local communities, and food security.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2538GHAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment0167-8809126Participation intention of activity-oriented program of local residents of rural and mountain villages: policy implication for the eco-mountain village projectLee, DukjaeKim, Jong-HoJeon, Jun-Heon2008ecotourismnatural resources managementparticipationFactors for promoting the resident participation in mountain villages are suggested to introduce the activity-oriented program of green tourism using a multinomial logit model(MNLM). Direct surveying, using a structured questionnaire was performed on local residents in the different types of rural tourism villages such as mountain villages, agricultural themedvillages, and the mixed types of villages. The MNLM revealed that participation intention in the program was significantly higher for males, those with lower education, and residents in mountain villages. The participation intention of the program had a negative relationship with the increase of expected problems not from the program itself, but from the results of the program such as income distribution and nature destruction. Participation intention also increased with the indirect effects of an investment by the Village Development Project, such as local cooperativeness, public mind, etc. It was suggested that to introduce the activity-oriented program in mountain villages, negative effects from the results had to be minimized, and positive effects from the indirect changes between local residents had to be maximized through better communication and policy endeavors.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2536GHJournal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture1225-1755136Distinguishing dung from blue, red and yellow-backed duikers through noninvasive genetic techniquesVan Vliet, N.Zundel,SMiguel, C.Taberlet, PNasi, R2008mitochondrial DNAsurveyspopulation densitypopulation growthDung counts have been widely used to estimate duiker abundance and densities in tropical African forests. However, one of the major limitations of this method is that species&rsquo; identification of dung based on morphological characteristics is extremely difficult in most cases. Some authors made the assumption that dung pellets could at least be distinguishable between the blue duiker, the red duikers and the yellow-backed duiker. However, this study is the first attempt to test the reliability of field identification. In this study, we suggest a method based on a noninvasive genetic protocol to identify duiker species. The comparison of field and genetic identifications shows that only dung from Cephalophus silvicultor was identified in the field without error. The rate of error for red duikers and the blue duiker is high and any attempt to distinguish among those species will result in wrong estimations for each species. We recommend the use of DNA tests to ensure reliable species&rsquo; identification when duiker censuses based on dung counts are used. This methodological input will probably strengthen the dung count technique and increase its reliability for duiker species abundance estimations and spatial distribution studies.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2534GHAfrican Journal of Ecology346Factors influencing duiker dung decay in north-east Gabon: are dung beetles hiding duikers?Van Vliet, N.Nasi, R.Lumaret, J.P2008population dynamicspopulation densityCephalophus dorsalisWe analysed seasonality of dung decay time and the influence of rainfall, leaf fall, beetle attack and moisture on dung decay. Our study was carried out at the Ipassa Reserve, north-east Gabon. We compared the seasonality of dung decay with the seasonality of dung beetle abundance and guild structure. Dung beetle activity was the main factor influencing dung decay in our study site. Decay time was the highest during the main dry season (3.4 days) and the lowest during the short rainy season (0.7 days). Dung decay time was closely related to dung beetle abundance, especially to the abundance of nocturnal beetles. We discuss the implications of such results for duiker survey methods based on dung pellet counts in areas where decay time is extremely short or unknown.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2533GAAfrican Journal of EcologyIs multiple-use forest management widely implementable in the tropics?Garcia-Fernandez, C.Ruiz Perez, M.Wunder, S2008sustainabilityforest managementnon-timber forest productsenvironmental servicesMultiple-use forest management (MFM) for timber, non-timber forest products and environmental services is envisioned by many as a preferable alternative to timber-dominant management models. It is praised as a more equitable strategy of satisfying the demands from multiple stakeholders, an ecologically more benign harvesting approach, and a way of adding more value to forests making them more robust to conversion. MFM thus represents a common and prime management objective under the sustainable forest management (SFM) paradigm. However, its implementation has been lagging behind the expectations, particularly in the tropics. In this paper, we analyze selected MFM implementation examples to try to explain why. We scrutinize the tropical forestry debate to find that the meaning of MFM has undergone significant changes along the way, and that the topic depends heavily on the scale of inspection. Also, we examine the conditions that either favor or constrain MFM adoption. At the local scale, the factors that set the scene for multiple-use approaches to be successfully adopted are favorable governance conditions relate to land-devolution policies, effective collective institutions, and multiagent forest-management models. MFM feasibility also depends on the stage of forest transition, i.e. in society&rsquo;s economic development. MFM (at the stand level) dominates in poor subsistence-oriented autarchic forest settings, it typically declines when entering capitalist stages of specialized commodity production, but may then rebound (at the landscape level) in more advanced development stages. Key factors MFM generally is up against range from intricate technical trade-offs to the economies of scale in forestry production and marketing. MFM remains a valid management alternative under specifically favorable local context conditions, especially when practiced at the landscape scale, but these conditions are less frequent than commonly assumed.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2532GAForest Ecology and Management0378-1127256The compatibility of timber and non-timber forest product extraction and managementGuariguata, M.R.Cronkleton, P.Shanley, P.Taylor, P.L2008non-timber forest productsreduced impact loggingWe discuss the extent of compatibility of timber and non-timber forest product (NTFP) extraction in two neotropical localities from biophysical, social, and institutional perspectives: the community concession forests of the Pete´ n, Guatemala, and extractivist communities in northern Bolivia. In both localities, timber is harvested via reduced-impact logging (RIL) practices. In Guatemala, themain NTFP extracted is foliage from the understory xate palm (Chamaedorea spp.); in northern Bolivia, the fruits of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa). The Guatemalan case suggests a relatively high degree of compatibility due to low timber harvesting intensities, coupled with temporal, spatial, and social segregation of xate extraction in a well-defined land tenure system. In northern Bolivia, forest management regulations pay little attention to NTFPs and land tenure issues and related conflict complicate efforts to limit timber harvesting impacts on Brazil nut trees. The introduction of timber management plans overlain on customary property rights systems in which the extraction of Brazil nut is organized could undercut its management system. The two case studies suggest that specific legislative, education, and project interventions may help to promote the compatibility of timber and NTFP extraction and management. These include formal training of foresters on NTFP ecology and management while taking into account the perspectives of multiple stakeholders in the design of management plans. Tropical forest users, researchmanagers, and policymakers will also better understand the need for integrated management of timber and NTFPs, if the trade-offs and potential economic benefits from NTFP extraction are clarified.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2531BOForest Ecology and Management0378-1127256Why do models fail to assess properly the sustainability of duiker (Cephalophus spp.) hunting in Central Africa?Van Vliet, N.Nasi, R2008Cephalophus dorsalispopulation densityharvestingHunting of wildlife in Central Africa is largely considered to be unsustainable. Several studies indicate that most mammal species should already have disappeared from many Central African forests but markets continue to be supplied with bushmeat, with no sign of large scale extinction of the most common species. Most studies of the sustainability of duiker (Cephalophus spp.) hunting in Central Africa are based on the same index of hunting. We illustrate how uncertainty is accumulated in these estimations of sustainability. We show that the results obtained in different sites are not comparable because a variety of methods have been used to calculate the parameters of the model and each of the methods has different sources of error. For the assessment of maximum sustainable harvest for duikers, the studies reviewed differ mainly in the value chosen for the hypothetical adjustment factor, and the method used to calculate the rate of maximum population increase and to estimate duiker population densities. For the assessment of annual hunting offtake the studies differ mainly in the scale at which they were conducted (village or regional), and sampling and extrapolation methods. Without evaluation of accuracy and standardization of methods for the estimation of maximum sustainable harvest and annual offtake, conclusions regarding harvesting based on biological indices should be treated with extreme cautionArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2521BOOryx0342Cuddly animals don't persuade poor people to back conservationMeijaard, E.Sheil, D2008poverty alleviationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2516BONature0028-0836454Hope for Bohemian ecologists - comments on "A possible role of social activity to explain differences in publication output among ecologists?" by Toma&scaron; Grim, Oikos 2008Sheil, D.Wunder, S.Bongers, F.Bongers, F.Dudley, R.G.Jansen,P2008social activitiesalcohol intakeArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2515BOWeb Ecology1399-11838Improved tropical forest management for carbon retentionPutz, F.E.Zuidema, P.A.Pinard, M. A.Boot, R.G.ASayer, J.A.Sheil, D.Sist, P.Vanclay, J.K2008climatic changeforest managementcarbonhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ASheil0801.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2512BOPlos Biology76What are participatory scoping models?Sandker, M.Campbell, B.M.Suwarno, A2008modelsparticipationcommunicationResponse to: Dudley et al. 2008. &ldquo;Simulating Oil Palm Expansion Requires Credible Approaches that Address Real Issues&rdquo;ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2511BOEcology and Society113Forest and protected area management in CameroonTieguhong, J.C.Betti, J.L2008forestsprotected areasforest policyforest managementsocioeconomicsgovernancesustainabilityArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2508CMITTO Tropical Forest Update118Will agroforests vanish? the case of damar agroforests in IndonesiaKusters, K.Ruiz Perez, M.De Foresta, H.Dietz, T.Ros-Tonen, M.A.F.Belcher, B.Manalu, P.Nawir, A.A.Wollenberg, E2008agroforestryconservationdevelopmentland use changeincomeResin producing agroforestry in the Krui area of Sumatra in Indonesia is presented as an environmentally friendly, income generating land-use system which contributes to both development and conservation objectives. We studied the change in household income portfolios in three communities in the Krui area. The studies revealed that in the period 1995&ndash;2004 agroforestry remained the main source of income.We predict, however, that due to declining resin productivity per hectare, and rising price and demand for timber, an increasing number of farmers will cut their mature agroforests in the near future. At the same time our data suggests that farmers will continue tree planting activities. In result old agroforests may vanish while new ones will be established.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AKuster0801.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2506IDHuman Ecology336Knowing but not doing: selecting priority conservation areas and the research&ndash;implementation gapKnight, A.T.Cowling, R.M.Rouget, M.Balmford, A.Lombard, A.T.Campbell, B.M2008protected areasselectionconservationplanningsocial learningassessmentimplementation of researchArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2505IDConservation Biology322Simulating oil palm expansion requires credible approaches that address real issuesDudley, R.G.Sheil, D.Colfer, C.J.P2008modelssystemsdynamicsoil palmsResponse to Sandker et al. 2007. Will forests remain in the face of oil palm expansion? Simulating change in Malinau, Indonesia. Ecology and Society 12(2): 37. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss2/art37/Although we approve of their goals, we have significant concerns about both the technical accuracy and local understanding revealed in Sandker et al. (2007). One value of modeling, as the authors indicate, is to help stimulate debate about important, complex issues. Debate is enhanced because a well-structured model explicitly states the assumptions concerning causal relationships among its components. Genuine participation by domain experts and stakeholders helps ensure that these relationships reflect an accepted, although simplified, reality. If model structure is unduly complicated, unclear, or inaccessible, such debate will be limited. One advantage of system dynamics modeling is that, over the past 50 years, a fairly standardized approach has evolved that, if used, encourages effective communication regarding model structure, assumptions, and outcomes. For a complete treatment of this approach, see Sterman (2000). In addition to using a standardized approach and software (e.g., Stella®, Vensim®, PowerSim®, and similar packages, some with free versions), the system dynamics paradigm also provides model evaluation tools and verification protocols (e.g., Barlas 1996, Sterman 2000, Chapter 21). These help ensure the overall value and utility of a model. This matters because the desired end product is not the model, but improved scientific understanding and policy formulation.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2504IDEcology and Society113Managing linkages between communal rangelands and private cropland in the highlands of Eastern Africa: contributions to participatory integrated watershed managementGerman, L.Ayele, S.Admassu, Z2008watershed managementfarming systemsnatural resources managementcommon property resourcescommunitiesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2503IDSociety and Natural Resources221Herbaceous species responses to long-term effects of prescribed fire, grazing and selective tree cutting in the savanna-woodlands of West AfricaSavadogo, P.Tiveau, D.Sawadogo, L.Tigabu, M2008species richnessdiversitydisturbed forestsconservationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2498BFPerspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics1433-8319310A revision of the genus Sclerosperma (Arecaceae)van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H.Sunderland, T.C.H.Couvreur, T.L.P2008Arecaceaetaxonomymorphologydistributionconservationbroadleaved evergreen forestsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2497BFKew Bulletin163Evidence for the local depletion of bay duiker Cephalophus dorsalis, within the Ipassa Man and Biosphere Reserve, north-east GabonVan Vliet, N.Nasi, R.Emmons, L.François, F.Prosper, M.Mathieu, B2007huntingCephalophus dorsalisreserved areasArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2496GAAfrican Journal of Ecology345Mammal distribution in a Central African logging concession areaVan Vliet, N.Nasi, R2008mammalsdistributionloggingconcessionshuntingroadsecologygeographyArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2489GABiodiversity and Conservation17Impact of landscape and corridor design on primates in a large-scale industrial tropical plantation landscapeNasi, R.Koponen, P.Poulsen, J.G.Buitenzorgy, M.Rusmantoro, W2008tropicsplantationslandscapebiodiversityPrimatesAcacia mangiumlandscapeforest fragmentationresource managementArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2488IDBiodiversity and Conservation17Biodiversity conservation in Southeast Asian timber concessions: a critical evaluation of policy mechanisms and guidelinesDennis, R.A.Meijaard, E.Nasi, R.Gustafsson, L2008biodiversitynature conservationcertificationloggingforest managementsustainabilitytimber productionguidelinesTropical deforestation is leading to a loss of economically productive timber concessions, as well as areas with important environmental or socio-cultural values. To counteract this threat in Southeast Asia, sustainable forest management (SFM) practices are becoming increasingly important. We assess the tools and guidelines that have been developed to promote SFM and the progress that has been made in Southeast Asia toward better logging practices. We specifically focus on practices relevant to biodiversity issues. Various regional or national mechanisms now inform governments and the timber industry about methods to reduce the impact of production forestry on wildlife and the forest environment. However, so many guidelines have been produced that it has become difficult to judge which ones are most relevant. In addition, most guidelines are phrased in general terms and lack specific recommendations targeted to local conditions. These might be reasons for the generally slow adoption of SFM practices in the region, with only a few countries having incorporated the guidelines into national legislation. Malaysia, Indonesia, and Laos are among the frontrunners in this process. Overall there is progress, especially in the application of certification programs, the planning and management of high conservation value forests, the regulation and control of hunting, and silvicultural management. To reduce further forest loss, there is a need to accelerate the implementation of good forest management practices. We recommend specific roles for governments, the forestry industry, and nongovernmental organizations in further promoting the implementation of SFM practices for biodiversity conservation.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2487IDEcology and Society113A methodology for assessing rural livelihood strategies in West/Central Africa: lessons from the fieldMalleson, R.Asaha, S.Sunderland, T.C.H.Burnham, P.Egot, M.Obeng-Okrah, K.Ukpe, I.Miles, W2008socioeconomicssurveysmethodologyrural communitiesnon-timber forest productslivelihoodsparticipationcommunity forestryresearchThis paper critically evaluates and discusses some of the methodological practicalities of applying a combined participatory and small-scale survey approach to investigating rural livelihood strategies of people living in the humid forest zone of Southwest Cameroon, Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Ghana, with particular reference to assessing the economic importance of non-timber forest products. It describes the sampling methods used to select study zones, settlements and households as well as the participatory techniques and instruments used to differentiate households and gather information on rural incomes. Details of the successes and problems encountered during implementation are presented. The challenges faced by those conducting this study are also encountered by others carrying out comparable research. By sharing our experiences, we hope that the design of similar conservation and development-based research can be improved. http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ASunderland0801.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2485CMEcological and Environmental Anthropology14Payments for environmental services and the poor: concepts and preliminary evidenceWunder, S2008environmental servicespayment basispovertypoverty alleviationcompensationparticipationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2483CMEnvironment and Development Economics13Non-timber forest products and certification: strange bedfellowsPierce, A.R.Shanley, P.Laird, S.A2008non-timber forest productsharvestingcertificationforest managementforest policyinternational tradelivelihoodsrural communitiesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2478CMForests, Trees and Livelihoods118Experience with NTFP certification in BrazilGuedes Pinto, L.F.Shanley, P.Cota Gomes, A.P.Robinson, D2008non-timber forest productsharvestingcertificationforest managementmarketsmarketingprivate sectorrural communitiescommunity forestrynon-governmental organizationsgovernment policyArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2479BRForests, Trees and Livelihoods118Traditional knowledge, forest management, and certification: a reality checkShanley, P.Stockdale, M2008non-timber forest productsindigenous knowledgeecologyforest managementsustainabilityrural communitiesmonitoringparticipationcommunity forestrycriteria and indicatorsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2480BRForests, Trees and Livelihoods118Cross-border trade and conservation in the Sangha river region (Cameroon, Central African Republic and Republic of Congo)de Koning, R.G.Tieguhong, J.C.Amougou, V2007natural resourcestradetransboundary disputesloggingconservationeconomic developmentinstitutionsAlso available in FranceIn Africa conservation areas are increasingly established along national borders where human activity seems low. In reality border areas are often vibrant places of economic interaction. This article looks at conservation opportunities and challenges posed by cross border natural resource trade in the Sangha River Region, which straddles the borders of Cameroon, the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo. It argues that conservation projects and forestry administrations can and should contribute to trade liberalisation, thereby unlocking the economic potential in poor and remote forest areas. If accompanied with strict law enforcement in cases of major disruptive and illegal practices, policies in this direction can help to integrate development and conservation objectives.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2476CMNature and Faune222Commerce transfrontalier et conservation dans la région du fleuve Sangha (Cameroun, République Centrafricaine et République du Congo)de Koning, R.G.Tieguhong, J.C.Amougou, V2007natural resourcestradetransboundary disputesloggingconservationeconomic developmentinstitutionsAlso available in EnglishEn Afrique, les zones de conservation sont implantées de plus en plus le long des frontières nationales où les activités humaines semblent moins dynamiques. En réalité, les zones frontalières sont souvent le lieu d'échanges économiques très actifs. Le présent article examine les possibilités offertes, du point de vue de la conservation, par le commerce transfrontalier ainsi que les défis qu'il pose dans la région du fleuve Sangha, qui chevauche les frontières du Cameroun, de la République centrafricaine et de la République du Congo. Il défend l'idée que les projets de conservation et les administrations forestières peuvent et doivent contribuer à la libéralisation du commerce en vue de débloquer le potentiel économique des zones forestières éloignées et pauvres. Si elles sont accompagnées d'une stricte application de la loi dans les cas de pratiques illégales et nuisibles, les politiques de libéralisation peuvent contribuer à intégrer des objectifs de conservation et de développement. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2477CMNature and Faune222Payments for environmental services in developing and developed countriesWunder, S.Engel, S.Pagiola, S.eds2008ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2469CMEcological Economics465Payments for environmental services in theory and practice: an overview of the issuesEngel, S.Pagiola, S.Wunder, S2008ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2470CMEcological Economics465Selling two environmental services: in-kind payments for bird habitat and watershed protection in Los Negros, BoliviaAsquith, N.M.Vargas, M.T.Wunder, S2008ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2471CMEcological Economics465Decentralized payments for environmental services: the cases of Pimampiro and PROFAFOR in EcuadorWunder, S.Alban, M2008ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2472CMEcological Economics465The CAMPFIRE programme in Zimbabwe: payments for wildlife servicesFrost, P.Bond, I2008ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2473CMEcological Economics465Spatial targeting of payments for environmental services: a tool for boosting conservation benefitsWunscher, T.Engel, S.Wunder, S2008ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2474CMEcological Economics465Taking stock: a comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countriesWunder, S.Engel, S.Pagiola, S2008ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2475CMEcological Economics465Land use change effects on trace gas fluxes in the forest margins of Central Sulawesi, IndonesiaVeldkamp, E.Purbopuspito, J.Corre, M.D.Brumme, R.Murdiyarso, D2008agroforestrycacaodeforestationfertilizersland use changeArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2462IDJournal of Geophysical Research113Sectoral approaches to improve regional carbon budgetsSmith, P.Nabuurs, G.-J.Janssens, I.A.Reis, S.Marland, G.Soussana, J.-F.Christensen, T.R.Heath, L.Apps, M.Alexeyev, V.Jingyun FangGattuso, J.-P.Guerschman, J.P.Yao HuangJobbagy, E.Murdiyarso, D.Jian NiNobre, A.Changhui PengWalcroft, A.Shao Qiang WangPan, Y.Guang Sheng Zhou2008carbonland managementdatabasesnetworkingresearchArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2461IDClimatic ChangeEarly onlineAccounting for the ecological dimension in participatory research and development: lessons learned from Indonesia and MadagascarLaumonier, Y.Bourgeois, R.Pfund, J.-L2008The lack of understanding on how to integrate ecological issues into so-called socialecological natural resource management hampers sustainability in tropical forest landscape management. We build upon a comparison of three cases that show inverse gradients of knowledge and perceptions of the environment and human pressure on natural resources. We discuss why the ecological dimension currently lags behind in the management of tropical forest landscapes and to what extent participatory development can enhance the fit among ecological, socio-cultural, and economic systems. For each case study, socio-cultural and anthropological aspects of society and indigenous knowledge of the environment, the distribution of natural resources, classification, and management are documented in parallel with biophysical studies. Our results confirm that the ecological dimension remains weakly addressed and difficult to integrate into development actions when dealing with tropical forested landscape management in developing countries. We discuss three issues to understand why this is so: the disdain for traditional ecological knowledge and practices, the antagonism between economy and ecology, and the mismatch between traditional and modern governance systems. Participatory development shows potential to enhance the fit among ecological, socio-cultural, and economic systems through two dimensions: the generation and sharing of information to understand trends and the generation of new coordination practices that allow stakeholders to voice environmental concerns. In the absence of a &ldquo;champion,&rdquo; institutions, and financial resources, the expected outcomes remain on paper, even when changes are negotiated. Future research in natural resource management must emphasize better integration at the interface of ecology and governance. Finally, we identify three challenges: the design of operational tools to reconcile ecology with social and economic concerns, the creation of governance systems to institutionalize collaborative and integrated resource management, and the design of enabler organizations close to local communitiesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2460IDEcology and Society113Pago por servicios ambientales: una nueva forma de conservar la biodiversidadWunder, S.Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S.Morino-Sanchez, R2007environmental servicespayment basisdeveloping countriesThis paper presents a description and analysis of payment for environmental services (PES) schemes worldwide that aims to allow us to understand their logic, scope, and implementation requirements, in particular in relation to preconditions prevailing in developing countries.ArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter2458IDGaceta Ecologica1405-284984-85Improvement of internet portal sites for Mountain villages by the comparison of the sites for rural tourism villages nationwide and overseas [Korean]Jeon, Jun-HeonKim, Jong-HoLee, Kwang-HeeLee, Dukjae2007mountain areastourismThis study aims to compare internet portal sites for rural tourism, and to suggest the improved contents for homepage information on mountain villages under the Korea Forest Service. Design, interface, information source, and communication as estimation indicators were used to understand the characteristics of portal sites, and sub-items under indicators to analyse the portal sites were established. Nationwide portal sites were compared for rural tourism information. Also, German and Italian portal sites were compared as overseas cases. As a result, an internet portal site for information on mountain villages under the Korea Forest Service has to be improved as compared with other portal sites related to rural tourism. Firstly, it is necessary to modify and improve the category explaining mountain villages. Secondly, homepage for developing mountain villages has to be established and linked to potential visitors. Thirdly, portal sites for developing mountain villages subsequently have to be constructed under the site of the Korea Forest Service.ArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter2452IDJournal of Korean Society of Rural Planning [Korean]413Analysis on visitor behaviour and satisfaction about green tourism in rural and mountain villages [Korean]Kim, Jong-HoJeon, Jun-HeonLee, DukjaeKim, Seong-IlKim, Tong-Il2007mountain areastourismvillagesrural developmentThis study aims to provide fundamental information for introducing activity-oriented tourism to the Mountain Village Development Project through survey on visitors to mountain villages, and to compare with the characteristics of visitors among three different types of villages such as &ldquo;Mountain Ecological Village&rdquo;, &ldquo;Rural Theme Village&rdquo;, and &ldquo;Rural Experience Village&rdquo;. With a structured questionnaire, direct survey was implemented to visitors to rural and mountain tourism villages. It was revealed that visitors to &ldquo;Mountain ecological village&rdquo; usually stayed with family over night and satisfied with surrounding natural environment, which was compared to visitors to other types of rural villages. This suggested that activity-oriented tourism should be introduced to the Mountain Village Development Project in order to promote the participation of visitors with family, which vitalised the mountain villages by using their surrounding natural environment.ArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter2509IDJournal of Korean Institute of Forest Recreation [Korean]311District-scale prioritization for A/R CDM project activities in Indonesia in line with sustainable development objectivesMurdiyarso, D.van Noordwijk, M.Puntodewo, A.Widayati, A.Lusiana, B2008land usecluster analysislocal authority areasfirerisksocioeconomicsindicatorsdevelopment projectsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2451IDAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment1+2126A framework for evaluating effectiveness and inclusiveness of collective action in watershed managementGerman, L.Taye, H2008collective agreementsgender relationsequitypoliticsecologynegotiationswatershed managementArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2449IDJournal of International Development120Rural poverty reduction through business partnerships?: examples of experience from the forestry sectorVermeulen, S.Nawir, A.A.Mayers, J2008companiesrural communitiespartnershipsforestrylivelihoodscontractsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2448IDEnvironment, Development and Sustainability1387-585X (Print) 1573-2975 (Online)110Phylogenetic age is positively correlated with sensitivity to timber harvest in Bornean mammalsMeijaard, E.Sheil, D.Marshall, A.J.Nasi, R2008DipterocarpaceaeforestsevolutionforestryloggingconservationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2444IDBiotropica140When donors get cold feet: the community conservation concession in Setulang (Kalimantan, Indonesia) that never happenedWunder, S.Campbell, B.M.Frost, P.Sayer, J.A.Iwan, R.Wollenberg, E2008nature conservationbiodiversityloggingpayment basiscommunitiesThere is consensus that payments for biodiversity services are a promising conservation tool, yet the implementation of applied schemes has been lagging behind. This paper explores some reasons why potential biodiversity buyers may hesitate. It describes the case of an unsuccessful attempt to establish a community conservation concession in the village of Setulang (East Kalimantan, Indonesia) to safeguard a biologically valuable area from predatory logging. Potential biodiversity donors did not engage in this payments-for-environmental-services scheme mainly because of their limited time horizon and uneasiness about the conditionality principle. Other complicating factors included overlapping land claims, and the diagnosis of the externality at hand. We conclude that new investment modalities and attitudes are needed if potential biodiversity buyers are to exploit the advantages of this innovative tool. We also provide some tangible recommendations on factors to consider when designing a compensation scheme for conservation at the community level.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2441IDEcology and Society113The poverty of forestry policy: double standards on an uneven playing fieldLarson, A.M.Ribot, J.C2007community forestryforestryforest policypoverty alleviationCan policies designed to maximize exploitation by elites benefit the people who live in forests? Forestry policy throughout the developing world originates from European &lsquo;&lsquo;scientific&rsquo;&rsquo; forestry traditions exported during the colonial period. These policies were implemented by foreign and local elite whose interest was to maximize and extract profit. In spite of reforms since the end of the colonial period, policies on the environment usually remain biased against rural communities. Even when more recent policies are fair, the rural poor face severe biases in implementation. In addition, they must compete on an uneven playing field of ethnic and other social inequities and economic hurdles. This article examines how forestry policy and implementation maintain double standards on this uneven playing field in a manner that permanently excludes the rural poor from the natural wealth around them&mdash;producing poverty in the process. Change that would support poverty alleviation for forest-based communities requires a radical rethinking of forest policy so as to counterbalance widespread regressive policies and structural asymmetries.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2302HNSustainability Science22Maximum size distributions in tropical forest communities: relationships with rainfall and disturbancePoorter, L.Hawthorne, W.Bongers, F.Sheil, D2008tropical forestsspecies richnessforest treeshttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01366.xArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2440GHJournal of Ecology[early online] doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01366.xConservation and development in tropical forest landscapes: a time to face the trade-offs?Sunderland, T.C.H.Ehringhaus, C.Campbell, B.M2008nature conservationdevelopmentresearchhttp://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=1778696ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2409GHEnvironmental Conservation434Causes of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: a qualitative comparative analysisScouvart, M.Adams, R.T.Caldas, M.Dale, V.Mertens, B.Nédélec, V.Pacheco, P.Rihoux, B.Lambin, E.F2007deforestationcausescomparisonsqualitative techniquescase studiesThe authors used a configurational comparative approach, the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), to study multiple causal interactions characterizing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Their data set is based on seven local case studies at three time periods. Results reveal a limited number of pathways describing the articulation of causes of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon under different contexts. Roads are often combined with biophysical conditions and the occurrence of extractive activities in the explanation of deforestation. This study reached conclusions via a reproducible and formal procedure that was applied at a regional scale while accounting for the geographic diversity of land-use trajectories.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2407BRJournal of Land Use Science1747-423X print/ 1747-4248 online42Leveraging poor people&rsquo;s access to ownership and benefits of community-based forest enterprises: the role of an adaptive collaborative management approachPandit, B.H.McDougall, C.Belcher, B.Kumar, C.Maharjan, M.R2008non-timber forest productscommunity forestryenterprisesrural communitiesnetworkingpoverty alleviationcollaborationadaptationThis paper examines the influence of an adaptive collaborative management approach (ACM) on poor people&rsquo;s control over, and benefits from, a community-based non-timber forest product (NTFP) network enterprise in the Eastern Hills of Nepal. The approach involved shifts in governance and management, especially regarding inclusion of marginalized people and the development of risk and uncertainty analysis. The major outcome of the network&rsquo;s adoption of this approach is a redistribution of control over livelihood benefits from NTFP resources towards the &ldquo;poorest of the poor&rdquo; families in the enterprise area. Another notable change is that network members shifted from working in relative isolation to building alliances and greater interdependence, a change that helped mitigate conflicts between them regarding benefit sharing. Significant enterprise ownership and decision-making opportunities have been created for these poorer households by providing them access to revolving funds that enable them to become shareholders in the network enterprise. Furthermore, because of the learning-based collective action, this network has been able to increase its profit margin from sale of processed NTFPs.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2406NPInsight: Notes from the Field1905-67373Mitigation needs adaptation: tropical forestry and climate changeGuariguata, M.R.Cornelius, J.P.Locatelli, B.Forner, C.Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A2008climatic changeadaptationtropical forestsnatural forestsforest plantationsforest managementThis article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License and posted on CIFOR institutional repository by Manuel Guariguata. The original article is available from Springer DOI: 10.1007/s11027-007-9141-2The relationship between tropical forests and global climate change has so far focused on mitigation, while much less emphasis has been placed on how management activities may help forest ecosystems adapt to this change. This paper discusses how tropical forestry practices can contribute to maintaining or enhancing the adaptive capacity of natural and planted forests to global climate change and considers challenges and opportunities for the integration of tropical forest management in broader climate change adaptation. In addition to the use of reduced impact logging to maintain ecosystem integrity, other approaches may be needed, such as fire prevention and management, as well as specific silvicultural options aimed at facilitating genetic adaptation. In the case of planted forests, the normally higher intensity of management (with respect to natural forest) offers additional opportunities for implementing adaptation measures, at both industrial and smallholder levels. Although the integration in forest management of measures aimed at enhancing adaptation to climate change may not involve substantial additional effort with respect to current practice, little action appears to have been taken to date. Tropical foresters and forest-dependent communities appear not to appreciate the risks posed by climate change and, for those who are aware of them, practical guidance on how to respond is largely non-existent. The extent to which forestry research and national policies will promote and adopt management practices in order to assist production forests adapt to climate change is currently uncertain. Mainstreaming adaptation into national development and planning programs may represent an initial step towards the incorporation of climate change considerations into tropical forestry.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AGuariguata0801.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2405NPMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change1381-2386813Using tropical forest ecosystem goods and services for planning climate change adaptation with implications for food security and poverty reductionNkem, J.Santoso, H.Murdiyarso, D.Brockhaus, M.Kanninen, M2007tropical forestsecosystemsclimatic changeadaptationpovertyfood securityenvironmental servicesTropical forest ecosystems represent a common heritage with livelihood portfolios shared by a great majority of people especially in developing countries but are now threatened by climate change. In spite of their contribution to poverty alleviation and food security, and also for climate change responses (adaptation and mitigation especially through the market-incentive schemes (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol) forests are still hardly integrated into national planning processes aimed at addressing any of these national development challenges. This is evident in some of the national documents of some developing countries such as the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) to the World Bank, and the First National Communication to UNFCCC. This paper presents some preliminary outcomes of the Tropical Forests and Climate Change Adaptation (TroFCCA) project of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) whose overall mission is to underscore the importance of tropical forests for livelihood adaptation to climate change and mainstreaming adaptation into national development processes. The paper also highlights TroFCCA&rsquo;s approach in engaging stakeholders from the onset in setting the agenda with the identification and prioritization of forest-based sectors as the entry point in the process of assessing the vulnerability to climate change and developing adaptation strategies for these selected development sectors. This is a highly crucial area with great policy implications. Planning with ecosystem goods and services seems to emerge as a prospective approach to demonstrate to policymakers the potential of forest ecosystems for livelihood adaptation to climate change which also enhances the opportunity for achieving food security and community resilience to poverty. TroFCCA&rsquo;s approach in engaging stakeholders at the onset in defining their perception of ecosystem goods and services by virtue of their importance to household livelihoods and their contribution to national development emphasizes the significance of a place-based context in the valuation of ecosystem goods and services. This approach also contributes to raising public and policy awareness to climate change as part of the continuum of mainstreaming climate change adaptation into national development planning. The study also highlights the opportunities that an ecosystem approach provides for integrated natural resource planning for achieving co-benefits linked to the realization of two (1 and 7) important Millennium Development Goals. However, there are other policy and institutional reform challenges including governance, equity and rights to resources that need to be addressed in order to reap the full suite of benefits for climate change adaptation, poverty reduction and food security. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2404NPJournal of Semi-Arid Tropical Agricultural Research0973-309414Links between the local trade in natural products, livelihoods and poverty alleviation in a semi-arid region of South AfricaShackleton, S.Campbell, B.M.Lotz-Sisitka, H.Shackleton, C2008natural productstradecommercializationsmall businessesenterpriseslivelihoodspovertyArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2403ZAWorld Development336Les changements en foret tropicale: vers de nouvelles formes de gouvernanceNasi, R.Gueneau, S2007forest policychangeforest conservationforestsdevelopmentplanningnon-governmental organizationsgovernmentSignificant changes in forest management methods &mdash; e.g., granting of concessions in state-owned forests, introduction of forest planning, low-impact logging methods &mdash; have occurred in the three major tropical forest regions since the 1980s when forest issues became topics of worldwide concern. The main focuses of discussions between the North and the South, between the world of conservation and the world of development, have also shifted as new forms of governance where non-state players are more heavily involved in forestry affairs gained ground. These changes lead some players to oppose new instruments &mdash; in particular payment for ecosystem services &mdash; to other, currently implemented ones &mdash; in particular forest planning. We argue on the contrary that forest policies would derive cumulative benefit from using both tools.ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2400ZARevue Forestiere Française0035-2829559Mesurer l'importance de la biodiversite pour les societes forestieres des pays du Sud: une methode d'investigation pluridisciplinaireBoissiere, M.Sassen, M2007assessmentrapid methodsbiodiversityforest resourceslandscapecommunity forestryArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2399CMNatures Sciences SocietesPrint: 1240-1307 Electronic: 1765-297915Enhancing sustainable forest management in Cameroon through a model forest based approachJum, C.N.Diaw, C.Nguiebouri, J.Zoa, M2007A range of countries have sought more equitable governance of their natural resources, by devolving decision-making and resource control to local populations. In 1994, Cameroon adopted a new law granting local communities the possibility of greater control over forests, principally in response to donor conditionality on Structural Adjustment Loans (SALs). However, the enactment of the law lacked signifi cant domestic support. Confl icting interests and Cameroon&rsquo;s highly centralized administrative machinery have prevented effective devolution of forest management. In 2003, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and a consortium of institutional stakeholders started the Model Forest Project in Cameroon. This project is part of the International Model Forest Network (IMFN). The goal of the IMFN is to assist in the development of sustainable management of forests around the world, while taking into account the needs of local communities. In 2005, the government of Cameroon recognized Campo Ma&rsquo;an and Dja et Mpomo as model forest sites. The partnership involved, policy dimensions, government commitment, accomplishment to date and its contributions to national and sub regional forestry programmes are discussed. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2398CMInternational Forestry Review49Observatoire des forets d&rsquo;Afrique Centrale: renforcer l&rsquo;information forestiere pour ameliorer les decisions de gestionMayaux, P.Nasi, R.Billand, A.Saracco, F.Defourny, P.Devers, D.Cassagne, B.de Wasseige, C2007ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2394CMRevue Technique Belge2007/01Amenagament durable des forets de production de la RDC, progres et perspectivesCassagne, B.Nasi, R2007ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2393CMRevue Technique Belge2007/01Tree rings and the climate of New Caledonia (SW Pacific): preliminary results from AraucariacaeLieubeau, V.Genthon, P.Stievenard, M.Nasi, R2007ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2392NCPalaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology3-4253Molecular, quantitative and abiotic variables for the delineation of evolusionary significant units: case of sandalwood (Santalum austrocaledonicum Viellard) in New CaledoniaVan Vliet, N.Nasi, R.Emmons, L.Feer, F.Mbazza, P.Bourgarel, M2007ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2391GAAfrican Journal of Ecology345Molecular, quantitative and abiotic variables for the delineation of evolusionary significant units: case of sandalwood (Santalum austrocaledonicum Viellard) in New CaledoniaBottin, L.Tassin, J.Nasi, R.Bouvet, J.-M2007Santalum austrocaledonicummicrosatelliteschloroplastsmorphologytraitsevolutiongenetic diversityArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2390NCConservation Genetics8Working with communities and building local institutions for sustainable land management in the Ethiopian highlandsAmede, T.Kassa, H.Zeleke, G.Shiferaw, A.Kismu, S.Teshome, M2007land managementgovernmentnon-governmental organizationscollaborationcommunity involvementinstitutionsLand management is a multi-dimensional and multi-institutional engagement that demands collective analysis, design, and implementation of innovations. Its importance for Ethiopia cannot be overemphasized, as land degradation threatens food security and environmental sustainability. Building on a specific case study of a project in Southern Ethiopia, the present article describes how the government and nonstate agencies are collaborating to learn together while promoting improved land management practices and implementing land rehabilitation programs in communal areas and farmlands in the Ethiopian highlands. Ensuring full involvement and commitment of stakeholders at different levels, building the capacity of local institutions, and redefining the role of communities and the state in a dynamic way are essential prerequisites for success. Suggestions have also been formulated to facilitate wider adoption and scaling up of improved land management innovations.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2389ETMountain Research and Development127The profitability of forest protection versus logging and the role of payments for environmental services (PES) in the Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, Costa RicaIbarra, E2007loggingenvironmental servicespayment basisprotection of forestsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2381CRForest Policy and Economics110Memerangi kejahatan kehutanan dan mendorong prinsip kehati-hatian perbankan untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan hutan yang berkelanjutan pendekatan anti pencucian uangSetiono, B.Husein, Y2007illicit fellingArticlesidCIFOR Head Quarter2378IDJurnal Hukum Internasional (Indonesian Journal of International Law)44Droits fonciers coutumiers et autonomie regionale a Kalimantan a Kalimantan-Est (Indonesie): entre enjeux de pouvoir et contrôle de l&rsquo;accès aux ressources.Levang, P.Buyse, N2007tenure systemsland usecustomary lawproperty rightsdecentralizationlocal governmentregional governmentethnic groupsAccording to the Indonesian constitution of 1945, customary rights are only recognized if not in contradiction with the superior interests of the Nation. The contradiction is most blatant in matters of forest management. Under the Dutch colonial rule as well as under the auspices of the young independent republic, the rights of forest peoples over their resources were always denied. Forest management is entrusted to the Ministry of Forestry who controls more than 70% of the total surface of the archipelago. The central power only recognizes tenure rights to local populations on cultivated land: rice fields and plantations. Primary forest and forest re-growth are considered property of the State, in clear opposition to the customary laws for which the right of axe is inalienable. Under the sinewy dictatorship of General Suharto, the indigenous peoples were forced to silently witness the plunder of their forest resources without any compensation. The situation changed entirely with the fall of Suharto in 1998 and the implementation of the regional autonomy from 1999 onwards. For long despised and ignored by the central power, the indigenous populations, sustained in it by indigenist NGOs and the new political parties allowed, asked for the respect of their customary laws and the recognition of their tenure rights. In East-Kalimantan, the revival of adat proved to be more complicated than anticipated. On the one hand, the indigenous ethnic groups always showed a strong spatial mobility, on the other hand, the province has welcomed migrants in numbers largely superior to the natives. History and archaeology became the local populations&rsquo; new hobbies. The recourse to history and the research of archaeological vestiges have only one goal: to prove the antecedence of the occupation of the territory, and thus to justify the demands of royalties for the exploitation of natural resources. ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2374IDVertigO44Domestic forests: a new paradigm for integrating local communities&rsquo; forestry into tropical forest scienceMichon, G.De Foresta, H.Levang, P.Verdeaux, F2007forest managementindigenous knowledgelocal communitiestropical forestsDespite a long history of confrontation between forest agencies and forest people, &ldquo;indigenous&rdquo; or &ldquo;local&rdquo; practices are increasingly considered as a viable alternative of forest management. This paper is a synthesis derived from various long-term research programs carried out by the authors in Southeast Asia and Africa on forests managed by farmers. These researches looked at local practices and underlying science, including their social, political, and symbolic dimensions. They also addressed evolutionary trends and driving forces, as well as potential and limits for forest conservation and development, mitigation of deforestation, biodiversity conservation, and poverty alleviation in a context of global environmental, political, and social change. We discuss how forest management by local communities, contrary to the unified models of professional forest management, exhibits a high historical and geographical diversity. The analysis we draw from the various examples we studied reveals several invariants, which allows proposing the unifying paradigm of &ldquo;domestic forest.&rdquo; The first universal feature concerns the local managers themselves, who are, in their vast majority, farmers. Management practices range from local interventions in the forest ecosystem, to more intensive types of forest culture, and ultimately to permanent forest plantation. But in all cases, forest management is closely integrated with agriculture. The second universal feature concerns the conceptual continuity of planted forests with the natural forest, in matters of vegetation&rsquo;s structure and composition as well as economic traits and ecosystem services. The resulting forest is uneven-aged, composed of several strata, harboring a large diversity of species, and producing a wide range of products, with timber seldom being the dominant one. The term &ldquo;domestic forest&rdquo; aims at highlighting the close relationship the domestication process establishes between a specific human group, including its elementary units, the &ldquo;domestic units,&rdquo; and the forest, transformed and managed to fulfill the needs of that group. The domestic forest paradigm calls for the integration into forest science of a new concept of land management in which production and conservation are compatible, and in which there is no choice to be made between people and nature. It does not aim at contesting the value of conventional forest science, but it proposes domestic forests as a new scientific domain, for the combined benefit of forest science and of forest people. It does not contest the value of conventional forest management models, but pushes towards more equitable relations between forest agencies and farmers managing forest resources on their own lands.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2372IDEcology and Society212Perceptions of incentives for participation: insights from joint forest management in IndiaKumar, C2007forest managementparticipationcommunity involvementperceptionincentivesThe participatory approach in management of forests is now well established in forest policies of many developing countries. Incentives for different groups to participate have been argued by many to be desirable characteristics to promote participation. A key challenge for government and donor agencies is to develop better understanding of the incentives for different groups to be able to achieve and sustain their participation. Based on a case study of a joint forest management (JFM) programme in the northern state of Haryana in India, this paper highlights the relevance of understanding people&rsquo;s perception of the incentives. It specifically examines three hypotheses related to perceptions of villagers about incentives offered under the JFM programme and relates them to their participation in joint management. It concludes that a better understanding is likely to help in improving project implementation at the local level and the design of participatory forest management programmes more generally.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2371INInternational Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology14Spatial patterns and processes of bamboo expansion in Southern ChinaMertens, B.Liu HuaBelcher, B.Ruiz Perez, M.Fu MaoyiYang Xiaosheng2008bamboosspatial analysisremote sensingland use changenon-timber forest productsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2370CNApplied Geography28La vie reprend après les abattagesSheil, D.Meijaard, E2005biodiversityforest exploitationlogging effectsAlso available in EnglishArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2367CNOIBT Actualites des Forets Tropicales213Life after loggingSheil, D.Meijaard, E2005biodiversityforest exploitationlogging effectsAlso available in French <br/> <a href="http://www.itto.or.jp/live/Live_Server/1010/tfu.2005.02(12-15).e.pdf" target="_blank">Download full text from ITTO</a> (size 0.2 MB)ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2368CNITTO Tropical Forest Update215It&rsquo;ll take more than research: improving environmental decisions and ecological sciences in IndonesiaSheil, D.Meijaard, E2007environmental managementenvironmental policyscientistsresearchdecision makingArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2366IDBulletin of the British Ecological Society438The role and management of Eucalyptus in Lode Hetosa district, central EthiopiaMekonnen, Z.Kassa, H.Lemenh, M.Campbell, B.M2007energywoodEucalyptusfuelwoodincomesmall farmslivelihoodspolicymanagementThe growing demand for construction and fuel wood and the wide adaptation of Eucalyptus to the different agro-ecological zones of the country are resulting in increased plantation of Eucalyptus by smallholders, but the policy environment in Ethiopia discourages farmers from planting this exotic. While rural and urban households supported the planting of Eucalyptus, district level politicians opposed its planting, and researchers had reservations about it. The opposition of the politicians appears to be founded on fears of damage to the ecosystem. This study was conducted to examine the contribution of Eucalyptus to meeting wood and cash needs of rural households, onfarm management of Eucalyptus, and the perception of stakeholders in Central Ethiopia about this tree. Of tree species, Eucalyptus was ranked first by farmers, indicating conflicts between policy makers and local communities over market needs for Eucalyptus wood. A market survey showed that 74% of firewood sold in the district capital was Eucalyptus. The tree generated a quarter of annual cash incomes of rural households, and contributed significantly to subsistence. Almost half of the farmers had overstocked their Eucalyptus woodlots, indicating that plantation management needs improving. The study shows that Eucalyptus plays an important role in the livelihoods of smallholders, and that attempts to discourage Eucalyptus, in the absence of viable alternatives, will worsen wood scarcity in the Ethiopian highlands. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2364ETForests, Trees and Livelihoods17Exploring woodcarving markets to determine the potential of fiscal instruments for improving woodland management: the case of woodcarving in Southern ZimbabweStanda-Gunda, W.Bond, I.Campbell, B.M.Petheram, L2007common property resourcesinstitutionschangeforest productsnon-timber forest productscraftswood carvingmarketswoodlandssustainabilityIn many situations commercialization of forest products is based on common pool resources; often this leads to resource depletion. This paper investigates the potential of using fiscal instruments for institutional change to improve resource management where natural products are being marketed from common pool resources. Three markets along the Masvingo-Beitbridge Road in Southern Zimbabwe were studied. A simple model was produced to test the impact of fiscal instruments on the net revenue to carvers and the consequences for woodland management. The results suggest that there are few, if any options for the introduction of fiscal mechanisms to improve the management of the indigenous woodlands, and the creation of common-property institutions for the management of woodlands solely on the basis of financial incentives generated from woodcarving is highly unlikely. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2365ZWForests, Trees and Livelihoods17The traditional broom trade in Bushbuckridge, South Africa: helping poor women cope with adversityShackleton, S.Campbell, B.M2007broomsnatural productsrural communitieslivelihoodshouseholdsincomepoverty alleviationtradenon-timber forest productshuman immunodeficiency virusacquired immune deficiency syndromewomenArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2362ZAEconomic Botany361Will forests remain in the face of oil palm expansion? Simulating change in Malinau, IndonesiaSandker, M.Suwarno, A.Campbell, B.M2007decentralizationlocal governmentincomeparticipationlivelihoodstropical forestsnatural forestsforest conservationoil palmsplantationssimulation modelsThe severe tensions between conservation and development are illustrated by events in Malinau District (Kalimantan, Indonesia). Conservationists decry proposed plans for logging and conversion of pristine tropical forest to oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Although the local government is willing to declare the district a &ldquo;conservation district,&rdquo; at the same time, it shows interest in oil palm conversion. This article explores the impact of the potential conversion of 500 000 ha of forest to oil palm on forest cover, in-migration, and the local economy in Malinau. The simulation model was developed using STELLA® software, and relies on a combination of empirical data, data from the literature, and stakeholder perceptions. If a company were to clear the forest for timber without planting oil palm (as commonly happens), poverty levels are likely to rise rather than decline over the long term. If large-scale oil palm plantations were to be established, they could yield significant benefits to local authorities. However, such development would induce massive employment-driven migration, with wide-ranging consequences for the current inhabitants of the region. By visualizing and quantifying these trade-offs between conservation and development, the model stimulates debate and information exchange among conservationists, development actors, and district authorities so that well-informed choices can be made.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2361IDEcology and Society212Stimulating smallholder tree planting &ndash; lessons from Africa and AsiaNawir, A.A.Kassa, H.Sandewall, M.Dore, D.Campbell, B.M.Ohlsson, B.Bekele, M2007forest plantationstimber productionsmall farmscollaborationcommunity forestryincentivesforest policycompaniesReproduction from FAO Corporate Document Repository online at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1346e/a1346e14.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ANawir0701.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2360ETUnasylva22858A fresh look at shifting cultivation: fallow length an uncertain indicator of productivityMertz, O.Wadley, R.L.Nielsen, U.Bruun, T.B.Colfer, C. J. P.de Neergaard, A.Jepsen, M.R.Martinussen, T.Qiang ZhaoNoweg, G.T.Magid, J2008fallowriceproductionupland riceshifting cultivationland useArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2346ETAgricultural Systems96The possibility of common ground: a reply to Mavhunga and RobinsonVermeulen, S.Sheil, D2007communicationpartnershipsnature conservationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2342ETOryx441Partnerships for tropical conservationVermeulen, S.Sheil, D2007community involvementinterest groupsdemocracyinstitutionsparticipationpartnershipsnature conservationtropicsAchieving effective conservation in the tropics is a global concern but implicates local people. Despite considerable rhetoric about local participation the vast majority of conservation initiatives continue to be devised and controlled by a small group of powerful, external voices. What is widely overlooked is that local people often have positive conservation goals and preferences. These overlap with global values and create a strong precedent for practice, providing the basis for strategic alliances with conservation agencies. Local people can be part of a solution, rather than of the problem, if they are given the opportunity. While as yet unfamiliar to many conservationists, partnerships with local people are working in other natural resource sectors (water, commercial forestry). Strong partnerships entail shared decision making, shared risks and a balance of rights and responsibilities between external conservation agencies and local interest groups. Partnerships are no panacea, but a real commitment to partnership offers conservation outcomes that are more ethical and often more practicable than current models. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2341ETOryx441Assessing local perspectives in a forested landscape of central CameroonSassen, M.Jum, C.N2007forest resourcestropical forestsenvironmentforest conservationmethodologyassessmentperceptioncommunity involvementcommunity forestryparticipationlivelihoodsDecision makers require better understanding of local people&rsquo;s needs in tropical forested landscapes to enable more locally relevant and sustainable conservation. The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) developed a series of survey methods that assess the perceptions and priorities of forest dependent people with regard to their environment. These methods were applied in a fragmented forest landscape in Central Cameroon, near a small forest reserve. The results show that despite the importance of agriculture for food and income, people still rely on the forest for most aspects of their livelihoods. However, people&rsquo;s relationships with the forest are changing, potentially leading to increased conflicts and resource degradation. These issues are not easily captured in sociological surveys, but the methods applied generated insights into people&rsquo;s views and preferences regarding the forest and provide grounds for negotiation and compromise between the stakeholders. Future work will link people&rsquo;s preferences to the results of a biodiversity survey. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2340CMForests, Trees and Livelihoods17Developing a predictive understanding of landscape importance to the Punan-Pelancau of East Kalimantan, BorneoCunliffe, R.N.Lynam, T.J.P.Sheil, D.Wan, M.Salim, A.Basuki, I.Priyadi, H2006tropical forestslandscapelandscape ecologytraditional societyethnic groupsresource utilizationparticipationvaluationmethodologygeographical information systemsIn order for local community views to be incorporated into new development initiatives, their perceptions need to be clearly understood and documented in a format that is readily accessible to planners and developers. The current study sought to develop a predictive understanding of how the Punan Pelancau community, living in a forested landscape in East Kalimantan, assigns importance to its surrounding landscapes and to present these perceptions in the form of maps. The approach entailed the iterative use of a combination of participatory community evaluation methods and more formal modeling and geographic information system techniques. Results suggest that landscape importance is largely dictated by potential benefits, such as inputs to production, health, and houses. Neither land types nor distance were good predictors of landscape importance. The gridcell method, developed as part of the study, appears to offer a simple technique to capture and present the knowledge of local communities, even where their relationship to the land is highly complex, as was the case for this particular community.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2339CMAmbio736The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics: systematic review and meta-analysisIlstedt, U.Malmer, A.Verbeeten, E.Murdiyarso, D2007afforestationagroforestryforeststreeswater potentialmeta-analysisreviewsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2337CMForest Ecology and Management251Conflits pour les ressources naturelles de la peninsule de Bakassi: du global au localde Koning, R.G.Mbaga, J2007conflictnatural resourcesArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2334CMEcologie et Politique34In search of improved rural livelihoods in semi-arid regions through local management of natural resources: lessons from case studies in ZimbabweFrost, P.Campbell, B.M.Luckert, M.Mutamba, M.Mandondo, A.Kozanayi, W2007watershedscommon property resourcesempowermentlivelihoodspoverty alleviationrural communitiescase studiesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2333ZWWorld Development1135Fuel and fire characteristics in savanna&ndash;woodland of West Africa in relation to grazing and dominant grass typeSavadogo, P.Zida, D.Sawadogo, L.Tiveau, D.Tigabu, M.Oden, P.C2007savannaswoodlandsfire behaviourweathermodelsFuel characteristics, fire behaviour and temperature were studied in relation to grazing, dominant grass type and wind direction in West African savanna&ndash;woodland by lighting 32 prescribed early fires. Grazing significantly reduced the vegetation height, total fuel load, and dead and live fuel fractions whereas plots dominated by perennial grasses had higher values for vegetation height, total fuel load and the quantity of live fuel load. Although fire intensity remained insensitive (P>0.05) to any of these factors, fuel consumption was significantly (P =0.021) reduced by grazing, rate of spread was faster in head fire (P =0.012), and flame length was shorter in head fire than back fire (P =0.044). The average maximum temperature was higher (P<0.05) on non-grazed plots, on plots dominated by annual grasses, on plots subjected to head fire, and at the soil surface. Lethal temperature residence time showed a nearly similar trend to fire temperature.Wind speed and total fuel load were best predictors of fire behaviour parameters (R2 ranging from 0.557 to 0.862). It can be concluded that grazing could be used as a management tool to modify fire behaviour, back fire should be carried out during prescribed burning to lower fire severity, and the fire behaviour models can be employed to guide prescribed early fire in the study area.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2332BFInternational Journal of Wildland Fire16City life in the midst of the forest: a Punan hunter-gatherer&rsquo;s vision of conservation and developmentLevang, P.Sitorus, S.Dounias, E2007nature conservationtropical forestsdevelopmenttraditional societymodernizationsocial changecultureresettlementPunanThe Punan Tubu, a group of hunter-gatherers in East-Kalimantan, Indonesia, are used to illustrate the very real trade-offs that are made between conservation and development. This group has undergone various forms of resettlement in the 20th century, to the point that some are now settled close to the city of Malinau whereas others remain in remote locations in the upper Tubu catchment. This study is based on several years of ethnographic and household analysis. The Punan clearly favor both conservation and development. In the city, the Punan benefit from all positive effects of development. Child and infant mortality rates are very low, and illiteracy has been eradicated among the younger generation. However, the Punan complain that nothing in town is free. The older generation, in particular, resents the loss of Punan culture. Because of frustration and unemployment, young people often succumb to alcoholism and drug addiction. The Punan do not want to choose between conservation and development, between forest life and city life. They want to benefit from the advantages of both locations, to enjoy both free forest products and the positive aspects of modern life, to go wild boar hunting in the morning and watch television in the evening. In short, they want to enjoy city life in the midst of the forest. The same kind of contradiction has led to identity problems. They want to uphold the traditional life of the hunter-gatherer, but at the same time they reject marginalization and seek integration into the larger society. In short, they want integration without loss of identity. The settlement of Sule-Pipa illustrates how some groups have dealt with the contradiction more successfully. Thanks to good organization and charitable donations, they have secured educational facilities and basic health care, and marketing costs are reduced by collectively organized road and river transportation. The economy of the village is thriving, mainly because of the collection of forest products from the primary forest. Remoteness has saved the community from intensive logging, from uncontrolled and excessive exploitation of local forest products by outsiders, and from forest conversion. But few remote communities enjoy the luxury of charitable injections of funds, and roads will be built to the remote locations sooner or later. However, playing for time can help the Punan develop the capacity and ability to cope with a competitive developed world and maintain their cultural identity.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Articles/ALevang0701.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2331IDEcology and Society112The principles of conservation and development: do they apply in Malinau?Boedhihartono, A.K.Gunarso, P.Levang, P.Sayer, J.A2007community forestryrural communitiesforest resourcesnature conservationforest managementlivelihoodstropical forestssustainabilityAttempts to reconcile economic development with environmental conservation in a forest area in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, are reviewed for the district of Malinau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, an area of 42,000 km2 that is still largely covered in rainforest. The history of the region is described and the conservation and development impacts of external drivers of change are assessed. Both government and conservation organizations have subscribed to the rhetoric of pursuing development pathways that would be sustainable and would conserve the rich biodiversity of the area. Three distinct approaches to conservation have been attempted. First spatial planning has been used to attribute land to different uses and particularly to identify and designate protected areas. Second, measures have been taken to lessen the negative environmental impact of industrial logging and to promote the preservation of biodiversity in logged forests. Last, decentralized and community-based management has been promoted on the assumption that this would yield better environmental and social outcomes than large-scale industrial development. These conservation measures have been pursued during a period when the governance of the region has been weak. Corruption, political collusion, and nepotism have been major factors in decision making about natural resources. We argue that a sustainable future for the district of Malinau must lie in finding an appropriate balance between protected areas, forests managed at both industrial and community scales, and land conversion. However, there is little empirical evidence that allows the outcomes of these approaches to be measured. The problem of knowing how conservation investments can be made in ways that optimize sustainable benefits to local livelihoods remains largely unresolved. A number of possible conservation and development pathways for the district are discussed.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2373IDEcology and Society212Building broad-based partnership for sustainable forest management: the Model Forest experience in CameroonJum, C.N.Nguiebouri, J.Zoa, M.Diaw, C2007forestsforest managementpartnershipscommunity involvementsustainabilityInternational Model Forest Network (IMFN)The humid forest zone of Cameroon is part of the biodiversity rich Congo Basin. Until the mid-1990s, the forests of Cameroon were centrally managed, which excluded communities from accessing forest resources and gaining economic benefits from them. In the early 1990s, more participative forest management practices emerged. The new forestry legislation of 1994 &ndash; focusing on the devolution of management responsibilities to local communities &ndash; has reinforced this participatory trend. In 2003, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and its partners started the Model Forest Project in Cameroon. This project is part of the International Model Forest Network (IMFN). The goal of the IMFN is the sustainable management of forests around the world, while taking into account the needs of local communities. This paper describes the process that led the Cameroonian Government to the recognition, in 2005, of Campo-Ma&rsquo;an and Dja et Mpomo as Model Forest sites. It gives a description of the sites, the partnerships involved, stakeholders&rsquo; perspectives, the accomplishments to date and future perspectives. It concludes that, while the project provides a framework for reflection, innovation and collective learning, it is as yet too early to demonstrate concrete progress or results.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2330CMInternational Journal of Environmental Studies564The persistence and conservation of Borneo's mammals in lowland rain forests managed for timber: observations, overviews and opportunitiesMeijaard, E.Sheil, D2008certificationecologyforestryproductionsustainabilitywildlife conservationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-007-0342-7 [online subscription]Lowland rainforests on Borneo are being degraded and lost at an alarming rate. Studies on mammals report species responding in various ways to habitat changes that occur in commercial forestry concessions. Here we draw together information on the relationship between the ecological, evolutionary, and biogeographic characteristics of selected Bornean nonvolant mammals, and their response to timber harvesting and related impacts. Only a minority of species show markedly reduced densities after timber harvesting. Nonetheless there are many grounds for concern as various processes can, and often do, reduce the viability of wildlife populations. Our review of what we know, and of current understanding, helps predict mammalian dynamics and subsequent mammal-induced ecosystem changes in logged forests. We identify groups of mammal species that, although largely unstudied, are unlikely to tolerate the impacts associated with timber harvesting. On a positive note we find and suggest many relatively simple and low-cost ways in which concession management practices might be modified so as to improve the value of managed forests for wildlife conservation. Improving forest management can play a vital role in maintaining the rich biodiversity of Borneo&rsquo;s tropical rain forests.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2185CMEcological Research23Invisible but viable: recognising local markets for non-timber forest productsShackleton, S.Shanley, P.Ndoye, O2007non-timber forest productsrural communitiesmarketsworld marketslivelihoodsCopyrighted 2007 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlAn emphasis on global markets for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) often overshadows attention to the local trade in many traditionally lead to further marginalisation of the low-income groups involved. This paper draws on the literature and the research experience of the authors in three different regions of the world to demonstrate the significance of local markets for NTFPs and to build a case for recognising and strengthening support to them. Discussion includes: features of these markets and current trends favouring them; the benefits they bring to producers and traders; their comparative advantages in relation to their role in strengthening livelihoods; and the policy reforms and development support required to improve them. The authors conclude that a combination of both strong local and export markets permits diversification and choice, assisting poor local people to minimise livelihood risk due to dependence on any single market.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AShanley0701.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2321BRInternational Forestry Review39Trends in Latin American forestry decentralisations: legal frameworks, municipal governments and forest dependent groupsLarson, A.M.Pacheco, P.Toni, F.Vallejo, M2007decentralizationnatural resourceslocal governmentCopyrighted 2007 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlHow are forestry decentralisations evolving in Latin America? What role are municipal governments playing, and to what extent are the needs of forest-dependent peoples being taken into account? This article represents a synthesis of research findings from Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. It assesses current trends in Latin American forestry decentralisations, with particular attention to different conceptions of decentralisation, the role of sub-national governments and the problems of forest-dependent groups. With regard to sub-national governments, the research finds that the principal tendency in the decentralisation of decision-making over forests is through contractual arrangements between local or state governments and forestry institutes. For their part, forest-dependent groups are not able to improve their opportunity to engage in forestry-based activities without specific policies operating in their favour &ndash; beginning with secure access to forest resources &ndash; and such policy changes have most often come about in response to organised demands and in policy spheres outside of forestry.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ALarson0701.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2322BOInternational Forestry Review39El manejo de la caoba en Quintana Roo, Mexico: legislacion, responsabilidades y apoyo gubernamentalMorales, A.N.Mundo, M.C.Hernandez, C.H.Ibarra, E.Snook, L.K2005ArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter2315MXRecursos Naturales y Ambiente44Aprovechamiento sostenido de caoba en la Selva Maya de Mexico de la conservacion fortuita al manejo sostenibleSnook, L.K2005ArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter2316MXRecursos Naturales y Ambiente44Dynamics of sapling population in savanna woodlands of Burkina Faso subjected to grazing, early fire and selective tree cutting for a decadeZida, D.Sawadogo, L.Tigabu, M.Tiveau, D.Oden, P.C2007dry forestswoodlandssavannasforest firesforest managementgrazinggrowthmerchantable volumepopulation dynamicsrecruitmentselective fellingspecies richnessstand structurecuttingregenerationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2306BFForest Ecology and Management1243What kind of research and development is needed for natural resource management?Campbell, B.M.Hagmann, J.Sayer, J.A.Stroud, A.Thomas, R.Wollenberg, E2006natural resourcesmanagementresearchArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2300BFWater International0250-8060331The model forest experience in CameroonJum, C.N.Nguiebouri, J.Zoa, M.Diaw, C2007http://www.itto.or.jp/live/Live_Server/3456/tfu.2007.02(11-14).e.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2299CMITTO Tropical Forest Update217Is wildlife research useful for wildlife conservation in the tropics?: A review for Borneo with global implicationsMeijaard, E.Sheil, D2007nature conservationbiodiversitywildlifeapplied researchresearch supportguidelinesThe urgency of the tropical biodiversity crisis continues to be a major justification for wildlife research and its funding. To examine the benefits of this research for on-the-ground conservation, we focused on Borneo, where conservation has a long history and we have direct experience. We compiled, categorized and evaluated 284 publications from a broad variety of sources, 153 from peer-reviewed journals. We found that few studies address threats to species and fewer still provide input for or guidance to effective management. We consider various reasons for these shortcomings. Research is seldom judged on its relevance to pragmatic problem solving. Furthermore, many research programs lack the necessary long-term vision and organizational structure for useful applied research. We consulted conservation leaders about our conclusions and all responses suggest that our concerns are not unique to Borneo but reflect wider problems. We conclude that conservation research across most of the tropics is failing to address conservation needs. We make a number of recommendations based on our findings. Conservation biologists should place a higher priority on addressing practical conservation needs and goals.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2298IDBiodiversity and Conservation1116The effects of forestry decentralization on access to livelihood assetsLarson, A.M.Pacheco, P.Toni, F.Vallejo, M2007governancedecentralizationlivelihoodsforest managementright of accesscommunity forestryArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2296BOJournal of Environment and Development316Southeast Asian forest and land fires: how can vulnerable ecosystems and peoples adapt to changing climate and fire regimes?Murdiyarso, D.Lebel, L2007forest firesclimatic changeadaptationfire managementpeatlandshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AMurdiyarso0701.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2295BOiLEAPS Newsletter4The odd man out? Might climate explain the lower tree a-diversity of African rain forests relative to Amazonian rain forests?Parmentier, I.et al2007biodiversitydiversitytropical foreststropical rain foreststheorybiogeographyclimateanalysiscomparisonsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2293BOJournal of Ecology95Conserving what and for whom? why conservation should help meet basic human needs in the tropicsKaimowitz, D.Sheil, D2007community developmentbiodiversityconservationdemocracydevelopmenthuntingmultiple usepovertyprotected areashabitatsutilizationsubsistenceFor hundreds of millions of people, biodiversity is about eating, staying healthy, and finding shelter. Meeting these people&rsquo;s basic needs should receive greater priority in the conservation agenda.Wild and semi-wild plants and animals contribute significantly to nutrition, health care, income, and culture in developing countries, and the poorest and most vulnerable people often rely on those resources most. Depleting those resources or making them inaccessible can impoverish these people even further. &lsquo;Pro-poor conservation&rsquo;&mdash;that is, conservation that aims to support poor people&mdash;explicitly seeks to address basic human needs. Such an emphasis has many potential synergies with more conventional conservation goals. Nonetheless, pro-poor conservation requires a distinct attitude to gauging conservation outcomes and a different approach to conservation science. Biologists can make a vital contribution.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ASheil0701.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2292BOBiotropica539Teak furniture and business responsibility: a global value chain dynamics approachPurnomo, H2006teakfurnituresecondary forest productsmodelsindustrybusinessesvalue addedTeak furniture business development aims at achieving the three millenium development goals of global partnership, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability. A value chain of teak furniture connects teak growers with furniture retailers in Europe, the United States and Japan. It distributes value added along the chain, but it produces imbalance of income distribution and pressure on teak plantation sustainability. This paper integrates value chain analysis and system dynamic approach to observe and system dynamic approach to observe baseline trends and glimpse future scenarios of teak forest and incomes to various actors participating in the teak business. Future scenarios to obtain premium prices through fair trade and business responsibility of international furniture retailers will not only restore the teak furniture business but also foster great leap in teak plantation sustainability and livelihoods of teak growers and small to medium-sized teak furniture enterprises. Collective action among them in defining rules and a low level of land conflicts are necessary conditions for success.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2285IDEconomics and Finance in Indonesia354From sago to rice, from forest to town: the consequences of sedentarization for the nutritional ecology of Punan former hunter-gatherers of BorneoDounias, E.Selzner, A.Koizumi, M.Levang, P2007agriculturediethealthtraditional societynomadismsettlementsocial changeArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2280IDFood and Nutrition Bulletin2 (supplement)28Sclerosperma and Podococcus in Gabonvan Valkenburg, J.Sunderland, T.C.H.Banak, L.N.Issembe, Y2007Sclerosperma walkeriPodococcus acaulisornamental palmsspeciesThis paper focuses on some supposedly well known understory palms Sclerosperma and Podococcus. However, upon closer examination, the forest of Gabon once again reveals two botanical treasures, Sclerosperma walkeri and Podococcus acaulis, that had remained hidden in some long forgotten French periodicals.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2279GAPalms251Multifunctional agroforestry systems in IndiaPandey, D.N2007biodiversityagroforestrypest controlbiological controlcarbon sequestrationethnobotanyforestryfood securityLand-use options that increase resilience and reduce vulnerability of contemporary societies are fundamental to livelihood improvement and adaptation to environmental change. Agroforestry as a traditional land-use adaptation may potentially support livelihood improvement through simultaneous production of food, fodder and firewood as well as mitigation of the impact of climate change. Drawing on the representative literature, here, I critically review the contribution of agroforestry systems in India to: (i) biodiversity conservation; (ii) yield of goods and services to society; (iii) augmentation of the carbon storage in agroecosystems; (iv) enhancing the fertility of the soils, and (v) providing social and economic well-being to people. Agroforestry systems in India contribute variously to ecological, social and economic functions, but they are only complementary &ndash; and not as an alternative &ndash; to natural ecosystems. To promote well-being of the society, management of multifunctional agroforestry needs to be strengthened by innovations in domestication of useful species and crafting market regimes for the products derived from agroforestry and ethnoforestry systems. Future research is required to eliminate many of the uncertainties that remain, and also carefully test the main functions attributed to agroforestry against alternative land-use options in order to know unequivocally as to what extent agroforestry served these purposes.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2277INCurrent Science492Conflict management approaches under unclear boundaries of the commons: experiences from Danau Sentarum National Park, IndonesiaYasmi, Y.Colfer, C.J.P.Yuliani, L.Indriatmoko, Y.Heri, V2007conflictmanagementboundariesnational parksrural communitiesinstitutionsCopyrighted 2007 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlResearch on the role of local institutions in confl ict management is still limited. This study highlights various inter-settlement confl icts over the issue of unclear resource boundaries in Danau Sentarum National Park, Indonesia. The park is home to two major ethnic groups (Dayak Iban and Malay) whose livelihoods are highly dependent on fi sh and forest resources available in the park area. We demonstrate how local institutions (adat) are used to address boundary confl icts and consider their effectiveness. The study also discusses challenges that adat face in ensuring the effectiveness of confl ict management. We argue that enhancing communication and developing a mechanism of exchange among settlements engaged in confl ict will promote better understanding of the problem and thus allows improvement in the current approaches in managing confl ict. We propose a co-management arrangement to ensure the sustainability of the park and to constructively manage the confl ict in the area.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Articles/AYasmi0701.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2275IDInternational Forestry Review29Tool use during display behavior in wild cross river gorillas: brief reportWittiger, L.Sunderland-Groves, J2007gorrilasanimal behaviourdisplaysusestoolsArticles5p.enCIFOR Head Quarter2272CMAmerican Journal of Primatology1098-234569Finding and promoting a local conservation consensus in a globally important tropical forest landscapePadmanaba, M.Sheil, D2007biodiversityforestseducationgovernancediffusion of informationnature conservationdemocracycampaigncommunity forestrycommunity involvementindigenous knowledgeperceptionloggingCan democratic processes favour conservation outcomes in the tropics? This study focuses on local viewpoints within a forested landscape of high conservation significance in East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Stakeholders received posters displaying results from a previous study; these posters emphasised local priorities and views regarding local biodiversity. We assess local attitudes to this information, and consider some implications. Knowledge of, and agreement with, poster content increased among villagers, towns people and civil servants after they received posters. All respondents appreciated the posters and all supported some form of forest conservation. All respondents agreed that biodiversity conservation and local views are vital in land-use planning. All agreed that logging companies need to be better controlled, while 80% consider them a &lsquo;&lsquo;major environmental threat&rsquo;&rsquo;. These results bolster our belief that involving communities is not only an ethically defensible way to achieve conservation outcomes, but also a pragmatic opportunity to do so.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2268CMBiodiversity and Conservation116Keeping the forest for the climate's sake: avoiding deforestation in developing countries under the UNFCCCForner, C.Blaser, J.Jotzo, F.Robledo, C2006deforestationKyoto ProtocolLULUCFincentivesgreenhouse gasesforestsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2502CMClimate Policy6Simple criteria and indicators to uncover and negotiate local perceptions on sustainabilityTiani, A.M.Charancle, J-M. B2007local populationsocial participationinterest groupsforest managementsustainabilitysocial welfarecriteria and indicatorsSimple Criteria and Indicators (C&I &ndash; to be read as C and Is) can be used to help forest people express their view on sustainability. Three main findings characterize local perceptions: a) The natural and social worlds are intertwined, confirming environmental services as elements of well-being; b) The C&I often express lacking factors, uncertainties and apprehensions, thus they are naturally dynamic, and could be efficient as tools to monitor and evaluate social changes; c) The variability of interests and motivations of different social groups that make up a community is mitigated by a convergence of vision related to social capital, land security, resource management, and quality of life. The authors conclude that prior identification of the C&I through a systematic process will allow development projects to be more adapted to communities&rsquo; specific needs and to increase community support and involvement.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2261CMForests, Trees and Livelihoods17Towards solutions for state vs. local community conflicts over forestland: the impact of formal recognition of user rights in Krui, Sumatra, IndonesiaKusters, K.De Foresta, H.Ekadinata, A.van Noordwijk, M2007tenure systemsagroforestrycommunitiesconcessionsproperty rightslegal rightsdeforestationIn 1998, a decree issued by the Indonesian government enabled communities in Krui, Indonesia, to register for concession rights over the area of state forest land planted with their agroforests. Registration would provide farmers with the legal right to manage and benefit from these agroforests. In 2005, the authors found that even though none of the Krui communities has ever formally applied for their concession rights, the decree has been instrumental in stopping outsiders&rsquo; attempts to appropriate these agroforests. Farmers within the state forest zone felt secure enough to continue investing in their complex agroforestry systems, while planting trees reinforced their feeling of security. The authors conclude that it is not the legal status of tenure, but the perception of tenure security that is of significance in people&rsquo;s land-use decisions. These results are considered in the wider context of state&ndash;community conflicts over forest land in the tropicArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2260CMHuman Ecology435Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveysForboseh, P.F.Eno-Nku, M.Sunderland, T.C.H2007forestsland use planningmammalsnature conservationwildlife conservationThe forests of the Cameroon-Nigeria transboundary region have been highlighted as a high conservation priority, yet many of the extant forest remnants remain relatively unknown, particularly with regard to the occurrence of large mammals. Between 2002 and 2004 the authors surveyed the large mammal fauna of the Mone and Ejagham Forest Reserves and the Upper Banyang, Nkwende Hills and Etinde forests of southwest Cameroon. The objective was to document the extant large mammal species as an important step in the review of government priorities to identify key sites within the region for conservation and management. The authors reviewed the available literature on mammal distribution and then surveyed the forests for mammal and human signs. Despite a growing illegal commercial trade in wildlife, particularly for bushmeat, many sites retain populations of one or more threatened and locally rare large mammal species of significant conservation importance. Moreover, the sites collectively complement each other in terms of their representation of the threatened large mammal fauna. An emphasis on the enforcement of wildlife legislation and minimizing logging impact are of primary importance for the conservation of large mammals in these and other forest remnants in south-west Cameroon. In addition, at some sites, there already exists community interest in active wildlife management.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2259CMOryx241Clearing the way for reducing emissions from tropical deforestationSkutsch, MBird, N.Trines, E.Dutschke, M.Frumhoff, P.de Jong, B.H.J.van Laake, P.Masera, O.Murdiyarso, D2007carboncreditreductioncompensationgreenhouse gasesemissiondeforestationtropical forestsmodelsclimatic changeinternational agreementsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2258CMEnvironmental Science and Policy410A synopsis of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto Protocol and Marrakech AccordsSchlamadinger, B.et al2007carbonstocksemissioncarbon sequestrationsaturationaccountingdeforestationtropical forestsbioenergyinternational agreementsKyoto ProtocolLULUCFclimatic changeArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2257CMEnvironmental Science and Policy410Earth observations for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation in developing countriesDeFries, R.Achard, F.Brown, S.Herold, M.Murdiyarso, D.Schlamadinger, B2007carbonemissiongreenhouse gasesclimatic changedeforestationtropical forestsmonitoringArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2256CMEnvironmental Science and Policy410Mise en evidence des facteurs du paysage agissant sur la repartition de la faune dans une concession forestiereVan Vliet, N.Nasi, R2007forest managementsustainabilityfaunapopulation distributioninventoriesgeographical information systemslandscapeIn the last 10 years in Central Africa, inventories have been carried out across extensive forest areas in order to support management plans. The aim of these inventories is to assess potential wood resources as well as the diversity of tree species and large mammals. The data products from these inventories presented in this article are derived from multivariate analyses. The study highlights the landscape factors that influence the pattern of fauna distribution in a sustainably managed logging concession in Gabon. The data show that the availability of food resources is not a determining factor in the distribution of fauna scale of the landscape concerned. Some species, such as the blue duiker, brush-tailed porcupine and small diurnal monkeys, do not seem affected by hunting, unlike the red forest duiker. Elephants use areas adjacent to villages and roads. Some species, such as the yeloow-back duiker, avoid their preferred habitat when it is disturbed by human activities, while others are dependent on specific habitats which they occupy in spite of human disturbance. Some populations, which have been rarely observed, deserve to be monitored so that various surprising results can be explained. This study shows that these inventories gain in value with studies of the factors involved in the distribution of fauna in the concession. However, a number of improvements are proposed to facilitate processing for data products. Analyses of this type help to design more effective management directives to take fauna dynamics into account on the scale of the landscape.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Articles/ANasi0701.pdfArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2245GABois et Forets des Tropiques2292Commercialisation of non-timber forest products: a reality checkBelcher, B.Schreckenberg, K2007non-timber forest productscommercializationproductionmarketspolicylivelihoodsreviewsThis article challenges the pervasive view that commercialisation of non-timber forest products can (easily) achieve ecosystem and species conservation as well as improving livelihoods. Following a brief review of who and what is involved, it focuses on the main ecological and livelihood risks of unconsidered promotion of NTFP commercialisation, drawing on a wide range of case studies from around the world. It concludes with some recommendations, emphasising the lack of "magic-bullet" products, and the importance - among other things - of not ignoring national policy, taking an integrated view of the value chain, considering the implications of different production options, and improving both quality and quantity.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2242GADevelopment Policy Review0950-6764325A logged forest in Borneo is better than none at all: correspondenceMeijaard, E.Sheil, D2007nature conservationbiodiversityloggingArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2238IDNatureApril 26446Dynamiques de gestion transfrontalieres des forets du basin du Congo: analyse du Traite relatif a la conservation et la gestion des ecosystemes forestiers de l&rsquo;Afrique CentraleAssembe Mvondo, S2006ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2226CGLaw, Environment and Development Journal12Partnership for good forest management: a joint initiative of researchers and timber industries in the Brazilian AmazonSilva, J.N.M.Pokorny, B.Sabogal, C.De Carvalho, J.O.P.Zweede, J2006forest managementloggingreduced impact loggingcompaniesscientistspartnershipsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2220CGITTO Tropical Forest Update416Cross-border timber trade in Indonesia: critical or overstated problem? Forest governance lessons from KalimantanObidzinski, K.Andrianto, A.Wijaya, C2007illicit fellingillegal loggingsmugglingforestrytimber tradeCopyrighted 2007 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlIllegal logging has been at the centre of policy debates about the current state and future prospects of Indonesia&rsquo;s forestry sector. One of the prevailing views is that clandestine cross-border timber trade is responsible for illegal logging in the country. This paper shows the core of the illegal logging problem lies not in timber smuggling in remote locations but in licensed forestry operations that engage in gross overharvesting and violate shipping regulations. These actions, in turn, are necessitated by a vast supply-demand disparity in Indonesia&rsquo;s woodworking sector. The current timber trade system in Indonesia that stresses administrative and document compliance is insuffi cient because it is easy to manipulate and its enforcement is lax. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a more stringent timber legality standard that would be simpler to enforce and easier to evaluate. However, this will only work if a serious effort is made to restructure (downsize) forest industries and develop sustainable industrial timber plantations.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AObidzinski0701.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2215IDInternational Forestry Review19Forest environmental incomes and the rural poorVedeld, P.Angelsen, A.Bojo, J.Sjaastad, E.Berg, G.K2007environmentforestsincome distributionvaluationlivelihoodsdiversificationrural communitiesdeveloping countriescase studiesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2212IDForest Policy and Economics9Slashed and burned: war, environment, and resource insecurity in West Borneo during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuriesWadley, R.L2007shifting cultivationnatural resourcesforest resourcesethnic groupswarcolonizationhistoryEuropean colonial efforts to pacify &lsquo;rebellious&rsquo; Iban in western Borneo during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced chronic resource insecurity and may have contributed to the recorded destructiveness of Iban swidden cultivation. Negative European opinions towards swiddening may have thus been reinforced by a context that the Europeans themselves created. Drawing on anthropological theories linking swidden cultivation and Iban warfare, this article presents a historical case for the relationship between pacification, resource insecurity, and swidden destructiveness. It also re-evaluates Derek Freeman&rsquo;s original diagnosis of Iban as &lsquo;prodigal&rsquo; farmers, suggesting that there may have been more to Iban pioneering destruction than the wide availability of &lsquo;virgin&rsquo; forest.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2210IDJournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute113Integrative science in practice: process perspectives from ASB, the partnership for the tropical forest marginsTomich, T.P.Timmer, D.W.Velarde, S.J.Alegre, J.Areskoug, V.Cash, D.W.Cattaneo, A.Ericksen, P.J.Joshi, L.Kasyoki, J.Legg, C.Locatelli, M.Murdiyarso, D.Palm, C.A.Porro, R.Perazzo, A.R.Salazar-Vega, A.van Noordwijk, M.Weise, S.F.White, D2007tropical forestsnatural resourcesresource managementintegrated systemsresearchinterdisciplinary researchgeographical distributionnetworkingorganizationslearningArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2208IDAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment3121After decentralization: the implications of small-scale logging for communities' access to forests in IndonesiaLimberg, G2006decentralizationloggingfeespermitscommunitiesvillageslogging effectsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2205IDIndigenous Affairs1024-32834Agricultural expansion and deforestation in lowland Bolivia: the import substitution versus the structural adjustment modelPacheco, P2006deforestationland usepolicyagriculturesoyabeansfrontier areasregional developmentArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2203BOLand Use Policy23Facilitating cooperation during times of chaos: spontaneous orders and muddling through in MalinauWollenberg, E.Iwan, R.Limberg, G.Moeliono, M.Rhee, S.Sudana, M2007natural resourcesresource managementcollaborationadaptationcooperationchaosAdaptive management has become increasingly common where natural resource managers face complex and uncertain conditions. The collaboration required among managers and others to do adaptive management, however, is not always easy to achieve. We describe efforts to work with villagers and government officials in Malinau, East Kalimantan Indonesia, where a weak, uncertain institutional setting and complex shifting political landscape made formal cooperation among these groups for forest management problematic. Through successive trials, the team learned instead to work with and enhance a &ldquo;spontaneous order&rdquo; of cooperation using four tactics: (1) continuous physical presence, (2) regular contact with the people who advised and were close to major decision makers, (3) maintenance of multiple programs to fit the needs of different interest groups, and (4) hyperflexibility in resource allocation and schedules.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2194BOEcology and Society112Local people may be the best allies in conservation: correspondenceSheil, D.Boissiere, M2006nature conservationbiodiversitylocal peopleArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2192BONatureApril 13440A review of tools for incorporating community knowledge, preferences, and values into decision making in natural resources managementLynam, T.de Jong, W.Sheil, D.Kusumanto, T.Evans, K2007participationtoolsreviewsnatural resourcesresource managementcollaborationlearningWe survey and evaluate selected participatory tools that have been proven effective in natural resources management and research during our extensive experience with forest communities. We first establish a framework for our analysis by identifying a set of criteria for evaluating each tool. Next we provide a brief description of each tool, followed by an evaluation and comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of all the tools examined and how well they can be adapted to diverse contexts. We also provide suggestions for avoiding common pitfalls. Our findings suggest that most tools are flexible enough to be adapted to a range of applications, and that results are more robust when tools are used in concert. Practitioners should not be disturbed when results are contradictory or unexpected; initial surprises can lead to unexpected discoveries. Given the complexity of natural resources and their management, picking the right tool does not guarantee that the data desired will be produced, but selecting the wrong tool does make success less likely. The tools assessed are Bayesian belief networks and system dynamic modeling tools, discourse-based valuation, the 4Rs framework, participatory mapping, scoring or the Pebble Distribution Method, future scenarios, spidergrams, Venn diagrams, and Who Counts Matrices.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2186BOEcology and Society112The efficiency of payments for environmental services in tropical conservationWunder, S2007environmental servicespayment basiseconomicsconservationland ownershipPayments for environmental services (PES) represent a new, more direct way to promote conservation. They explicitly recognize the need to address difficult trade-offs by bridging the interests of landowners and external actors through compensations. Theoretical assessments praise the advantages of PES over indirect approaches, but in the tropics PES application has remained incipient. Here I aim to demystify PES and clarify its scope for application as a tool for tropical conservation. I focus on the supply side of PES (i.e., how to convert PES funding into effective conservation on the ground), which until now has been widely neglected. I reviewed the PES literature for developing countries and combined these findings with observations from my own field studies in Latin America and Asia. A PES scheme, simply stated, is a voluntary, conditional agreement between at least one &ldquo;seller&rdquo; and one &ldquo;buyer&rdquo; over a well-defined environmental service&mdash;or a land use presumed to produce that service. Major obstacles to effective PES include demand-side limitations and a lack of supply-side know-how regarding implementation. The design of PES programs can be improved by explicitly outlining baselines, calculating conservation opportunity costs, customizing payment modalities, and targeting agents with credible land claims and threats to conservation. Expansion of PES can occur if schemes can demonstrate clear additionality (i.e., incremental conservation effects vis-`a-vis predefined baselines), if PES recipients&rsquo; livelihood dynamics are better understood, and if efficiency goals are balanced with considerations of fairness. PES are arguably best suited to scenarios of moderate conservation opportunity costs on marginal lands and in settings with emerging, not-yet realized threats. Actors who represent credible threats to the environment will more likely receive PES than those already living in harmony with nature. A PES scheme can thus benefit both buyers and sellers while improving the resource base, but it is unlikely to fully replace other conservation instrumentArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2187BOConservation Biology121Local to global perspectives on forest and land fires in Southeast AsiaMurdiyarso, D.Lebel, L.eds2007climatic changepolicyforest firesfireemissioncarbon sequestrationadaptationassessmentgovernanceIt is a spesial issue of the journal with special feature on Local to global perspectives on forest and land fires in Southeast Asia published by Springer and CIFOR. It comprises of 12 papers. This issue covers both ancient and modern fires including human interventions and their failures to control them. It begins with a global overview of environmental change and the vulnerability of land systems to fire. This is followed by detailed studies of social and ecological processes at sub-national and community levels. The significance of fires and changes to fire regimes in peatlands, both for emissions and livelihoods, emerges in several papers and is a key finding of this special issue.Articles201p.enCIFOR Head Quarter2184BOMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change1381-2386112Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica: increasing efficiency through spatial differentiationWunscher, T.Engel, S.Wunder, S2006environmental servicespayment basisnature conservationCosta Rica was the first developing country to have implemented a nation-wide program of payments for environmental services. We analyze whether the efficiency of the program could be increased through better targeting techniques and propose a targeting mechanism which takes into account the spatial diversity of service provision and opportunity cost. Given a fixed budget we show that selecting sites according to their service delivery potential increases the amount of contracted services. The efficiency increase is even more pronounced when opportunity costs are taken into account and payment levels are varied accordingly. We also observe that the use of the above mentioned concepts decreases the average area of the selected, sites which might indicate that the proposed approaches encourage participation of the poor.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2178CRQuarterly Journal of International Agriculture445Effects of grazing intensity and prescribed fire on soil physical and hydrological properties and pasture yield in the savanna woodlands of Burkina FasoSavadogo, P.Sawadogo, L.Tiveau, D2007tramplinggrazingsoil compactioninfiltrationvegetationpastureswoodlandssavannasArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2176BFAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment118Socioeconomic constraints, environmental impacts and drivers of change in the Congo Basin as perceived by logging companiesRuiz Perez, M.De Blas, D.E.Nasi, R.Sayer, J.A.Karsenty, A.Sassen, M.Angoue, C.Gami, N.Ndoye, O.Ngono, G.Nguinguiri, J.C.Nzala, D.Toirambe, B.Yalibanda, Y2006environmental impactchangeloggingindustrysocioeconomicsconstraintsThe external factors that influence the environmental, socialandeconomic performance of logging companies were studied using a questionnaire submitted to 30 logging concessions in five countries of the Congo Basin. This paper analyses socioeconomic constraints and environmental impacts experienced by these concessions, as well as their response to major external drivers of change. Concessionaires considered investment and operating finance their main constraint, followed by insufficient technical and human capacities, and inconsistent application of official regulations. Environmental problems directly produced by concessions&rsquo; operations represented around one-third of the total score for environmental problems reported. Damage caused by construction of logging roads and erosion were identified as the main issues. Induced problems (two-thirds of the total score) were dominated by hunting, with encroachment and illegal logging perceived as much less significant. Policies, infrastructure, markets and technology are key external drivers of change in concessions&rsquo; practices, while regional and international forestry institutions reportedly have the least influence, reflecting an emerging scepticism about the proliferation of international institutions and initiatives promoting sustainable forestry. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2175CGEnvironmental Conservation433Institutional conflict and forest policy effectiveness: the case of the Costa Rican institutional reformIbarra, E.Hirakuri, S.R2007logginginstitutionschangeconflictforest managementforest policyincentivesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2173CRForest Policy and Economics69Fires in tropical forests - what is really the problem?: lessons from IndonesiaTacconi, L.Moore, P.F.Kaimowitz, D2006forest firesfiretropical forestscausesdeforestationeconomicsclimatic changegovernanceArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2161IDMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change112Local to global perspective on forest and land fires in Southeast AsiaMurdiyarso, D.Lebel, L2007fireemissionclimatic changefire managementpolicyadaptationgovernanceArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2158IDMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change112When forest-based hunter-gatherers become sedentary: consequences for diet and healthDounias, E.Froment, A2006healthforest resourcesdietchangeethnic groupshuntingfoodspickingrural communitiesCopyrighted 2006 by FAO.This article examines the changes in diet and health that occur when nomadic forest dwellers settle. Examples are drawn from African Pygmy groups such as the Kola, Medjan and Baka of Cameroon, the Aka of the Central African Republic and the Efe and Mbuti of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and in Asia, the Punan, formerly nomadic forest dwellers of Borneo, in particular the Tubu Punan from the Tubu watershed of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. These formerly nomadic groups were all pushed to settle in permanent villages in the course of the twentieth century, but they still depend on hunting and gathering for their livelihoods and continue to migrate seasonally into the forest in search of forest resources.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2157IDUnasylva22457Conservation policy and the commonsMoeliono, M2006national parksprotected areasnature conservationparticipationrural communitiesgovernment policyArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2156IDCommon Property Resource Digest76Forests and human health in the tropics: some important connectionsColfer, C.J.P.Sheil, D.Kaimowitz, D.Kishi, M2006healthforeststropicsmancommunity forestryrural communitieslinkagefoodsdiseasestraditional medicineCopyrighted 2006 by FAOThis paper contains an overview of the state of human health in and around forests, and the causal links between forests and human health. It identifies four central links between forests and human health, focusing on two central questions: 1. What are the human health conditions in and around forests? 2. What are the causal links between forests and human health? Finally, the article provides policy recommendations targeted to specific actors such as health professionals or foresters.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2155IDUnasylva22457In search of optimal stocking regimes in semi-arid grazing lands: one size does not fit allCampbell, B.M.Gordon, I.J.Luckert, M.K.Petheram, L2006stocking rategrazingrangelandsecologyequilibriumdynamic modelssemiarid grasslandsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2151IDEcological Economics60Forest dependence and participation in CPR management: empirical evidence from forest co-management in MalawiJumbe, C.B.L.Angelsen, A2007forest managementcommunity involvementparticipationeconomic dependenceforestsincentivesincomeThe authors develop an endogenous sample selection model to investigate how forest dependence influences a household's decision to participate in forest co-management program. Using data from Chimaliro and Liwonde forest reserves in Malawi, The authors find that where forests primarily have a gap filling or safety net role in Chimaliro, high forest dependency induces higher rates of participation. However, with more commercial forest uses and a more heterogeneous social context as in Liwonde, high forest dependency reduces the incentives for participation. The findings point to the need to design parallel interventions alongside the forest co-management program in order to provide supplementary income sources to participants and increase the incentives for participation.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2244MWEcological Economics62An operational model for implementing conservation actionKnight, A.Cowling, R.M.Campbell, B.M2006biodiversitynature conservationconservation areasselectionplanningproject implementationcrisessocial learninginstitutionsassessmentArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2150MWConservation Biology220Governance and the capacity to manage resilience in regional social-ecological systemsLebel, L.Anderies, J.M.Campbell, B.M.Folke, C.Hatfield-Dodds, S.Hughes, T.P.Wilson, J2006regional developmentchangegovernanceinstitutionsflexibilityadaptationcapacityparticipationIt contains special feature: Exploring resilience in social-ecological systems: comparative studies and theory development.The sustainability of regional development can be usefully explored through several different lenses. In situations in which uncertainties and change are key features of the ecological landscape and social organization, critical factors for sustainability are resilience, the capacity to cope and adapt, and the conservation of sources of innovation and renewal. However, interventions in social-ecological systems with the aim of altering resilience immediately confront issues of governance. Who decides what should be made resilient to what? For whom is resilience to be managed, and for what purpose? In this paper we draw on the insights from a diverse set of case studies from around the world in which members of the Resilience Alliance have observed or engaged with sustainability problems at regional scales. Our central question is: How do certain attributes of governance function in society to enhance the capacity to manage resilience? Three specific propositions were explored: (1) participation builds trust, and deliberation leads to the shared understanding needed to mobilize and self-organize; (2) polycentric and multilayered institutions improve the fit between knowledge, action, and social-ecological contexts in ways that allow societies to respond more adaptively at appropriate levels; and (3) accountable authorities that also pursue just distributions of benefits and involuntary risks enhance the adaptive capacity of vulnerable groups and society as a whole. Some support was found for parts of all three propositions. In exploring the sustainability of regional social-ecological systems, we are usually faced with a set of ecosystem goods and services that interact with a collection of users with different technologies, interests, and levels of power. In this situation in our roles as analysts, facilitators, change agents, or stakeholders, we not only need to ask: The resilience of what, to what? We must also ask: For whom?ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2149MWEcology and Society111Forest governance and institutional structure: an ignored dimension of community based forest management in the PhilippinesDahal, G.R.Capistrano, D2006forest policygovernanceinstitutionscommunity forestrylinkagesThis paper identifies strategic weaknesses in the devolution policy process in forest management and analyses the reasons behind them. Further, it establishes the relationship of devolution policy outcomes with governance and institutional structures. The field research was undertaken in the Philippines, taking six cases of community based forest management (CBFM) sites in the province of Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino and employing a qualitative technique for data collection and interpretation. The study demonstrates that the devolution policy process has two major interrelated strategic weaknesses: one is inadequate policy articulation and the other is a set of differences between policy and the complex reality of implementation. Drawing upon this analysis of strategic weaknesses in the devolution policy process in the Philippines the paper argues that the level of success of policy outcomes is dependent on the interrelation between the levels of devolution with clear policy articulation on the one hand and quality of governance and institutional structures on the other.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Articles/ACapistrano0601.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2138PHInternational Forestry Review48Assessing environment and development outcomes in conservation landscapesSayer, J.A.Campbell, B.M.Petheram, L.Aldrich, M.Ruiz Perez, M.Endamana, D.Dongmo, Z-L N.Defo, L.Mariki, S.Doggart, N.Burgess, N2007environmental managementlandscapenature conservationlivelihoodsassessmentmonitoringindicatorsparticipationadaptationAn approach to assessing the environmental outcomes and changes in peoples&rsquo; livelihoods resulting from landscape-scale conservation interventions was developed for three locations in Africa. Simple sets of performance indicators were developed through participatory processes that included a variety of stakeholders. The selection of indicators was designed to reflect wider landscape processes, conservation objectives and as local peoples&rsquo; preferred scenarios. This framework, combined with the use of social learning techniques, helped stakeholders develop greater understandings of landscape system dynamics and the linkages between livelihood and conservation objectives. Large scale conservation and development interventions should use these approaches to explore linkages and improve shared understanding of tradeoffs and synergies between livelihood and conservation initiatives. Such approaches provide the basis for negotiating and measuring the outcomes of conservation initiatives and for adapting these to changing perspectives and circumstances.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2131PHBiodiversity and Conservation916A comparison of damage due to logging under different forms of resource access in East Kalimantan, IndonesiaIskandar, H.Snook, L.K.Toma, T.MacDicken, K.G.Kanninen, M2006canopyopeningDipterocarpaceaeconcessionsdecentralizationharvestingpermitsskiddingtropical forestsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2130PHForest Ecology and Management1-3237Wildlife conservation in Bornean timber concessionsMeijaard, E.Sheil, D.Nasi, R.Stanley, S.E2006biodiversitywildlife conservationspeciesecological disturbancehuntingloggingconcessionsforest managementsustainabilityBased on an extensive review of the literature, and broad consultation with experts, we have assessed the sensitivity of Bornean vertebrates to the direct and indirect effects of timber harvest. Well-implemented selective logging has a relatively limited direct impact on wildlife populations: few species appear quite sensitive, some benefit, some decline. However, current management practices in Indonesian Borneo generally cause a decline in wildlife populations. Guidelines for sustainable forest management are primarily focused on trees, with few specific recommendations on how to sustainably manage wildlife populations in timber concessions. Based on our findings, we provide extensive wildlife management guidelines, pointing out the importance of maintaining understory vegetation and large trees for fruit, seed, dead wood, and tree hollow production, limiting canopy gaps, and reducing hunting and wildlife trade in concessions. In addition, we provide specific management advice on high priority species of Bornean vertebrates.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2129PHEcology and Society111Are direct payments for environmental services spelling doom for sustainable forest management in the tropics?Wunder, S2006tropicsenvironmental servicespayment basisforest managementrural communitiesnature conservationlivelihoodseconomicsincentivesOver the past several decades, significant donor funding has been directed to sustainable forest management in the tropics, in the hope of combining forest conservation with economic gains through sustainable use. To date, this approach has produced only modest results in terms of changed silvicultural and land-use practices in this area. Direct payments for environmental services (PES) have been suggested as a promising alternative but still remain widely untested in the tropics. This paper first provides a conceptual assessment of PES, comparing the main features of this practice with those of other conservation instruments. Second, the paper discusses a series of critical questions that have been raised about both the environmental and livelihood impacts of PES. It is concluded that some ex ante judgments about the effects of PES may have been overly critical, and that, based on preliminary assessments, there is good reason to continue experimental PES implementation for purposes of consolidating our knowledge.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2127PHEcology and Society211Science for the poor: how one woman challenged researchers, ranchers, and loggers in AmazoniaShanley, P2006forestrycommunicationimpactnon-timber forest productspovertysocial changewomenIn the lower Tocantins region of Brazil, one Amazonian woman questioned why scientists publish principally for elite audiences. Her experience suggests that the impact may be enhanced by also sharing data with people who depend upon forest goods. Having defended her family homestead near the city of Cameta against loggers in the late 1980s, Glória Gaia became interested in strengthening the information base of other villagers so that they would not lose their forests for meager sums. She challenged scientists to defy norms such as extracting data without giving back to rural villagers and publishing primarily for the privileged. Working with researchers, she helped them to publish an illustrated manual of the ecology, economics, management, and cultural importance of key Amazonian forest species. With and without funds or a formal project, she traveled by foot and boat to remote villages to disseminate the book. Using data, stories, and song, she brought cautionary messages to villages about the impacts of logging on livelihoods. She also brought locally useful processing techniques regarding medicinal plants, fruit, and tree oils. Her holistic teachings challenged traditional forestry to include the management of fruits, fibers, and medicines. A new version of the book, requested by the government of Brazil, contains the contributions of 90 leading Brazilian and international scientists and local people. Glória Gaia&rsquo;s story raises the questions: Who is science for and how can science reach disenfranchised populations? Lessons for scientists and practitioners from Glória&rsquo;s story include: broadening the range of products from research to reach local people, complementing local ecological knowledge with scientific data, sharing precautionary data demonstrating trends, and involving women and marginalized people in the research and outreach process.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2128PHEcology and Society211Landscape-scale approaches for integrated natural resource management in tropical forest landscapesFrost, P.Campbell, B.M.Medina, G.Usongo, L2006collaborationnatural resourcestropical forestsIntegrated natural resource management (INRM) helps resource users, managers, and others to manage resources sustainably by considering, reconciling, and synergizing their various interests and activities. Although many social and environmental problems have to be tackled at a range of scales to be resolved successfully, INRM has particular relevance at the landscape level at which the interests of local people first intersect those of the outside world. We propose eight guidelines for building successful INRM programs: focus on multiscale analysis and intervention; develop partnerships and engage in action research; facilitate change rather than dictating it; promote visioning and the development of scenarios; recognize the importance of local knowledge; foster social learning and adaptive management; concentrate on both people and their natural resources, including biodiversity; and embrace complexity. Reviewing these guidelines in the light of experiences from three separate studies shows that most are being done, though more as a product of happenstance than design. The guidelines form a mutually reinforcing framework for building INRM, primarily through empowering local stakeholders to be more articulate advocates and active participants in their own development and conservation efforts.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2142BREcology and Society211Balancing development and conservation?: an assessment of livelihood and environmental outcomes of nontimber forest product trade in Asia, Africa, and Latin AmericaKusters, K.Achdiawan, R.Belcher, B.Ruiz Perez, M2006assessmentnature conservationdevelopmentforestsnon-timber forest productsresource utilizationlivelihoodstradeenvironmentvaluesThis article addresses the question, to what extent and under which conditions nontimber forest product (NTFP) trade leads to both livelihood improvement and forest conservation. We based the analysis on a standardized expert-judgment assessment of the livelihood and environmental outcomes of 55 cases of NTFP trade from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The results show that NTFP trade benefits several components of peoples' livelihoods, but may increase inequality between households. Involvement of women in the production-to-consumption system (PCS) tends to have a positive impact on intrahousehold equity. In 80% of the cases, the commercial production of NTFPs does not enable people to make financial investments to increase quality and quantity of production, limiting the potential for development. In our set of cases, commercial extraction from the wild, without further management, tends to lead to resource depletion. NTFP production systems are generally considered to have lower environmental values than natural forest, but do contribute positively to the environmental values in the landscape. We found that higher livelihood outcomes are associated with lower environmental outcomes and conclude that NTFP trade is not likely to reconcile development and conservation of natural forest.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2126BREcology and Society211Integrating ecosystem management, protected areas and mammal conservation in the Brazilian AmazonAzevedo-Ramos, C.Domingues Do Amaral, B.Nepstad, D.C.Soares Filho, B.Nasi, R2006biodiversitynature conservationmammalsspeciesdistributionprotected areasforestsThe Amazon forest has been converted to a matrix of pristine and modified habitats. Landscape-scale biodiversity conservation requires an understanding of species&rsquo; distributions over this matrix to guarantee both effective protection and use for present and future generations. In this study, we evaluated how much of the existing and future planned protected areas (PAs) would be contributing to the conservation of Brazilian Amazon mammals (N = 399), including threatened species (N = 51). Currently, almost 37% of Brazilian Amazon is protected and that may increase to 46% if planned PAs are implemented. In the current PA system, 22% are indigenous land and 11% are sustainable use units, e.g., production forests. Only one-fifth of the whole range of mammal species occurring in Brazilian Amazon is actually protected by Brazilian PAs. However, considering only the part of the ranges within the Brazilian Amazon, and therefore under the scope of Brazilian actions, Brazilian PAs assume an important role in the protection of 39% of mammal distribution ranges, particularly the threatened species (39%). These results suggest that an integrated network of protected areas among Amazon countries would be necessary to increase their efficiency in mammal conservation. The need for strengthening of the forest sector and good management practices in Brazil appears critical for the maintenance of large extents of forest and species conservation. Under such a scenario, the contribution of developed nations and international agencies must assume an important role for the maintenance and enlargement of the protected area network in Amazon region.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2125BREcology and Society211Do the poor benefit from devolution policies?: evidence from Malawi&rsquo;s forest co-management programJumbe, C.B.L.Angelsen, A2006Do local people, especially vulnerable households, benefit from devolution of forest management? The authors apply the propensity-score matching and decomposition techniques on household data from Chimaliro and Liwonde forest reserves under the pilot forest co-management program in Malawi. After controlling for selection bias, they find that while the program raises forest income for participants in Chimaliro, it reduces revenue for participants in Liwonde. Interestingly, results indicate that the program raises forest income for female and low-income participants, although male and richer participants capture more benefits due to discrimination and endowment differences accounting for 100% and 60%of the inter-group income disparity, respectively.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2121BRLand Economics482Recentralizing while decentralizing: How national governments reappropriate forest resourcesRibot, J.C.Agrawal, A.Larson, A.M2006decentralizationnatural resourcesresource managementforestrylocal governmentdemocracyaccountabilityArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2120BRWorld Development1134Conformite et application des lois environnementales: etude des zones d&rsquo;interet cynegetique a gestion communautaire, CamerounAssembe Mvondo, S2006environmental legislationhuntingcommunitiesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2117CMAfrica261Decentralized forest resources and access of minorities to environmental justice: an analysis of the case of the Baka in southern CameroonAssembe Mvondo, S2006ethnic groupsminoritiesdecentralizationforestry lawforest resourcesenvironmental legislationright of accessEnvironmental justice was certainly one of the expected objectives of the decentralization of forest resource management, which is currently being implemented in Cameroon, for marginalized local peoples such as the pygmies. In fact, opportunities offered by the legal process to promote participatory management of forest resources including the allocation of community forests, council forests and forest taxes, are supposed to mitigate environmental injustice to local communities caused by centralized public forestry and social policies. Nevertheless, data from South Cameroon suggest that the decentralization of forest resources to marginalized local people such as the Baka Pygmies tends to reduce rather than improve socio-environmental justice. This development might be the result of local governance and practices. It is therefore important to correct this unfair practice. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2110CMInternational Journal of Environmental Studies563Trends and future scenarios of forestry and other land uses employment in Indonesia: a modeling approachPurnomo, H2006unemploymentdeforestationpolicymodelsforestrycommunity forestryEnvironmental sustainability and poverty are some of the most important targets in the United Nations Millenium Development Goals. However, the relationship between employment and forestry development is unclear, especially when it comes to illegal logging. This study aims to generate projections for forestry and other land use in Indonesia and develop policy scenarios to decrease unemployment and improve environmental sustainability by examining natural forests, logging, forest plantation, wood-based industries and trade. The study observes the components of natural forest, logging, forest plantation, wood-based industries and trade. The study uses systems dynamic to implement a model of interaction among forest structure industries, actors and their institutions. The study finds that the current practice of forest management will experience growth in employment before it collapses, starting with Riau followed by East Kalimantan and Papua. Massive forest planting will benefit deforested land, but may jeopardize employment and livelihoods in community land. Land tenure reform can boost the employment to meet the overall government target on unemployment level of 5.11% in year 2009.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2109IDEconomics and Finance in Indonesia154Etude des produits forestiers non ligneux d'Afriques et perspectives: a study of non-timber forest products in Central Africa: reality and prospectsNdoye, O.Tchatat, M2006non-timber forest productsresource managementforest managementNTFPs are important for Central African populations because of their close links with the forest environment. This study highlights the remarkable range of NTFPs associated with the rich biodiversity of the Congo Basin's forests. NTFPs are well known to local communities because they have been using them for a long time. Access to these resources is generally governed by customary laws, which are often in contradiction with official regulations in the different countries. Threatd to NTFPs arise from two main causes: commercial exploitation of the resources themselves and industrial timber exploitation. This paper offers solutions that would take all the different stake holders and NTFPs into account in forest management plans.ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2107IDBois et Forets des Tropiques3289Keanekaragaman hayati menurut masyarakat MamberanoLiswanti, N.Boissiere, M2006biodiversityconservationmappingparticipationcommunitiescommunity involvementtrainingArticlesidCIFOR Head Quarter2105IDTropika Indonesia110Community fire use, resource change, and livelihood impacts: the downward spiral in the wetlands of southern SumatraChokkalingam, U.SuyantoPermana, R.P.Kurniawan, I.Mannes, J.Darmawan, A.Khususyiah, N.Susanto, R.H2007fire managementcommunitiesMelaleuca cajuputilivelihoodsswampswetlandsOriginal article is available at www.springerlink.comFire is an important community wetland management tool in Indonesia, but its increasing use in the wetlands of southern Sumatra is degrading the landscape and diminishing household incomes and livelihood options. We studied evolving community land and fire use, resource and livelihood impacts on two sites of roughly 250 km2 each using satellite image analysis and biological and socio-economic surveys. Uncontrolled fire use expanded over time in relation to sonor or swamp rice cultivation, logging, fishing, grazing, and annual cropping on drained wetlands. As a result, most of the landscape has been subject to repeated fires of varying intensities, more extensive in El Niño years. Direct burning by companies played a smaller transitory role in fire ignition over the two decades. But company activities and other large-scale developments contributed to expanding community fire-based land use by bringing in more people, improving access to remote wetlands or making them more flammable. Widespread, repeated fires have transformed the landscape from mature high swamp forests to uniform stands of fire-resistant Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi) forests and thickets, open savannas and grasslands. These new types of land cover are also degrading. Local communities have rapidly adapted to the changing resources and new opportunities. Logging and fishing declined in importance, and sonor and harvesting of Gelam expanded. But resource depletion has led to falling incomes and fewer livelihood options. The impacts extend beyond local areas as workers migrate into neighbouring forests to extract resources. Large-scale developments, community fire-based management practices and landscape transformation are spreading from accessible to formerly more remote wetlands.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AChokkalingam0701.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2101IDMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global ChangeDOI: 10.1007/s11027-006-9038-5112Climate anomalies, Indonesian vegetation fires and terrestrial carbon emissionsMurdiyarso, D.Adiningsih, E.S2007carbonmarketsdeforestationfire effectsland managementpeatlandscausesThere was a widespread misconception about the causes of vegetation and land fires in Indonesia. At a certain point, the public perceived that fires and the associated haze pollution were primarily caused by smallholders' agricultural activities. In fact, there was a variety of land-use activities including large-scale land clearing following deforestation for further land development. El Niño events and the associated dry weather were sometimes quoted by officials and the media as the cause of fires. The fire episodes from 1980 to 2000 were analysed in connection with climate anomalies and the implementation of land-use policies related to forest conversions. The analysis employs long-term climatic and sea surface temperature data to reconstruct climate distributions and anomalies including Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Outgoing Long-wave Radiation (OLR). In this study, the terrestrial carbon emissions from vegetation fires were estimated based on official statistical data on area burnt. The possible incentives for sustainable land management were discussed in the light of fire prevention. The underlying cause neglected in the discussion of Indonesian vegetation fires was forest and land development policy. Legitimated in the early 1980s, it drove massive forest conversions and the use of fires for land clearing. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provided dry weather suitable for biomass burning and widespread fire, but it was hardly the cause of fires. The estimate of area burnt in the big fires in 1997 was about 11.6 Mha, resulting in carbon release of 1.45 Gt, equivalent to 0.73 ppmv of CO2, or almost half the annual global atmospheric CO2 growth. Based on the current carbon market price such emissions by the 1997 fire episode were worth around US$ 3.6 billion.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2100IDMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change112Trace gas fluxes and nitrogen cycling along an elevation sequence of tropical montane forests in Central Sulawesi, IndonesiaPurbopuspito, J.Veldkamp, E.Brumme, R.Murdiyarso, D2006nitrogen cyclemountain foreststropicsnitrogen oxidescyclingArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2093IDGlobal Biogeochemical CyclesGB301020Participatory modeling and analysis for sustainable forest management: overview of soft system dynamics models and applicationsMendoza, G.A.Prabhu, R2006participationmodelsresource managementArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2092IDForest Policy and Economics9Manifestation of conflict escalation in natural resource managementYasmi, Y.Schanz, H.Salim, A2006conflictnatural resourcesmanagementArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2086IDEnvironmental Science and Policy9Acteurs locaux, representation et politics des eco-pouvoirs dans le Cameroun rural post-1994Oyono, P.R2006forest managementcommunity forestrylocal communitiespolitical powerdecentralizationOne of the major innovations in Cameroon&rsquo;s forest industry is the devolution of management authority to local communities. These communities have viewed this shift as a response to their age-old demands &mdash; and frustrations &mdash; regarding profits from commercial harvesting of forests on their land base. The creation of community forests, local exploitation of those forests, and management of the income generated by sales of logs and timber, on the one hand, and access to forms of forest taxes by village communities, on the other hand, are significant factors in this change. The following lines briefly describe the basic mechanisms for this transfer of power over &ldquo;nature and money.&rdquo; They then explore the results generated by the &ldquo;powers game&rdquo; and local politics before assessing the role of local representatives &mdash; management committees &mdash; in the dynamics at work. Finally, working from the assumption that the observed limits arise to a large extent from the lack of benchmarks for decentralized management, the author proposes a research approach generally based on identifying indicators for monitoring the exercise of powers over the forest environment and forestry revenue.ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2084CMCanadian Journal of Development Studies227Simulating forest plantation co-management with a multi-agent systemPurnomo, H.Guizol, P2006forest plantationsforest managementsimulation modelsgovernancecollaborationdecision makingArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2072CMMathematical and Computer Modelling44Linking social movements: how international networks can better support community action about forestsWollenberg, E.Colchester, M.Mbugua, G.Griffiths, T2006networkingcommunity forestrysocial participationlinkagepolicyInternational networks in community forestry face challenges in linking with local social movements. We examine four efforts of international networks to overcome these challenges and better link with local people in Peru, Brazil, India and Kenya. The examples demonstrate that the networks created effective links by making funds available for meetings and local data collection; providing international analyses that helped people understand their own situation better; sharing strategies for media, policy and letter campaigns; helping to disseminate information about local people&rsquo;s priorities, providing independent assessments and building local people&rsquo;s confidence. Efforts to improve communications technologies required a better understanding of local conditions. Networks will be more relevant to local movements to the extent that they are regularly active at the local level, can respond flexibly to local needs and small-scale events, and work with an array of national partners. The effectiveness of networks in carrying out these tasks may require a careful balance between linking to versus working at the local level. http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Articles/AWollenberg0602.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2056BRInternational Forestry Review28Does resettlement contribute to conservation?: the case of Ikundu-Kundu, Korup National Park, CameroonTiani, A.M.Diaw, C2006ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2055CMPolicy Matters14Participatory planting and management of indigenous trees: lessons from Chivi district, ZimbabweGerhardt, K.Nemarundwe, N2006action researchindigenous knowledgewoodlandsplantingtreesshade treesAfzeliaBrachystegiaThis paper reports on action research that evaluated local perceptions and knowledge of indigenous tree planting and management in the Romwe catchment, Chivi district, southern of Zimbabwe. The species tested were the overexploited Afzelia quanzensis, important for timber and carvings of sculptures and utenssils; Sclerocarya birrea, the marula tree used for wood, bark, and fruit; and Brachystegia glaucescens, the dominant miombo tree species, used for firewood, fiber, and fodder. Participants volunteered to plant and manage the test seeds, while a research team monitored their activities and results for 26 months. For Afzelia quanzensis, the germination rate was 81% and 69% of the seedlings were still alive after one year. In the case of Sclerocarya birrea, the germination rate was 69%, and the one-year survival rate was 50%. For Brachystegia glaucescens, the germination rate was only 30%, and the survival rate was 31%. The main reasons for planting were to provide shade, to serve as a windbreak, and to conserve and gain individual control over dwindling natural resources, particularly Afzelia quanzensis. Women were generally more active and innovative than men. For intance, they searched for their own seeds or seedlings in the bush when there weren't sufficient plants. Some participants tried out various methods of pest and disease control, water conservation, and moisture retention. Group feedback sessions and informal interactions provided the opportunity to share experiences. The participants learned that indigenous trees can be purposefully planted and were not simply a gift from God. Despite the droughts and political instability of recent years, a growing number of people became involved in tree planting during 2002-2003. As a result, there is now greater awareness among the local population of dwindling resources and their future potential.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2052ZWAgriculture and Human Values223Allometric models for estimating aboveground biomass of shade trees and coffee bushes grown togetherSegura, M.Kanninen, M.Suarez, D2006basal areabranchescarbon sequestrationcoffeeagroforestry systemsdry matterfoliagespecific gravitystemsAllometric models for dominant shade tree species and coffee plants (Coffea arabica) were developed for coffee agroforestry systems in Matagalpa, Nicaragua. The studied shade tree species were Cordia alliodora, Juglans olanchana, Inga tonduzzi and I. punctata. The models predict aboveground biomass based on diameter at breast height (for trees), and the stem diameter at a height of 15 cm and plant height (for coffee plants). In addition, the specific gravity of the studied species was determined.The total aboveground biomass of the shade trees varied between 3.5 and 386 kg per tree, and between 0.005 and 2.8 kg per plant for coffee. The aboveground biomass components (foliage, branch, and stem) are closely related with diameter at breast height (r > 0.75). The best-fit models for aboveground biomass of the shade trees were logarithmic, with adjusted R2 between 0.71 and 0.97. In coffee plants, a high correlation was found (r = 0.84) with the stem diameter at 15 cm height, and the best-fit model was logarithmic, as well. The mean specific gravity was 0.52 (+and&ndash; 0.11) for trees and 0.82 (+and&ndash; 0.06) for coffee plants.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2050NIAgroforestry Systems268Curvas dinamicas de crecimiento en altura dominante para Terminalia amazonia (Gmel.) Excell en Costa RicaMontero-Mata, M.Kanninen, M.Santos-Posadas, H.M.De los2006equationsmodelsTerminaliaforest plantationssite class assessmentpolymorphismA set of dominant height equations based on the Chapman-Richards and Hossfeld models were fitted to data from even-aged plantations of Terminalia amazonia in Costa Rica. The equations were classified as dynamic or algebraic difference equations, defined as expected mean value structures and fitted under a multilevel mixed effect model criterion. The best statistical fit is produced by the polymorphic Chapman-Richards structure, but the model overestimates height development at the intermediate age range (12 to 20 years). The multi-asymptotic polymorphism equation derived from Hossfeld shows fit conditions similar to the polymorphic Chapman-Richards and better represents the growth pattern since the equation design is a compromise between single asymptote polymorphism and anamorphic growth curves. ArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter2049CRAgrociencia440Biomass of teak plantations in Tamil Nadu, India and Costa Rica comparedBuvaneswaran, C.George, M.Perez, D.Kanninen, M2006biomassestimationequationscomparisonsmodelsCopyrighted 2006 by Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Reprinted by permission.In the present study, prediction equations for biomass were generated from easily measurable parameters such as diameter at breast height (dbh) and total height. Cross validation was carried out between two localities to test whether equations developed for one locality could be used for other localities. Two localities were compared within India and a further comparison was made with teak growing in Costa Rica, Central America. The result showed that best-fit models developed for one zone cannot be used for other zones. The authors agree with Wang et al. (1995) that errors in biomass estimation can be reduced to a minimum only by employing site-specific equations. Hence, there is an imperative need to develop predictive equations on a regional basis in order to improve their accuracy.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Articles/AKanninen0601.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2048CRJournal of Tropical Forest Science318Stakeholder conflicts and forest decentralization policies in West Kalimantan: their dynamics and implications for future forest managementYasmi, Y.Anshari, G.Z.Komarudin, H.Alqadrie, S2006conflictforest managementdecentralizationforest policynegotiationscentral governmentlocal governmentcommunity forestryCopyrighted 2006 by A B Academic Publishers. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.foreststreesandlivelihoods.co.uk/Stakeholder conflicts in relation to forest decentralization policies were studied in West Kalimantan, Indonesia to determine: 1) how these policies were understood by local stakeholders 2) how they were implemented 3) and their impacts in terms of forest management and conflicts. A case study using qualitative methodologies i.e. semi-structured interviews, field observations and workshops, was made. The results show that the implementation of decentralization policies gave rise to conflicts between local and central government as well as among local stakeholders. Despite the goal of benefiting local stakeholders by decentralizing forest management, the central government&rsquo;s subsequent withdrawal of much of the local governments&rsquo; authority to manage forestry raises new questions on whether the central government is indeed willing to share power. We concluded that central and local governments and relevant stakeholders need to develop better communication and negotiation procedures to address current conflicts appropriately.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AYasmi0601.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2044CRForests, Trees and Livelihoods16Guangdong province's forest rehabilitation efforts: potential for contribution to biodiversity conservationChokkalingam, U.Zhou Zaizhi2006rehabilitationdegraded forestshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AChokkalingam0601.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2043CNLiving Forests1680-049411Forest and floods: Moving to an evidence-based approach to watershed and integrated flood managementCalder, I.R.Aylward, B2006forestsfloodswatershed managementpublic opinionperceptionscientistsland usemanagementEvidence is presented to show that there is a growing disparity between public perception and scientific evidence relating to the causes of floods, their impacts, and the benefits of mitigation measures. It is suggested that this disparity has arisen through the extensive promotion of certain land uses and engineering interventions by vested interest groups in the absence of any effective dissemination of the scientific evidence which may allow a contrary view. It is believed that this disparity may have resulted not only in the wastage of development funds (possibly to the extent of tens of billions of dollars per year) on unachievable targets, but also in the unwarranted blame of upland communities whose practices have generally had only marginal impacts on downstream flooding. It is recognized that the interaction of floods and society is a highly complex subject. What is recognized, with some certainty, is that simplistic and populist land management solutions, such as oft-advocated solutions involving commercial afforestation programs, cannot ever represent a general solution and will, in most situations, have at best marginal benefit and at worst negative impacts. Similarly, structural engineering interventions, although in the short term providing protection to flood-affected communities in one area may have the effect of transferring the problem downstream and may also introduce other unforeseen adverse environmental and economic impacts. An improved approach to watershed and flood management is proposed that integrates watershed and land-use management in the highlands with land-use planning, engineering measures, flood preparedness, and emergency management in the affected lowlands while taking into account the social and economic needs of communities in both the highland, often source areas, and also the lowland flood-prone affected communities. This approach should be based on our best available scientific knowledge of the causes and the environmental, social, and economic impacts of floods and the environmental, social, and economic effects of engineering interventions.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2028CNWater International131Forest management in Central Africa: where are we?Nasi, R.Cassagne, B.Billand, A2006development plansforest managementhistorySpecial issue: Africa - its forests and their futureToday in the Central Africa region, production forests under management cover an area similar to that of protected forests. This is the result of a complex process initiated about 10 years ago, after a long gestation history and a sudden increase in speed in the mid 90s. Managed forests should be considered as an essential complement to the fundamental role of protected areas in their efforts to conserve the rich biodiversity of the region, as well as a significant contributor to economic development. In this paper the authors present new and updated figures about forest management in Central Africa as well as critical points to be addressed if we want to see progress towards better management and conservation.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ANasi0601.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2023CNInternational Forestry Review18Introduction: why we need Africa's forestsCropper, A2006developmentforest managementinternational cooperationdevelopment agenciesSpecial issue: Africa - its forests and their future Copyrighted 2006 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ACropper0601.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2024CNInternational Forestry Review18The shifting natures of &lsquo;&lsquo;development&rsquo;&rsquo;: growth, crisis, and recovery in Indonesia&rsquo;s forestsGellert, P.K2005environmentstructural adjustmentdevelopmentcrisesneoliberalismArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2022CNWorld Development833Forests, poverty and equity in Africa: new perspectives on policy and practiceAnderson, J.Benjamin, C.Campbell, B.M.Tiveau, D2006forest policynatural resourcesresource managementpovertyequityCopyrighted 2006 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlThis paper places forestry in the larger context of rural development and therefore in the current debates on poverty and inequality. While Africa has high levels of natural and human capital it is the poorest and most unequal region in the world. In order for natural assets to contribute to environmental, economic and empowerment outcomes four principle interlinked changes are needed: 1) Improve the recognition of the fundamental role of natural resources in economic growth of poor countries and poor populations and in the development of democracies and good governance; 2) Better distribute resource rights, both property and procedural, giving the poor greater security, access and control; 3) Develop and implement frameworks, regulations and enforcement to assure that natural resource markets work for the poor; 4) Redefine the role of science and technology, and associated planning and institutions.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ACampbell0606.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2019CNInternational Forestry Review18The interface of policy research and the policy development process: challenges posed to the forestry communitySpilsbury, M.J.Nasi, R2006policyresearchinnovation adoptioncommunity forestryconstraintsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2018CNForest Policy and Economics48Why policy reforms fail to improve logging practices: the role of governance and norms in PeruSmith, J.Colan, V.Sabogal, C.Snook, L.K2006forest policyforestry lawchangegovernanceloggingforestry practicesdecentralizationwork normsAlthough policies to improve forest management have been widely introduced, poor logging practices remain prevalent in tropical forests. We assess whether recent radical changes in forestry laws in Peru will result in significant improvements in logging practices. We adapt North's conceptual framework of institutional change to analyze the impact of governance on loggers' norms and argue that improvements in logging practices will require changes in both laws and norms. The analysis uses survey and field evaluation data on logging practices in Peru, as well as secondary sources. Results show that bringing about radical changes in logging practices is particularly difficult in countries with a history of governance failures in the timber sector. In Peru, governance failures that have promoted norms inconsistent with good management are government's perceived lack of interest in long-term timber management, inconsistent forestry laws, perceived discrimination against the timber sector, and ineffective law enforcement. As a result of decades of these governance failures, loggers developed a short-term perspective on timber extraction and felt entitled to violate government's laws. Poor logging practices continued under the new law because of governance failures. The Peruvian experience shows that changing laws radically is often easier than avoiding governance failures in implementation. While some governance failures were partially rectified, others assumed added significance under the provisions of the new law. Decentralization also exacerbated existing and new governance problems. These failures reinforced existing norms and may, in addition, lead to norms condoning corruption. Modifications need to occur both in norms and in logging laws to reduce the inconsistency between the two. Notable improvements in governance will be required to bring about changes in norms. Changes in the logging system are therefore likely to be far less revolutionary, and to take far longer, than envisioned.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2013PEForest Policy and Economics48Poverty alleviation through community forestry in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam: an assessment of the potentialSunderlin, W.D2006povertypoverty alleviationcommunity forestryArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2009KHForest Policy and Economics48Between state and society: Local governance of forests in Malinau, IndonesiaWollenberg, E.Moeliono, M.Limberg, G.Iwan, R.Rhee, S.Sudana, M2006decentralizationforestscommunity forestrysocietygovernmentDecentralization in post-Soeharto Indonesia has not only changed state and society relations at the local level, but brought increased control over forests at the district level. Local social forces gained more influence because of their close relations with local government and acted to limit the local government. In this article we use the case of Malinau, East Kalimantan Indonesia to show how the new local autonomy over forests played a role in the rise of new local political orders.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AWollenberg0601.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2010IDForest Policy and Economics48Who owns the right? The determinants of community benefits from logging in IndonesiaEngel, S.Palmer, C2006property rightsdecentralizationcontractsforestsloggingincomecommunity actionArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2011IDForest Policy and Economics48Conflicts and communal forest management in northern Boliviade Jong, W.Ruiz, S.Becker, M2006community forestryrural communitiesbrazil nutsnatural resourcesconflictforestsgovernanceproperty rightsForest exploitation has been the main economic driver in the northern Bolivian Amazon. The country enacted changes in legislation and policies affecting natural resource governance. These changes increase the control of the forestry sector by rural communities. Conflicts characterize these changes. The contestation is about forests and forest lands, and actors pursue increased control by assuring property rights. The paper shows that economic and political elites try to obtain control over forests trying to adjust to the legislation that favors communal forestry. The state has an important role in assuring that the promotion of CFM achieves its intended goals but will need to increase facilitating investments to achieve the objectives of legislation and policies. To some extent, local communities are able to find alliances that allow them to mobilize necessary assistance and further their own objectives.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2012BOForest Policy and Economics48Livelihoods, fire and policy in eastern IndonesiaTacconi, L.Ruchiat, Y2006livelihoodsforestsfiregrasslandspolicyIndonesian legislation calls for a zero-burning policy. This approach to fire management is largely in response to significant negative impacts on the economy and the environment, not only in Indonesia but also the neighbouring region, that result annually from peat fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra. In this context, the present paper investigates the local use and management of fire in Flores and Sumba islands in eastern Indonesia. Our appraisals show that people's livelihoods depend on fire to maintain grasslands and, therefore, that the national policy and legislation for zero-burning is inappropriate and needs to be revised. This follows from the fact that not all fires cause damage and are unwanted. Through a series of rapid rural appraisal interviews, we found that the fires in grasslands are often lit intentionally to maintain the grasslands that local people use to sustain a variety of livelihood activities such as cattle rearing, hunting and farming. Although fires can damage or destroy remnant dry forests in eastern Indonesia, in order to be effective, future policy formulations need to account for this human livelihood dimension and the geographic variation in fuels, climate and land use.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2008IDSingapore Journal of Tropical Geography127Evaluation de la productivite et de la biomasse des savanes seches africaines: l&rsquo;apport du collectif savatorPicard, N.Ballo, M.Dembele, F.Gautier, D.Kaire, M.Karembe, M.Mahamane, A.Manlay, R.Ngom, D.Ntoupka, M.Ouattara, S.Savadogo, P.Sawadogo, L.Seghieri, J.Tiveau, D2006savannasbiochemical techniquesenergy sourcesproductivityinventoriesforestscapacity buildingconferenceshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ATiveau0601.pdfArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter2007IDBois et Forets des Tropiques2288Transboundary perspectives on managing Indonesia's firesMayer, J2006fireforest firessmokeThis study explores initiatives in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia to eliminate transboundary &ldquo;haze&rdquo; in Southeast Asia and the fires in Indonesia that are its major cause. It outlines reforms and technical programs to improve fire management and reduce smoke pollution and examines the scope for cooperation and conflict among these parties to the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. The study analyzes how changing administrative structures affect success of fire management and pollution control programs and explains how developing the effective fire management in Indonesia necessary to eliminate transboundary haze will depend on a combination of political will, legal reform, and administrative coordination. Although the ASEAN Haze Agreement lacks enforceable mandatory provisions, it remains a useful vehicle for international pressure and regional cooperation to eliminate transboundary pollution.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter2006IDJournal of Environment and Development215Production constraints on cocoa agroforetry systems in West and Central Africa: the need for integrated pest management and multi-institutional approachesSonwa, D.J.Weise, S.F.Adesina, A.A.Nkongmeneck, A.B.Tchatat, M.Ndoye, O2005cocoaagroforestry systemsforestslandscapefarmers' attitudesintegrated controlplant diseasesintegrated pest managementCocoa-producing countries of West and Central Africa experienced a serious economic crisis in the early 1980s, when the cocoa sector was liberalized and the macroeconomic policies of the sector changed. These institutional changes created new difficulties and challenges for sustainable cocoa farming. Farmers in this region have recently turned to timber and non-timber production to offset the fluctuation of cocoa prices. In a survey of 300 cocoa farmers in the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon, pest and disease outbreaks were identified as the major limiting factors to sustainable cocoa production. An analysis of pests and diseases affecting the cocoa plantations in the humid forest zone of West and Central Africa revealed strong links to the type of forest cover found on or near the cocoa plantation. An integrated approach to pest management is proposed and the paper concludes with a discussion of current efforts to address constraints posed by pests and diseases on sustainable cocoa farming in the four main cocoa-producing countries of West and Central Africa. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1999IDForestry Chronicle381Growth of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in natural forests in BelizeShono, K.Snook, L.K2006Swietenia macrophyllaharvestingforest managementsustainabilityregenerationgrowthnatural forestsforest managementsilviculturetropical forestsvolumeCopyrighted 2006 by Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Reprinted by permission.The annual diameter measurements four years of 75 big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) trees in natural forests in northwestern Belize were analyzed to determine growth rates. Mean diameter increment exceeded 1 cm year-1, with slightly higher growth rates in trees > 50 cm dbh. Inter-individual variation in growth rates was significant, with the fastest-growing individuals growing at rates greater than 2 cm year-1. Inter-annual variation in growth rates was also significant. The diameter growth of 1.21 ± 0.1 cm during a wetter year (1456 mm ppt) exceeded by 75% diameter growth of 0.69 ± 0.1 cm during a drier year (1181 mm ppt). The study revealed that mahogany trees as small as 23 cm dbh that were left standing after harvests could be expected to attain the commercial diameter of 60 cm during the 40 years between cutting cycles.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Articles/ASnook0601.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1998BZJournal of Tropical Forest Science118Scoring the importance of tropical forest landscapes with local people: patterns and insightsSheil, D.Liswanti, N2006resource managementforestsrapid rural appraisalparticipatory rural appraisalrankingweightingvaluationGood natural resource management is scarce in many remote tropical regions. Improved management requires better local consultation, but accessing and understanding the preferences and concerns of stakeholders can be difficult. Scoring, where items are numerically rated in relation to each other, is simple and seems applicable even in situations where capacity and funds are limited, but managers rarely use such methods. Here we investigate scoring with seven indigenous communities threatened by forest loss in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The authors aimed to clarify the forest&rsquo;s multifaceted importance, using replication, cross-check exercises, and interviews. Results are sometimes surprising, but generally explained by additional investigation that sometimes provides new insights. The consistency of scoring results increases in line with community literacy and wealth. Various benefits and pitfalls are identified and examined. Aside from revealing and clarifying local preferences, scoring has unexplored potential as a quantitative technique. Scoring is an underappreciated management tool with wide potential.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1995BZEnvironmental Management138Domesticating indigenous fruit trees as a contribution to poverty reductionSchreckenberg, K.Awono, A.Degrande, A.Mbosso, C.Ndoye, O.Tchoundjeu, Z2006povertyincomenon-timber forest productsDacryodes edulisIrvingiafruit treesgender relationshealthrural communitiesrural welfareenvironmental protectionThe contribution that domesticated indigenous fruit trees make to many farmers&rsquo; livelihoods is often not acknowledged in either national- or international-level poverty reduction strategies. Current agricultural data tend to be restricted to a narrow range of exotic fruit (e.g. mango, avocado, citrus). Existing data on indigenous fruit are often not presented in the kinds of income-related terms used in the policy debate, nor are they linked to simple policy recommendations. Drawing predominantly on the examples of Dacryodes edulis and Irvingia gabonensis in Cameroon and Nigeria, this paper presents evidence for the contribution of these fruit trees to poverty reduction. Evidence on the numbers and types of people obtaining an income from indigenous fruit trees, the proportion and value of that income and whether the income acts as a safety-net or can help to move people out of poverty, is presented. Non-income related impacts on health and the environment are also discussed. Finally, key policy interventions required to sustain and increase the already valuable contribution of domesticated indigenous fruit trees are outlined.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1993CMForests, Trees and Livelihoods16Soil chemical and microbial properties after disturbance by crawler tractors in a Malaysian forest plantationIlstedt, U.Nordgren, A.Malmer, A2006Acrisolsamelioration of forest sitescompactionultisolsroadstrailsforest plantationsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1990MYForest Ecology and Management1-3225Recognizing local people&rsquo;s priorities for tropical forest biodiversitySheil, D.Puri, R.K.Wan, M.Basuki, I.van Heist, M.Liswanti, N.RukmiyatiRachmatika, I.Samsoedin, I2006biodiversityconservationevaluationcommunity involvementrural communitiesTropical forest people often suffer from the same processes that threaten biodiversity. An improved knowledge of what is important to local people could improve decision making. This article examines the usefulness of explicitly asking what is important to local people. Our examples draw on biodiversity surveys in East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). With local communities we characterized locally valued habitats, species, and sites, and their significance. This process clarified various priorities and threats, suggested refinements and limits to management options, and indicated issues requiring specific actions, further investigation, or both. It also shows how biological evaluations are more efficient with local guidance, and reveals potential for collaborations between local communities and those concerned with conservation. Such evaluations are a first step in facilitating the incorporation of local concerns into higher-level decision making. Conservationists who engage with local views can benefit from an expanded constituency, and from new opportunities for pursuing effective conservation.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1987MYAmbio135Impacts of land use and fire on the loss and degradation of lowland forest in 1983&ndash;2000 in East Kutai District, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaDennis, R.A.Colfer, C.J.P2006deforestationfireforestslandscapechangesatellite imageryDeforestation and forest degradation are proceeding rapidly in the lowland forests of Indonesian Borneo. Time series analysis of satellite imagery provides an ideal means of quantifying landscape change and identifying the pathways which lead to the changes. This study investigates the forest and land cover changes by classifying Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner), TM (Thematic Mapper) and ETM + (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) images over three time periods (1983&ndash;90, 1990&ndash;98, and 1998&ndash;2000), creating land cover maps for each year and change trajectories for each year-pair. The study area chosen covers an area of 2160 km 2 of undulating topography and alluvial plains in the East Kutai District of East Kalimantan Province, which in the 1980s was covered mostly with lowland dipterocarp forest; today the landscape is a patchwork dominated by oil palm and timber plantations and degraded forest. We relate land cover change data to land use allocation and to fire impacts based on fire hotspot distribution and fire damage information. The multidate land cover change trajectories provide an insight into the forest loss and degradation pathways over the 17-year period spanning the first entry of commercial logging concessionaires, followed by a governmentsponsored transmigration scheme, government-licensed timber and oil palm plantations and, finally, the devastating fires of 1998. The results show a mean deforestation rate of 42 km 2 or 6 per cent per year for 1983&ndash;2000, rising to 10 per cent per year for 1990&ndash;98; by 2000, 70 per cent of forest initially damaged by fire and drought during the 1982&ndash;83 El Niño event was classified as non-forest. Although our study area is perhaps a worst-case scenario in terms of land use planning outcomes, the lessons from this research are directly applicable to scenario prediction for informed forest and land use planning and monitoring.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1985MYSingapore Journal of Tropical Geography27Illumination-size relationships of 109 coexsiting tropical forest tree speciesSheil, D.Salim, A.Chave, J.Vanclay, J.K.Hawthorne, W2006rain foreststropical forestsallometrycanopyexposurecompetitionontogenyphylogeneticsshade toleranceArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1983GHJournal of Ecology94Isotopic assessment of CO2 production through soil organic matter decomposition in the tropicsUeda, S.Go, Chun-Sim U.Ishizuka, S.Tsuruta, H.Iswandi, A.Murdiyarso, D2005ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1977GHNutrient Cycling in Agroecosystem1385-131471Microbial processes responsible for nitrous oxide production from acid soils in different land-use patterns in Pasirmayang, central Sumatra, IndonesiaNakajima, Y.Ishizuka, S.Tsuruta, H.Iswandi, A.Murdiyarso, D2005ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1978GHNutrient Cycling in Agroecosystem1385-131471Spatial patterns of greenhouse gas emission in a tropical rainforest in IndonesiaIshizuka, S.Iswandi, A.Nakajima, Y.Yonemura, S.Sudo, S.Tsuruta, H.Murdiyarso, D2005ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1979GHNutrient Cycling in Agroecosystem1385-131471The variation of greenhouse gas emissions from soils of various land-use types in Jambi Province, IndonesiaIshizuka, S.Iswandi, A.Nakajima, Y.Yonemura, S.Sudo, S.Tsuruta, H.Murdiyarso, D2005ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1980GHNutrient Cycling in Agroecosystem1385-131471Decentralisation des ressources forestieres et justice environnementale: analyse des evidences empriques du sud-CamerounAssembe Mvondo, S2005decentralization