Tree trunk volume of Shorea species case study in Darmaga and Haurbentes research forest in West Java, IndonesiaMindawati, N.HendromonoHiratsuka, M.Toma, T.Morikawa, Y.Gintings, A.N2004forest managementforest plantationstrunksvolumeShoreaActivities of forest management require a well planned, systematic and well directed handling, so that achieving maximal and beneficial results in terms of economic, ecological and social prospects. In relevant to data on trunk volume of available tree stands are required to set up a plan intended to produce sustainable timber. The research was conducted in the Darmaga and Haurbentes research forests of the Forest and Nature Conservation Research and Development Center located in West Java. The trunk volume model as conceived was based on the Smalian's formula employed to particular tree species (i.e. Shorea balangeran, S. guisso, S. leprosula, S. mecistopteryx, S. ovalis, S. palembanica, S. selanica, S. seminis and S. stenoptera). This model could estimate the tree trunk volume with non-destructive sampling. In this way, therefore, the trunk volume can be estimated from the tree diameter on a single variable.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1991PEJournal of Forestry Research0216-091911Pentingnya sumberdaya alam bagi masyarakat lokal di daerah aliran sungai Mamberamo, Papua, dan implikasinya bagi konservasiBoissiere, M.van Heist, M.Sheil, D.Basuki, I.Frazier, S.Ginting, U.Wan, M.Hariadi, B.Hariyadi, H.Kristianto, H.D.Bemei, J.Haruway, R.Marien, E.R.C.Koibur, D.P.H.Watopa, Y.Rachman, I.Liswanti, N2004natural resourcesbiodiversityrural communitiesconservationplanningperceptionlandscapewatershedsSparsely populated and abundant in rich and exotic biodiversity, the vast and highly inaccessible Mamberamo Basin in Indonesia’s West Papua (Irian Jaya) contains some of the world’s most pristine rainforests. The region’s 7,000 people and their communities are spread over 7.7 million hectares of low-swamps, vast forests and high mountains, and maintain considerable wariness towards outsiders. This article concerns the villagers of one such community, focusing on how they perceive and prioritize their natural resources, landscape and the conservation of the surrounding floodplain and watershed. What are the perceptions of the villagers regarding their natural environment? What is important for them? What are the implications for conservation? This account illustrates some of the considerable information on the landscape and its resources, the main threats facing biodiversity, and local livelihoods gathered during our study. Among the many outputs and results, the most striking to us was the knowledge it provides on how building strong local trust is vital to increasing the awareness of and support for conservation among remote communities.
http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ABoissiere0401.pdfArticlesidCIFOR Head Quarter1802IDJournal of Tropical Ethnobiology21Biodiversity conservation in relation to plants used for medicines and other products in IndonesiaKartawinata, K2004biodiversityselectionmedicinal plantsnatural resourcesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1800IDJournal of Tropical Ethnobiology21Taxonomy and uses of Daemonorops draco (Wild.) BlumsRustiami, H.Setyowati, F.M.Kartawinata, K2004non-timber forest productsresinstaxonomyArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1801IDJournal of Tropical Ethnobiology21Some dimensions of local practices of natural resource management in central Africa regionMala, W.A.Oyono, P.R2004forest managementnatural resourcesresource managementThe Central Africa region (CAfR), generally known as the Congo Basin, is an “eco-region” representing the World’s largest rainforest after Amazonia. Its importance for biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, human well-being, research and policy-making is already well known. This paper documents given aspects of social and cultural dimensions of natural resource management (NRM) in the CAfR. It argues that these could be of scientific and strategic interest for researchers, practitioners and program designers, if relevantly taken into consideration. Since the mid 90s, countries in the CAfR are implementing profound reforms of their forest management systems. As such, natural resource manipulation is a burning issue here. Ultimately, the paper recommends that scientific and conventional knowledge should unify with local knowledge, sometimes qualified as infra-knowledge, in order to generate sustainable practices of natural resources management.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1787IDResearch Review220Extractive use, management and in situ domestication of a weedy palm, Astrocaryum tucuma, in the central AmazonSchroth, G.Mota, M.S.S. daLopes, R.Freitas, A.F. de2004agricultural landagroforestryAstrocaryum tucumacrop yieldcrop qualityfallow systemsfarm incomeforestsfruitshome gardensnon-timber forest productsproductivityresource managementresource utilizationsecondary forestsshifting cultivationtropical forestssustainabilityOf particular interest for extractivism in tropical forest areas are useful species that occur at high density, such as the palm tucuma (Astrocaryum tucuma Martius-syn. A. aculeatum G.F.W. Meyer), a colonizer of disturbed areas in the central Amazon, whose edible fruits have found an interesting market in that region. However, with an expected increase of tucuma plantations, the future of tucuma extractivism will depend on its capacity to produce fruits not only of sufficient quantity but also of consistently high quality. We studied the productivity and fruit quality of an extractively used population of tucuma palms in an area of 9 ha within a 25 ha shifting cultivation landscape composed of crop fields, homegardens, fallows and secondary forests in the proximity of Manaus during a 24-month period. The average density of tucuma palms was 30.4 ha-1, with highest values in secondary forests (43 ha-1) and lowest values in homegardens (19 ha-1). In contrast, the percentage of productive palms was higher in fields (93%) and homegardens (88%) than in fallows (66%) and secondary forests (50%), apparently as a combined effect of previous management and delayed reproduction under shade. Fruit yield per productive palm was significantly higher in homegardens (47 kg) than in fallows (16 kg) and secondary forests (15 kg), with intermediate values in the fields (27 kg). The most productive palms produced fruits of intermediate quality as measured through a taste index, while few palms producing high-quality fruits were also high yielding. A management plan was developed that allows maximization of fruit yields while progressively improving the quality characteristics of the extractively used population in an in situ domestication process. Being a low-cost and low-risk strategy, "improved extractivism" can be an appropriate way of growing the arboreal weed, tucuma, and can contribute to increased farm income while increasing the economic value of disturbed areas in the central AmazonArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1777IDForest Ecology and Management0378-11271/3202Growth of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) in natural forests in BelizeShono, K.Snook, L.K2004Swietenia macrophyllaharvestingforest managementsustainabilityregenerationgrowthnatural forestsforest managementsilviculturetropical forestsvolumeFour years of annual diameter measurements of 75 big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia
macrophylla King) trees in natural forests in northwestern Belize were analyzed to
determine growth rates. Mean diameter increment among the sample trees exceeded
1 cm y-1, with slightly higher growth rates among trees > 50 cm dbh. Inter-individual
variation in growth rates was significant, with the fastest-growing individuals growing at
rates greater than 2 cm y-1. Inter-annual variation in growth rates was also significant,
and diameter growth of 1.21 ±± 0.1 cm during a wetter year (1456 mm ppt) exceeded
by 75% diameter growth of 0.69 ±± 0.1 cm during a drier year (1181 mm ppt). The
growth of these sample trees reveals that mahogany trees as small as 23 cm dbh that
are left standing after harvests can be expected to attain the commercial diameter of
60 cm during the 40 years between cutting cycles.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1770BZTropical Resources23Heartwood, sapwood and bark content of Bombacopsis quinata in Costa RicaPerez, D.Kanninen, M.Matamoros, F.Fonseca, W.Chaves, E2004silvicultural systemsBombacopsis quinatastemsvolumewoodqualityCopyrighted 2004 by Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Reprinted by permission.The Costa Rican government has promoted the establishment of high yielding plantations, expecting to produce high quality timber. Nowdays the management of some species have been uncertain, since wood quality and yield are becoming lower than expected. Heartwood content is a determinant characteristic for Bombacopsis quinata, a widely appreciated species in the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the heartwood, sapwood and bark content of young and advanced aged B. quinata trees. The research was based on the hypothesis that heartwood content increases with increasing age. By means of steam analysis, the heartwood, sapwood, and bark volume was measured on trees of different ages (10 to 27 years). The highest heartwood proportion found in B. quinata was 13,6%, and the lowest o.1%. The sapwood ranged between 70.0 and 87.2% while the bark, from 9.4 to 23% of the total stem volume. No clear differences in heartwood content could be observed between trees of similar age from dry and wet zones. Rotation period for B. quinata in Costa Rica should be extended to produce high quality timber with increased heartwood content.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/APerez0403.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1749CRJournal of Tropical Forest Science316Conservation priorities and conservation distractionsSheil, D2004conservationresearch projectsprotected areasMonitoring and research activities may hinder rather than improce conservation in tropical countries. This paper identifies some critical threats to biodiversity and the limited resources for defending against them. It suggests various contributory factors, and a few common sense options for improved practice. It concluded that there is limited capacity for conservation in many countries and resources must be allocated effectivelly. Research and monitoring activities must also be allocated with sensitivity to local priorities and limitations. Protected areas must be managed to protect the values they contain, not provide statistics. Managers should only be required to collect data that are useful to them in ways that they understand. Research ought not be conducted at the cost of failing to halt the overwhelming threats now facing many conservation areas.Threats must be identified and priorities revisited, but the costs and responsibilities for generating such information must be allocated with care.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1745CRLiving Forests8Who is logging the Congo?Ruiz Perez, M.De Blas, D.E.Nasi, R.Sassen, M.Sayer, J.A.Angoue, C.Gami, N.Ndoye, O.Ngono, G.Nguinguiri, J.-C.Nzala, D.Toirambe, B.Yalibanda, Y2004concessionsloggingindustryArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1741CGITTO Tropical Forest Update414The China forest products trade: overview of Asia-Pacific supplying countries, impacts and implicationsKatsigris, E.Bull, G.Q.White, A.Barr, C.Barney, K.Bun, Y.Kahrl, F.King, T.Lankin, A.Lebedev, A.Shearman, P.Sheingauz, A.Yufang SuWeyerhaeuser, H2004forest productssupplyexportspolicylivelihoodsCopyrighted 2004 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlOver 70 % of China's timber product imports are supplied by countries in the Asia Pacific region, and China is the dominant forest product market for many of these countries. Unsustainable harvesting practices, illegal logging, and negative impacts on community livelihoods plague many of these supplying countries. The countries may be divided into those still harvesting and exporting timber from natural forests on a large scale and those which have gone past their highest levels of natural forest timber harvesting and are now more aggressively pursuing plantation development and processing. Apart from Russia, China's top Asia Pacific timber suppliers could at best maintain current supply, with natural forest resources being depleted in less than 20 years. Resource limits also constrain expansion and/or long-term continuation of processed product export to China. Greater attention and action on the part of governments, market leaders, and international organizations is needed to address negative impacts, shifting supply to a sustainable, legal, and equitable basis and to determine from where China's long-term supply will come.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AKatsigris0401.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1686CNInternational Forestry Review3-46China's pulp and paper sector: an analysis of supply-demand and medium term projectionsHe, D.Barr, C2004pulpswood fibrespaperpaperboardsupply balancetrendsCopyrighted 2004 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlThis study summarizes recent trends in China's paper and paperboard sector and projects supply and demand for each of the major grades through 2010. Baseline projections suggest that China's aggregate demand will grow from 48.0 million tonnes in 2003 to 68.5 million tonnes per year in 2010. With domestic production projected to reach 62.4 million tonnes per year, China is expected to dominate global capacity expansion for most major grades. China's annual demand for fibre furnish across all grades is projected to rise from 40.2 million tonnes in 2003 to reach 59.6 million tonnes by 2010. Of this, approximately 58 % will come from recovered paper, 25 % from wood-based pulp, and 17 % from nonwood pulp. This rapid growth has far-reaching implications for forest sustainability and rural livelihoods both within China and throughout the Asia-Pacific region. It will place new strains on China's domestic wood supply and may exacerbate forest conversion and illegal logging in key supplier countries, in addition to providing both threats and potential income opportunities for small-holder tree growers.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AHe0401.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1687CNInternational Forestry Review3-46China's development of a plantation-based wood pulp industry: government policies, financial incentives, and investment trendsBarr, C.Cossalter, C2004pulpwoodplantationspulp and paper industrygovernment policyincentivesinvestmentCopyrighted 2004 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlThe Chinese government is aggressively promoting development of a domestic wood pulp industry, integrated with a plantation-based fiber supply and downstream paper production. It is doing so by providing discounted loans from state banks, fiscal incentives, and capital subsidies for establishment of at least 5.8 million hectares of fast-growing pulpwood plantations. This article examines the development of bleached hardwood kraft pulp (BHKP) mills in South China, including the Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) Jinhai mill in Hainan Province and the proposed Fuxing pulp mill project in Guangdong Province. Both mills face fiber shortfalls over the medium term, and significant new investments in plantation development will be needed to provide a sustainable fiber supply at the mills? projected capacity levels. However, there are few sites in southern coastal China where fiber can be grown at internationally competitive costs. In most instances, the cost of Chinese plantation pulpwood will be considerably higher than in countries like Indonesia and Brazil, raising important questions about the economic competitiveness of Chinese pulp producers even within their home market.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ABarr0401.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1688CNInternational Forestry Review3-46Persepsi masyarakat Dayak Merap dan Punan tentang pentingnya hutan di lansekap hutan tropis, Kabupaten Malinau, Kalimantan TimurLiswanti, N.Indawan, I.SumardjoSheil, D2004local communitylocal peoplerapid rural appraisalperceptionparticipationscoringtropical rain forestslandscapeThe study's emphasis was on Dayak Merap and Punan people's perception of the importance of forest. A participatory approach using exercises was completed with seven forest dwelling communities in the tropical landscape of Malinau, East Kalimantan. The findings suggest that un-logged forest was the most important land category for Dayak people. It provides for their livelihoods and well-being both directly and indirectly. 'Forest' has the heritage values and contains an abundance of valued and significant plants and animal. For the future, 'forest' is predicted to remain important for local people mainly for timber. Forests are exceptional in comparison with other land types in providing a wide range of highly valued goods and services, in most cases to a greater degree than other land types. In addition, the value of forest decreases less with apparent distances. However, logged forest is related as much less important, allowing us to consider improvements in forest management that might better protect local values.ArticlesidCIFOR Head Quarter1730IDJurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika12Assessing accountability in Cameroon's local forest management: are representatives responsive?Oyono, P.R2004ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1723CMAfrican Journal of Political Science19Rattan, rubber, or oil palm: cultural and financial considerations for farmers in KalimantanBelcher, B.RujehanImang, N.Achdiawan, R2004canes and rattansoil palmsrubberplantationsshifting cultivationland use changecost benefit analysiscomparisonseconomic analysisfarmersForest-based farmers are faced with rapidly changing economic opportunities due to many factors. In response, farmers are changing their main economic activities and land uses. This study compares the financial costs and benefits of the principal
land use options in two sub-districts of East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Financial benefits of oil palm plantation, traditional rattan gardens, intensive rubber plantation, and traditional rubber plantation are compared on a land unit basis. Oil palm is by far the most profitable, followed by rattan gardens. Rubber production, at current prices, is not profitable. Benefit-cost ratios and returns to labor, which better reflect the farmer perspective, reveal that rattan is more attractive, with oil palm in a strong second place. Non-financial considerations also help to explain the resilience of the rattan garden system. The conclusions summarize the findings and offer options to counter the strong negative impact of recent events on the rattan farmers.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1682CMEconomic Botany0013-0001Supplement58Looking through the bamboo curtain: an analysis of the changing role of forest and farm income in rural livelihoods in ChinaRuiz Perez, M.Belcher, B.Fu MaoyiYang Xiaosheng2004rural communitieslivelihoodsforestrybamboospovertyCopyrighted 2004 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlForestry and poverty analyses in China show an ambiguous relationship. While the co-occurrence of forest rich areas and poor counties has been noted by some authors, others have stressed the role played by forestry in these areas where it is frequently one of the few options available. This study indicates that the expansion of off-farm income is the fundamental development process taking place in many areas of rural China. Forestry can offer good income generating options to farmers, but as the local economy develops forestry tends to be displaced by more attractive alternatives. There are niche specialisation opportunities even for rich farmers, normally linked to a certain degree of vertical integration, enhanced by specific features of some forestry uses like bamboo.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/APerez0402.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1684CNInternational Forestry Review3-46The relationship between forest research and forest management in China: an analysis of four leading forestry journalsRuiz Perez, M.Fu MaoyiXie JinzhongYang XiaoshengBelcher, B2004forestryresearchresearch institutescollaborationbibliometricsCopyrighted 2004 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlThis article analyses the collaboration between forestry research institutions and forestry departments in China based on a bibliometric study of four leading Chinese forestry journals. Multiple-authored papers are frequent, and there is a significant collaboration between research and implementing agencies. This collaboration centres on applied research, being less common on fundamental research and almost non-existent on policy research. Universities, National research institutes and National and Provincial level forest departments act as the key organisers of research, with specialised domains and types of collaboration. This helps explain the success of Chinese forestry experiences in recent years.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/APerez0401.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1685CNInternational Forestry Review3-46Policy responses to complex environmental problems: insights from a science-policy activity on transboundary haze from vegetation fires in Southeast AsiaMurdiyarso, D.Lebel, L.Gintings, A.N.Tampubolon, S.M.H.Heile, A.Wasson, M2004land managementland use planningair pollutionsmokevegetationfirepolicyTransboundary pollution from vegetation fires is a recurrent and highly politicised environmental problem in Southeast Asia. This paper is a critical synthesis of the policy response to the severe haze episodes of 1997/1998. It is based on a series of science–policy activities co-ordinated by the Global Change Impacts Centre for Southeast Asia aimed at exploring land-use planning and management options to reduce the impacts of transboundary pollution from vegetation fires. We begin with a brief summary of what is known about the causes of the fires and haze, the composition and distribution of haze, and the main impacts. Policy options and instruments are considered at a range of levels, from local waste-wood management options and national land development strategies, through to regional and international institutions. In these analyses, we seek to understand the interaction of different interest groups and identify potentially complementary policies as well as likely tradeoffs. Ultimately, the aims of these activities are improvement of the public policy process and greater relevance of research activities and research-based knowledge.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1677CNAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment1104A System dynamics examination of the willingness of villagers to engage in illegal loggingDudley, R.G2004This article has been co-published simultaneously in Ravenel, R.M., Granoff I.M.E., Magee C.A. (eds). 2004. Illegal logging in the tropics strategies for cutting crime. The Haworth Press.pp.31-53.Much of the work of illegal logging in Indonesia is carried out by villagers. Several factors determine villagers' willingness to participate in such activities. Chief among these are: (1) the need for income, (2) the fact that other villagers (and non-villagers) are already illegally logging, and (3) the realization of loss of community control over traditional forest areas. These factors form the basis of feedback loops, which trap villagers in illegal logging systems, which will likely result in the disappearance of a major source of livelihood. Ideas for system dynamics model structure were obtained from field reports and interviews with stakeholders. These ideas were examined using causal loop diagrams to represent different views of illegal logging. One village level view was formulated as a quantified system dynamics model using Vensim software. The model allows examination of scenarios, which might alter system behavior. The model is a tool for understanding consequences of various proposed strategies to control illegal logging. These strategies include enforcement of laws, strengthening of community rights, the prevention of outside labor in local forests, and the provision of alternate sources of income. This is part of a larger effort to describe and analyze illegal logging using system dynamics modelingArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1678CNJournal of Sustainable Forestry1/2/319Microbially available phosphorus in boreal forests: effects of aluminum and iron accumulation in the humus layerGiesler, R.Satoh, F.Ilstedt, U.Nordgren, A2004phosphorusmicroorganismsaluminiumironhumusboreal forestsSoil microorganisms play an important role in the mobilization of phosphorus (P), and these activities may be beneficial for plant P utilization. We investigated the effects on microbial P availability of different combinations of aluminum and iron (Al + Fe) concentrations and different P pools in humus soils from boreal forest ecosystems. We measured respiration rates in laboratory incubations before and after additions of glucose plus (NH4)2SO4 (Glu+N), with or without a small dose of KH2PO4. Glu+N was added in excess so that the availability of the inherent soil P would be growth-limiting for the microorganisms. The exponential increases observed in microbial growth after substrate additions (Glu+N) was slower for humus soils with high Al+Fe concentrations than for humus soils with low Al+Fe concentrations. Adding a small dose of KH2PO4 to humus soils with high Al+Fe concentrations did, however, increase the exponential growth, measured as the slope of the log-transformed respiration rates, by more than 200%. By contrast, the average increase in exponential growth was only 6% in humus soils with low Al+Fe concentrations. Almost eight times more carbon dioxide (CO2) was evolved between the substrate additions and the point at which the respiration rate reached 1 mg CO2 h–1 for soils with high Al+Fe concentrations compared to humus soils with low Al+Fe concentrations. The amount of CO2 evolved was positively related to the Al+Fe concentration of the humus soils (r 2 = 0.86, P < 0.001), whereas the slope was negatively related to Al+Fe concentration (r 2 = 0.70, P < 0.001). Easily available P forms were negatively related to the Al+Fe concentration, whereas organic P showed a strong positive relationship to Al+Fe (r 2 = 0.85, P < 0.001), suggesting that other forms of P, as well as inorganic P, are affected by the increased sorption capacity. The results indicate that P mobilization by microorganisms is affected by the presence of sorption sites in the humus layer, and that this capacity for sorption may relate not only to phosphate but also to organic P compounds.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1679CNEcosystems1432-984027Big trees, small favors: loggers and communities in AmazoniaMedina, G.Shanley, P2004extractionloggingillicit loggingdeforestationrural communitieslivelihoodschangeThis article explores the changing livelihoods and resource management choices of
three rural communities in a dynamic logging frontier region along the Capim River in the
eastern Amazonian State of Pará, Brazil. A study of 13 successive logging events
during a twenty-year time span in a 3,000 ha community forest demonstrated that the
relationship between loggers and communities is a highly ambiguous one changing over
time from compatible to conflictive. Over the course of a decade, communities began
to experience loss of fruit, medicinal and game attracting species with high value to
their daily livelihoods, yet they never faltered from selling their timber rights. Two
socioeconomic factors were identified which influenced communities to sell timber
despite the losses in non-timber forest products: paternalistic relationships among
buyers and community members and expanding market involvement requiring more
cash to meet increasing needs.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1671BRBois et Forets des Tropiques4280Implications of the Kyoto Protocol: Indonesia’s perspectiveMurdiyarso, D2004Kyoto Protocolsustainabilityforest policyclean development mechanismlearningcommunicationDespite good intentions to get a solid grasp of various technical issues and put in place policy instruments related to the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, Indonesia’s government still faces tremendous challenges in terms of disseminating information on the progress of climate treaty negotiations and gaining as wide public support as possible. This is evident in the lengthy process of ratifying the protocol. On the brink of the government’s next parliamentary sessions, the issues have yet to reach a broad audience, except for workshops, seminars, and the like that have resulted in a relatively small critical mass; hence, convincing the parliament will be another challenge. The general public perceives the Kyoto Protocol, more than anything else, as just one of the international agreements avoided by the United States’ White House. Meanwhile, government agencies have so far failed to recognize the opportunity to integrate the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) into the national sustainable development agenda and to engage the private sector. Various studies carried out by research agencies, universities, and individual scientists clearly merit further crafting in order to promote meaningful dialogues. Experiences from the Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) pilot phase and other strategic studies did not sufficiently build capacity, partly because of a lack of institutional memory. Learning from a real project at a certain scale may enhance the sense of urgency and help build confidence in the Kyoto Protocol and its processes.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1664IDInternational Review for Environmental Strategies15Tree growth of dipterocarp plantation forest in Java, IndonesiaMindawati, N.Heriansyah, I.Hiratsuka, M.Toma, T.Gintings, A.N.Morikawa, Y2004forest plantationsDipterocarpaceaegrowth ratetimber supplyThe objective of this study was to show the growth performance of dipterocarp plantations. The authors collected data on diameter at breast height and total height of the trees in four research forests established between 1937 and 1955. In total, 29 species of Dipterocarpaceae were examined. The results verified that dipterocarp species would be the target species for timber production with relatively long-rotation periods, and also suggested a high potential for timber production by man-made forests of Dipterocarpaceaein Java.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1661IDInfo Hutan1410-065721Forest tree persistence, elephants, and stem scarsSheil, D.Salim, A2004successionrain forestsspecies richnessdamageCynometrastemsLoxodonta africanaCopyrighted 2004 by the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. Reprinted by permission.Sixteen percent of tree stems 10 cm diameter or greater recorded in seven 1 ha plots in Rabongo Forest, Uganda had stem damage attributable to elephants (Loxodonta africana). We propose four strategies that may help tree species persist under these conditions: repellence, resistance, tolerance and avoidance. We sought and found evidence for each strategy. Large, shade-tolerant Cynometra alexandri dominated basal area (often >50%) and showed severe scarring. Nearly 80 percent of stems were small pioneer species. Scarring frequency and intensity increased with stem size. Stem-size distributions declined steeply, implying a high mortality to growth rate ratio. Tree species with spiny stems or with known toxic bark defenses were unscarred. Epiphytic figs escaped damage while at small sizes. Mid-successional tree species were scarce and appeared sensitive to elephants. Savanna species were seldom scarred. Taking stem size effects into account by using a per-stem logistic modeling approach, scarring became more probable with slower growth and with increasing species abundance, and also varied with location. Pioneer and shade-bearer guilds showed a deficit of intermediate-sized stems. Evidence that selective elephant damage is responsible for monodominant C. alexandri forests remains equivocal; however, elephants do influence tree diversity, forest structure, and the wider landscape.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ASheil0401.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1654UGBiotropica0006-3606436Modeling deforestation at distinct geographic scales and time periods in Santa Cruz, BoliviaMertens, B.Kaimowitz, D.Puntodewo, A.Vanclay, J.K.Mendez, P2004deforestationfrontier areasroadsland usespatial analysistenure systemsagricultural developmentThis paper analyzes geo-referenced data to elucidate the relations between deforestation and access to roads and markets, attributes of the physical environment, land tenure, and zoning policies in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. It presents separate models for Santa Cruz as a whole and for seven different zones within Santa Cruz, as well as for two different time periods (pre-1989 and 1989 to 1994). The relation between deforestation and the explanatory variables varies depending on geographic scale and the zone and time period analyzed. At the department scale, locations closer to roads and the city and places that have more fertile soils and wetter climates have a greater probability of being deforested. The same applies to colonization areas. Protected areas and forest concessions are less likely to be deforested. Nevertheless, in many specific zones, these variables had no significant impact or actually had the opposite impact than in the entire department. Most of these relations were weaker between 1989 and 1994 than in the previous period.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1652BOInternational Regional Science Review327Forest plantations in Costa Rica and Nicaragua: performance of species and preferences of farmersPiotto, D.Montagnini, F.Kanninen, M.Ugalde, L.Viquez, E2004plantationschoice of speciesafforestationfarmerstreesAzadirachtaCaesalpiniaEucalyptusGliricidia sepiumLeucaenaTectona grandisCordia alliodoraGmelina arboreaTerminaliaVochysiaVirolaThe area of forest plantations in the tropics worldwide is increasing as a response to the expansion of degraded lands. Rural farmers of many regions of the dry and humid areas are responding to government and other incentives, dedicating portions of their land to native and exotic tree plantations with varied uses and objectives.We evaluated the success of reforestation efforts in a dry region of Nicaragua and in a humid region of Costa Rica where reforestation has been promoted by the governments with local assistance of technical personnel and non-governmental organizations. In all farms, the survival, diameter at breast height (dbh), height, form, and health of the tree plantations were evaluated. In addition information regarding the farmer's preferences and characteristics of the farms and the farmers was gathered through a survey including socioeconomic and silvicultural aspects. In both countries farmers used more native than exotic species for reforestation. Farmers are willing to continue reforesting as long as they continue to receive government incentives. In Costa Rica the plantations had better silvicultural management than in Nicaragua. In Nicaragua the species preferred by farmers for their growth were Azadirachta indica, Caesalpinia eriostachys, Eucalyptus spp., Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Tectona grandis. In Costa Rica the preferred species for their growth were Cordia alliodora, Gmelina arborea, Terminalia amazonia, Tectona grandis, Vochysia guatemalensis, and Virola koschnyi. The implementation of incentive programs for reforestation was a key factor in encouraging the participation of small and medium farmers.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1648CRJournal of Sustainable Forestry418Forests and water: a policy perspectiveKaimowitz, D2004hydrologypolicyfloodsloggingdeforestationforest policywaterAsian policymakers need to know how changes in land uses and practices related to forests affect flooding, dry season stream flow, and water quality. Based on their beliefs about these relations, policymakers often ban logging or introduce expensive projects. Many key stakeholders believe that logging and deforestation increase flooding and the damage floods cause, but there is only evidence for this in relation to smaller and less severe floods. It is also widely believed that logging and clearing forest reduce dry season stream flow, but whether that actually occurs depends on rainfall patterns, soils, topography, geology, and the type of vegetation. Forests generally improve water quality, although not always. More research is needed on the magnitude of the water quality effects, particularly as regards drinking water.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AKaimowitz0104.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1644CRJournal of Forest Research49Tropical forest tree mortality, recruitment and turnover rates: calculation, interpretation and comparison when census intervals varyLewis, S.L.Phillips, O.L.Sheil, D.Vinceti, B.Baker, T.R.Brown, S.Graham, A.W.Higuchi, N.Hilbert, D.W.Laurance, W.F.Lejoly, J.Malhi, Y.Monteagudo, A.Vargas, P.N.Sonke, B.Terborgh, J.W.Martinez, R.V2004carbon dioxideenvironmental factorsenvironmental degradationmonitoringmodelstropicsrain foreststreesforest dynamicsMathematical proofs show that rate estimates, for example of mortality and
recruitment, will decrease with increasing census interval when obtained from
censuses of non-homogeneous populations. This census interval effect could be
confounding or perhaps even driving conclusions from comparative studies involving
such rate estimates. We quantify this artefact for tropical forest trees, develop
correction methods and reassess some previously published conclusions about
forest dynamics. Mortality rates of >50 species at each of seven sites in Africa,
Latin America, Asia and Australia were used as subpopulations to simulate stand
level mortality rates in a heterogeneous population when census intervals varied: all
sites showed decreasing stand mortality rates with increasing census interval
length. Stand-level mortality rates from 14 multicensus long-term forest plots from
Africa, Latin America, Asia and Australia also showed that, on average, mortality
rates decreased with increasing census interval length. Mortality, recruitment or
turnover rates with differing census interval lengths can be compared using the mean
rate of decline from the 14 long-term plots to standardize estimates to a common
census length using the expression corr= x t^0.08, where is the rate and t is time
between censuses in years: i.e., [corrected for time bias] = [as derived from simple
analyses]x( time[=years between measurements] to the power of 0.08). This simple
general correction should reduce the biasassociated with census interval variation,
where it is unavoidable. Re-analysis of published results shows that the pan-tropical
increase in stem turnover rates over the late 20th century cannot be attributed to
combining data with differing census intervals. In addition, after correction, Old World
tropical forests do not have significantly lower turnover rates than New World sites,
as previously reported. Our pan-tropical best estimate adjusted stem turnover rate is
1.81 +/- 0.16% per year (mean +/- 95% CI, n=65). As differing census intervals
affect comparisons of mortality, recruitment and turnover rates, and can lead to
erroneous conclusions, standardized field methods, the calculation of local correction
factors at sites where adequate data are available, or the use of our general
standardizing formula to take account of sample intervals, are to be recommended.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1645CRJournal of Ecology0022-047792Intensity and timing of the first thinning of Tectona grandis plantations in Costa Rica: results of a thinning trialKanninen, M.Perez Cordero, L.D.Montero, M.Viquez, E2004thinningproductivityintensive silvicultureTectona grandisplantationsDuring the last two decades, the Costa Rican government has promoted the
establishment of Tectona grandis plantations for sawn timber. However, there is a
lack of knowledge on optimum spacing and on thinning regimes, in contrast to high
expectations of final mean diameter at breast height (DBH) between 35 and 40 cm
and stand volumes between 200 and 300 m3 ha-1. The aim of this study was to
establish guidelines for plantation management in terms of appropriate intensity and
timing of the first thinning (from approximately 4 thinnings recommended in 20–25
year-old rotation management systems). A thinning trial was established in a 4-year
old T. grandis plantation that was originally established with initial spacing of 1600
trees ha-1. The experimental design consisted of randomized complete blocks,
with eight treatments and three replicates. Each treatment consisted of 80 trees in
square blocks of 500 m2. The treatments were of different thinning intensities (from
25% to 60% removal of standing trees, and the unthinned control) applied at two
timings (at the ages of 4 and 6 years, and one treatment applied at the ages of 4
and 5 years) and an unthinned control in each replicate. The trees in each
treatment were measured annually between age 4 and 8 years. At the age of 8
years, the average DBH for all treatments was 17.5 cm (15.2–20.1 cm) and the total
height averaged 18.8 m (17.7–19.5 m). The total volume (Vo) varied from 90 to 200
m3 ha-1, at corresponding BA between 12 and 28 m2 ha-1.The 60% thinning
intensity applied at the age of 4 years, and the two consecutive 25% thinnings at
the ages of 4 and 5 years gave the highest individual tree growth, while the control
was the lowest. The current annual increment (CAI) of DBH was highest in the 40
and 60% thinned treatments. The CAI of DBH and BA decreased rapidly with
increasing age in every treatment. The values of CAI of Vo varied between 9 and 39
m3 ha-1 year-1. The high values of CAI of Vo were obtained at BA between 18 and
20 m2 ha-1. At BA of 18 m2 ha-1, Vo was between 120 and 150 m3 ha-1 on a
stand conformed by trees with an average DBH between 17 and 20 cm. The
recovery of BA and Vo was faster in the treatments carried out at the age of 4 years
than at 6 years, when measured 2 years after the thinning. In terms of the remaining
stand volume (after thinning), tree size and rate of recovery, the best thinning was at
the age of 4 years removing 40–60% of the trees, or consecutively at the ages of 4
and 5 years removing 25% of standing trees in each year. Results of this thinning trial
indicate that T. grandis plantations can be managed towards the production of high
individual tree growth or towards the production of high stand growth, by means of
varying the intensity and timing of the thinning interventions through rotation.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1643CRForest Ecology and Management0378-11271-3203Tropical biologists, local people and conservation: new opportunities for collaborationSheil, D.Lawrence, A2004taxonomybiodiversityconservationbiologistslocal peoplecollaborationTropical biologists need help. Examples show that local people can be trained to be effective parataxonomists, greatly assisting efforts to document and assess tropical biodiversity. Local collaborations also offer promising ways with which to improve natural resource management and conservation. However, for several reasons, most biologists remain slow to approve and implement these approaches. The challenges and potentials need evaluation and neglect means that opportunities are being missed. The authors consider experiences of local collaborations and discuss obstacles to their wider implementation. They urge tropical biologists to recognize and embrace the opportunities provided by working with local people.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/mla/download/publication/Sheil_Lawrence_TREE.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1640CRTrends in Ecology and Evolution1219Farmers' practices, metapopulation dynamics, and conservation of agricultural biodiversity on-farm: a case study of sorghum among the Duupa in sub-sahelian CameroonAlvarez, N.Garine, E.Khasah, C.Dounias, E.Hossaert-McKey, M.McKey, D2004plant densitypopulation dynamicsspecies diversityfarmersevolutionsorghumgermplasm exchangeIn many traditionally managed agroecosystems, populations of domesticated plants maintain high levels of genetic diversity. The threat of erosion of this diversity is a current conservation concern, motivating studies of how diversity can be maintained by in situ conservation measures. Precisely how the biological traits of plants and the cultural practices of farmers act on fundamental evolutionary forces – drift, migration, selection, and mutation – to create and maintain crop plant diversity has been little investigated in detail. The authors develop some elements of the framework required for studying such biocultural interactions, focusing on one component of management: farmers' decisions on what to plant, and the structure of germplasm exchange among farmers. They illustrate the approach with a study of Duupa farmers in northern Cameroon. The results suggest that sorghum populations managed by the Duupa function like source–sink metapopulations. Fields of older farmers, larger and containing a greater number of varieties, act as sources, whereas fields of younger farmers act as sinks, becoming sources as their owners mature. In each field, seeds for sowing are selected from a small number of plants. The frequent exchange of germplasm among fields may counteract the genetic bottlenecks associated with the small number of genitors within each field. Identifying key processes and key individuals should facilitate the design of in situ conservation measures to maintain crop plant diversity against the threat of genetic erosion.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1618CMBiological Conservation4121Power and interest on Sumatra’s rainforest frontier: clientelist coalitions, illegal logging and conservation in the Alas valleyMcCarthy, J.F2002loggingillicit loggingforest managementinstitutionscustomary lawgovernment policyanthropologyThis article examines the institutional matrix associated with logging and forest
pioneering in a district on Sumatra. It draws together theoretical approaches to develop a
framework for analysing the operation of competing forms of institutional power and
control. The article argues that the governance of local natural resources and the current
epidemic of ‘illegal logging’ can be understood in terms of the particular institutional or
socio-political structures found in remote forested areas.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1619IDJournal of Southeast Asian Studies133Forest resources and rural livelihoods: the conflict between timber and non-timber forest products in the Congo BasinNdoye, O.Tieguhong, J.C2004forest resourcesbiodiversitylivelihoodsrural communitiesloggingconcessionsnon-timber forest productsforest policytimbersconflictThe forests of the Congo Basin are exploited by rural communities and timber companies at different scales to meet various conflicting interests. The forest contributes in several ways to rural livelihoods, but the growing importance of timber exploitation poses a threat to this livelihood's fabric and to the conservation of biodiversity. For example 6% of the top 23 timber species exported from cameroon have important non-timber values to local communities. The paper argues that in the process of forest exploitation, a balanced approach is needed to take into account the interests of both rural communities and timber companies. This will require among other things the development and implementation of sustainable forest management plans by timber companies, exclusion from harvesting of timber species that are important to local communities, compensation of timber companies for compliance with management plans, and the involvement of rural communities in monitoring the activities of timber companies.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1617CGScandinavian Journal of Forest ResearchSupplement no.419An assessment of social negotiation as a tool of local management: a case study of the Dimako Council Forest, CameroonAssembe Mvondo, S.Oyono, P.R2004resource managementmethodologysocial interactionpluralismconflictforest resourcescustomary lawlocal peopleutilizationAccess to natural resource is governed by competition and conflicts all the over the world. Alternative approaches to conflict resolution require assets provided by social negotiation, mediation and other types of social tools. This paper is based on a case of conflict of access to forest and on the use of social negotiation to solve it. It shows how a facilitation process enabled village communities of East Cameroon to secure a portion of forest in the northern part of the already classified Dimako council forest. The most meaningful result of this case study is the recognition and the rehabilitation, or the validation, of a community-based tool of social negotiation known as palabre traditionnelle (traditional arrangements and mediation), not recognized until now by mainstream science, conventional methodologies, forestry experts and policy makers in Cameroon.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1742CGScandinavian Journal of Forest ResearchSupplement no.419Reflexion sur l'amenagement des forets de production dans le basin du CongoFargeot, C.Forni, E.Nasi, R2004rotationsforest managementconcessionsfellingdiameterManagement in the production forest concessions of the Congo Basin is based on rotation principles, with the concessionary industry involved at every stage in the drafting and implementation of the felling permit granted. In this process, forest organization by area, based on management inventory and indicating timber volumes, seems the most appropriate option. Management should focus on a limited number of relatively abundant species with recognized technical properties and which markets already appreciate. Rotations should be defined essentially on the basis of economic and profitability considerations, and should ideally cover the same duration as the concession and the management scheme. Applying minimum felling diameters is a way of taking biological constraints into account to avoid compromising forest regeneration and to promote the natural dynamics of the forest.ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter1608CGBois et Forets des Tropiques281Institutions governing the use of forest products: woodcraft commercialisation in southern ZimbabweBraedt, O.Schroder, J.M2003wood carvingwoodlandscommon landspolicyinstitutionsforest productscommercializationThe production and sales of woodcarvings rose substantially during the 1990s in Zimbabwe. Potential conflict between informal groups selling forest commodities and institutions that control the use of forest products is inherent in this fast growing sector. The aim of this study was to identify organizations, stakeholders, and institutions associated with the control and management of tree use on communal lands, to assess how familiar people are with these institutions, and to establish the level of enforcement of the various rules. Formal institutions governing natural resource use are part of state organizations that have published and codified control mechanisms in place. Informal institutions were considered to be traditional leadership structures. In rural areas, knowledge of the official/codified control mechanisms was practically absent, being limited to the few persons in charge of the execution of the legal provisions. Effective control and prosecution of offenders under either theformal or informal system was rare. In practice an open-access situation without any form of controls on tree use for carvings was apparent, and a degree of confusion over who controls forest product use was prevalent.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1609CGForests, Trees and Livelihoods113The restoration of forest biodiversity and ecological valuesSayer, J.A.Chokkalingam, U.Poulsen, J2004restorationforestsbiodiversityconservationecologyecosystemsLarge investments are being made in the establishment of tree plantations on degraded land in Asia. These initiatives are often politically driven and aspire to achieve both economic and environmental benefits. However, the lack of clarity about the precise objectives of these schemes means that they often fail to yield either local economic or global environmental benefits. There is often a failure to negotiate with all concerned stakeholders and to recognize and resolve trade-offs. Subsidies have often had perverse impacts, and market forces may be better drivers of economic objectives of restoration programmes. Security of tenure and use rights is an important but often neglected requirement for achieving sustainability. Remnant patches of natural vegetation, even when degraded, are often valuable sources of local biodiversity in restoration schemes. The spatial patterns of different types of forest and of non-forest land are important determinants of environmental values. Biodiversity conservation requires maintaining or re-establishing habitat strips to connect natural forest blocks and protect ecological gradients. However, even monoculture plantations often have significant biodiversity value. The fundamental principles of ecosystem approaches as adopted by the Convention for the Conservation of Biological Diversity and principles for successful common property resource management provide valuable frameworks for forest restoration schemes.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1598CGForest Ecology and Management0378-11271201Landscape rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest ecosystems: case study of the CIFOR/Japan project in Indonesia and PeruKobayashi, S2004land degradationrehabilitationresearch projectsdegraded forestsdegraded landsilviculturechoice of speciestaungyafarmerssustainabilityforest managementCIFORTropical forest area is disappearing at the rate of 13.5 million ha each year, due mainly to clearing for agriculture and shifting cultivation. Timber harvesting results in more than 5 million ha of tropical forest annually being transformed into degraded, poorly managed, logged-over forests. The reduction and degradation caused by anthropological activities affect not only the sustainable production of timber but also the global environment. Accurate scientific information will enable managers to devise silvicultural systems to enhance soil properties and forest resources important for sustainable production and to minimize deleterious impacts of harvesting and short rotation plantations. Ultimately, rehabilitation can increase the area of forest as well as conserve remaining primary forests and environmental quality. Rehabilitation aims to improve biological diversity, increase commercial value of timber and non-timber products, increase forest functions and improve soil fertility. Technical advances will reduce logging impacts, accelerate natural regeneration and improve species selection,
enrichment, sustainable site management, catalytic planting and site evaluation and
classification. Socio-economic reform should focus on local community participation
and acceptance. The CIFOR/Japan project has undertaken research in many countries
to evaluate impacts of harvesting and fires on forest ecosystems and to develop
methods to rehabilitate logged-over forests and degraded forestlands in ways that are
biologically successful as well as socio-economically acceptable. In Indonesia, CIFOR
collaborates with Universitas Mulawarman at the Bukit Soeharto Education Forest, a
mixed dipterocarp forest logged by INHUTANI I in 1976. The approach to rehabilitation
has been through the "taungya" system whereby farmers grow annual crops among
newly planted trees. With the Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agraria (INIA), Peru,
the project is trialling revegetation of fallow fields abandoned after agricultural use in
the Ucayali region of the Peruvian Amazon. There is specific interest in selecting tree
species with high economic value that grow rapidly in abandoned agricultural land and
on infertile soils. Early results point to promising species. The project also involves
small farmers in silvicultural activities and species selection.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1599IDForest Ecology and Management0378-11271201Policy analysis and environmental problems at different scales: asking the right questionsTomich, T.P.Chomitz, K.Francisco, H.Izac, N.A.Murdiyarso, D.Ratnere, B.D.Thomas, D.E.van Noordwjik, M2004land use changeimpactenvironmental degradationbiodiversitywatershedsair pollutionsmokeassessmentThis article discuss a search for a common understanding of three environmental
problems linked to land use change in Southeast Asia: smoke pollution, degradation of
biodiversity functions, and degradation of watershed functions. The objectives of this
special issue are to identify usable data and methods for quantifying the impact of land
use change on these environmental problems, to identify gaps in either data or
methods and, where gaps exist, to set priorities for filling them. That assessment will
be done in greater detail in the conclusion part. In this paper, it begins the process by raising policy analysts’ basic questions for each environmental problem in turn and making a preliminary assessment of where each of these three problems lies in the ‘environmental issue cycle’.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1600IDAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment1104Quantifying off-site effects of land use change: filters, flows and fallaciesvan Noordwjik, M.Poulsen, J.G.Ericksen, P.J2004biodiversityfiltersfireforestswatershedslateral flowMany external effects of land use change are based on modifications of lateral flows of soil, water, air, fire or organisms. Lateral flows can be intercepted by filters and thus the severity and spatial range of external effects of land use change is under the influence of filter effects. Wherever lateral flows are involved, research results cannot be simply scaled on an area basis, and overall impact does not follow simple linear causal relationships. This complexity has consequences for relationships amongst the primary agents who initiate or exacerbate external effects, other stakeholders who are affected by them and policymakers who attempt to mitigate problems that reach sufficient visibility in society. In this paper we review how the relative importance of lateral flows and filter effects differs among a number of externalities, and the implications this has for research methods. If flows and filters are incompletely understood, policies may be based on fallacies. Whereas ‘fire-breaks’ act as filters in the lateral flow of the high temperature pulse of a fire, smoke from land-based fires can be intercepted only by rainfall acting as a filter and the external impact of smoke is determined by the atmospheric conditions governing lateral flow and chemical transformations along the pathway. Causal relations in smoke and haze problems are relatively simple and may form a basis for designing policy interventions to reduce downwind damage. For biodiversity issues, landscape connectivity, the absence of filters restricting dispersal and movement of organisms, is increasingly recognised as an influence on the dynamics of species richness and its scaling relations. Biodiversity research methods can extend beyond the current descriptive stage into clarifying causal relations with a lateral flow perspective. The question whether connectivity is in fact desired, however, depends on stakeholder interests and situation. Forest functions in watershed protection, presumably leading to a continuous flow of clean water in the dry season through the subsoil instead of a rapid surface transfer, have been generally attributed to the trees rather than the forest, with its rough surface structure, swamps and infiltration sites. A new synthesis of site-specific hydrological knowledge and tree water balance studies may be needed to separate myth from reality, and avoid wasting public funds on tree planting under the heading of reforestation, without restoring the hydrological regime of a real forest. Soil movement can be intercepted at a range of scales and in as far as soil transport entails movement of soil fertility, filter zones can be very productive elements of a landscape. To achieve ‘integrated natural resource management’ all external effects of land use will somehow have to be taken into account in farmer decision making about the use of natural resources on and off farm. Farmers’ ecological knowledge may include concepts of lateral flows and should be further explored as an integral part of a new landscape ecological approach.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1601IDAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment1104Tata kelola informasi dan gerakan sosial sertifikasiPurnomo, H2004organizationscertificationmodelsdiffusion of informationgovernanceForest certification remains an important requirement in working towards sustainable forest management. The Indonesian Eco-labeling Institute (LEI) was a foundation, which had developed a certification system and accredited certification bodies in Indonesia. However, there has been a call for LEI to be more democratic in its decision making processes, as well as, facing the question of credibility in its ability to represent all Indonesian certification. In response to this situation, LEI is now in the process of moving from a foundation to a constituent-based organization (CBO). This institutional change will adjust the dynamic flow of information to and from LEI. In general, information does not flow freely, it flows according to people’s interests and social, economic and political situations. If LEI is able to govern the flow of this information properly then a social movement of certification may well emerge. Constituents with a high network quotient may then endorse this social movement. This paper also suggests a matrix organization for the internal structure of LEI.ArticlesidCIFOR Head Quarter1602IDE-labeledisi IIAssessing biodiversity at landscape level in northern Thailand and Sumatra (Indonesia): the importance of environmental contextGillison, A.N.Liswanti, N2004biodiversityassessmentindicatorsvegetationenvironmental factorsanimalsplantsMost biodiversity assessment methods tend to sample isolated areas of land cover such as closed forest or local land use mosaics. Contemporary methods of assessing biodiversity are briefly reviewed and focus on the relative roles of the Linnean species and plant functional types (PFTs). Recent case studies from central Sumatra and northern Thailand indicate how the range distributions of many plant and animal species and functional types frequently extend along regional gradients of light, water and nutrient availability and corresponding land use intensity. We show that extending the sampling context to include a broader array of environmental determinants of biodiversity results in a more interpretable pattern of biodiversity. Our results indicate sampling within a limited environmental context has the potential to generate highly truncated range distributions and thus misleading information for land managers and for conservation. In an intensive, multi-taxa survey in lowland Sumatra, vegetational data were collected along a land use intensity gradient using a proforma specifically designed for rapid survey. Each vegetation sample plot was a focal point for faunal survey. Whereas biodiversity pattern from samples within closed canopy rain forest was difficult to interpret, extending the sample base to include a wider variety of land cover and land use greatly improved interpretation of plant and animal distribution. Apart from providing an improved theoretical and practical basis for forecasting land use impact on biodiversity, results illustrate how specific combinations of plant-based variables might be used to predict impacts on specific animal taxa, functional types and above-ground carbon. Implications for regional assessment and monitoring of biodiversity and in improving understanding of the landscape dynamics are briefly discussed.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1603IDAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment1104Punitive expeditions and divine revenge: oral and colonial histories of rebellion and Pacification in western Borneo, 1886–1902Wadley, R.L2004Ibanethnic groupstraditional societyhistorycolonizationThis article presents different accounts of two events in the efforts of Dutch and British colonial authorities to pacify the Iban within their respective territories on the island of Borneo; namely, it presents both the Dutch and British reports of the punitive expeditions in 1886 and 1902 against rebellious Iban headhunters and the oral historical narratives of the Iban today. In addition to providing historical and cultural background to Iban resistance to pacification, it spells out the Iban conception of the past and fragmentation of related narratives. The weight that the oral accounts place on these two events is discussed in that light, with the Iban viewing their colonial experience as the struggle of spiritual forces allied with both the Iban and the European.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1595IDEthnohistory351Modeling the effects of a log export ban in IndonesiaDudley, R.G2004exportstimbersforest policyeffectsmodelsillicit loggingBecause enforcement of forestry law has become extremely difficult in Indonesia, a ban on export of logs has been suggested as a means of controlling over-harvest and illegal logging. A model of a log export ban can help us visualize its effects on the forestry sector. The model consists of simplified overviews of the wood processing sector, demand - price feedback loops, forest standing stock and log availability, log harvest capacity, and log exports. It examines important feedbacks that must be understood if the potential costs and benefits of a log export ban are to be properly considered. Although some scenarios can help reduce log harvests to sustainable levels, others encourage expansion of small domestic milling capacity leading to increased log harvests. Excess domestic milling capacity added during a log export ban may continue to operate even after a log export ban is lifted. For a log export ban to be an effective tool in combating over-harvest and illegal harvest, limits must also be placed on possible increases in domestic milling and logging capacity.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1593IDSystem Dynamics Review220Can 'legalization' of illegal forest activities reduce illegal logging?: lessons from East KalimantanTacconi, L.Obidzinski, K.Smith, J.SubarudiSuramenggala, I2004illicit loggingconcessionslegal systemcorruptiontimber tradelocal peopleforest ownershipincentivesmonitoringThis article has been co-published simultaneously in Ravenel, R.M., Granoff I.M.E., Magee C.A. (eds). 2004. Illegal logging in the tropics strategies for cutting crime. The Haworth Press.pp.137-151.Illegal activities are one of the most pressing problems facing the Indonesian forest sector today. The debate on illegal forest activities has focused primarily on legal and governance issues. Economic forces, however, are increasingly recognized as fundamental drivers of illegal forest activities. We ask the question whether the legalization of small logging concessions and their development can teach us anything about how to address the illegal logging problem. We find that legalization alone-when a legal timber concession is granted to a previously illegal operator-does not necessarily result in a significant reduction in illegal activities. When illegal activities are profitable, they can be expected to continue. Changing the regulatory framework to increase monitoring and enforcement can affect the profitability of these illegal activities. By changing the underlying economic incentives for logging, such interventions hold greater promise of success. In the medium to long term, however, legalization may help reduce illegal logging when it entrusts local people with ownership and control of forest resources and maintains a monitoring role for government agencies.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1590IDJournal of Sustainable Forestry1/2/319Contenido del carbono en los productos y residuos forestales generados por el aprovechamiento y el aserrio en la reserva de Biosfera MayaBamaca Figueroa, E.Kanninen, M.Louman, B.Pedroni, L.Gomez, M2004loggingwood residueslogging effectscarbon dioxideemissionsawmillinggreenhouse effectsThe use and industrial transformation of timber from tropical natural forests produce big quantities of wood residues that generate emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned or decayed. The greenhouse effect is mainly produced by CO2 emissions. Carbon content in wood residues was evaluated in the forest management unit Rio Chanchich, Peten, Guatemala. Wood volume per individual and the biomass damaged by felling of each tree were estimated for 57 trees (4,5% of the trees cut). Biomass eliminated by road and stockyard construction was estimated according to size of the cleared area. Useful volume and residues from 95 wood logs were estimated at the sawmill. Average volume per individual was 6,24 m3. Only 53,3% of the wood arrived at the sawmill while the rest remained as residues in the forest. From that amount, 87% was timber; milling efficiency was 51,2%, using a portable sawmill. In terms to carbon, logging removed 10,2 tC/ha from the forest, but only 1,4 tC/ha (13,7%) ended up in wood products.ArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter1582GTRecursos Naturales y Ambiente41One step forward, two steps back?: paradoxes of natural resources management decentralisation in CameroonOyono, P.R2004decentralizationlocal governmentforest managementnatural resourcesresource managementcentral governmentrelationshipsTheory informs us that decentralisation, a process through which powers,
responsibilities and resources are devolved by the central state to lower territorial
entities and regionally/locally elected bodies, increases efficiency, participation, equity,
and environmental sustainability. Many types and forms of decentralisation have been
implemented in Africa since the colonial period, with varying degrees of success. This
paper explores the process of forest management decentralisation conducted in
Cameroon since the mid-1990s, highlighting its foundations and characterising its
initial assets. Through the transfer of powers to peripheral actors for the management of
forestry fees, Council Forests and Community [or Village] Forests, this policy
innovation could be empowering and productive. However, careful observation and
analysis of relationships between the central state and regional/local-level
decentralised bodies, on the one hand, and of the circulation of powers, on the other,
show – after a decade of implementation – that the experiment is increasingly governed
by strong tendencies towards ‘re-centralisation’, dictated by the practices of
bureaucrats and state representatives. The paper also confirms recent empirical
studies of ‘the capture of decentralised actors’. It finally shows how bureaucrats and
state authorities are haunted by the Frankenstein's monster syndrome, concerning
state–local relationships in decentralised forest management.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1586CMJournal of Modern African Studies142Fortalecimiento de las capacidades de cientficos forestales latinoamericanos en criterios e indicadores, auditoria del manejo forestal sostenible y certification forestales: resultados del tallerCampos, J.J.Castaneda, F.Kleine, M.Louman, BPokorny, B.Sabogal, C2004forest managementsustainabilitycertificationcriteriaindicatorsArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter1604CMRecursos Naturales y Ambiente42Criterios e indicadores para el monitoreo de operaciones forestales un caso en BrasilPokorny, B.Sabogal, C.Silva, J.N.M.Lima, J.Bernardo, P2004criteriaindicatorsforest managementforestry practicesmonitoringCriteria and indicators to assess sustainability have been desingned to promote the implementation of sustainable forest management. However, very few forest managers are currently using this tool. To transform C&I into practicable tool for monitoring and auditing forest management, an intensive process for making it operational is necessary. Specifity, practicability and validity of the sets have to be guaranteed, but most importantly is the definition of verifiers and methodologies for their assessment in the field. This process has to consider the specific demands and competence of the potential clients. A C&I based tool for auto-monitoring forest operations is presented as an example for preparing and making operational C&I for practical use. A test in two forest management units located in the Eastern Amazon region of Brazil confirmed the technical-financial viability of the systematic monitoring of sustainability by forest enterprises. To successfully respond to the new challenge of putting C&I into practice, an improved collaboration between specialists in the economic, technical and social areas is required, who should be adequately trained in issues related to communication and empirical research.ArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter1605BRRevista Recursos Naturales y Ambiente42No longer nomadic: changing Punan Tubu lifestyle requires new health strategiesDounias, E.Kishi, M.Selzner, A.Kurniawan, I.Levang, P2004foodslocal peopletraditional societyhealthnutrition surveyssocial changedietThis paper deals with "Indigenous peoples' health in changing rainforests". It describes the study carried out jointly by CIFOR and IRD on the nutritional ecology of the Punan Tubu in Eastern Kalimantan. It compares the contrasted situations between the Punan who still leave remotedly in the forest and those who were resettled near Malinau city almost thirty years ago, in order to assess how sedentarisation affects the health of these formerly nomadic hunter-gatherers. The authors conclude that sustained biomedical research may significantly illuminate the sensitive socio-political problems of of forest dwellers living in transformed environments.http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/csq/csq_article.cfm?id=685C6854-A09F-421F-AACD-89DDDB1CA4EE®ion_id=5&subregion_id=186&issue_id=28ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1580IDCultural Survival228La gestion durable des foretsNasi, R.Forni, E2003ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter1571IDLe Flamboyant56Eroding knowledge: an ethnobotanical inventory in Eastern Amazonia's logging frontierShanley, P.Rosa, N.A2004non-timber forest productsinventoriesethnobotanyvaluesusescommunity forestryloggingforest products industriesResponding to the decline of game, fruit and fiber, post-logging, communities along the Capim River in Pará, Brazil, requested that research be initiated into the value of non-timber forest products. As a first step, an ethnobotanical inventory of one hectare of mature terra firme forest was conducted. The percentage use-values described reflect that Capimenses know and use many species (60% of inventoried species). Differences between use-values reported in other South American inventories include: a higher degree of trade in timber; a lack of trade in non-timber products; the decreasing use of plants for technological purposes and the description of the use of many species in the past tense. During the longitudinal study, the 15 most highly valued fruit, nut, game attracting and medicinal species became included in the suite of species extracted by the timber industry.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1570BREconomic Botany0013-0001258Dynamic and structure of lowland dipterocarps forest after fire in Bukit Suharto, East kalimantan, IndonesiaRuchaemi, A2001rehabilitationforest firesstand structureDipterocarpaceaeforest dynamicstreesdiameterApproximately 3.5 million ha of lowland forest in Indonesia was heavily burnt
in 1982 due to forest fire associated ENSO. This catastrophe were reoccurred heavily
in 1998 cause severe damaged of 1.5 million ha forest area. Meanwhile, 520,000 ha
were destroyed included those in Bukit Suharto Education Forest covering no less than
4205 ha. It was about 21% of total area. This research reported the impact of forest
fire on forest dynamic after 4 years. The research plots was conducted in lowland
dipterocarps forest after fire of 9 ha experiment plots. Research plots categorized into
3 subplots of Light Felling (LF) plots (dbh > 50 cm), Heavy Felling (HF) with dbh >
30 cm and control. The result showed that average tree density/ha after prescribed fire
were 13.9%, 20.9%, and 29.1% in LF, HF and control respectively. Mean while the
diameter distribution of the stand were changed. Considering this severe damage,
forest recovery toward normal (climax) stand would take longer time, so that
rehabilitation is compulsorily important.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1565BRRimba Kalimantan26Global agricultural knowledge sharing: the CGIAR libraries consortiumAllmand, M.Ramos, M.M.Soeripto, S.W.Goldberg, E.D2003Information and communication technologies (ICT) have had an enourmous global impact. They affect not only the areas within organizations that address information processes and services but organizations as a whole. The new technologies facilitate broader access and distribution of information through the internet. The libraries and information services of the 16 centers of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) are joining together to share resources and make the information and knowledge of all Centers accessible to the world through a common internet portal. This paper shows the initiatives of the information managament professionals in the CGIAR to pool their resources and move towards the development of strategies for sharing agricultural knowledge within and beyond the system, It describes the formation a community of practice, the knowledge sharing initiative, the organization of a consortium to share resources and the constraints and challenges to achieving it.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1561BRThe Quarterly Bulletin of International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists (IAALD)1/248Rigidity versus adaptation: contribution to the debate on agricultural viability and forest sustainability in southern CameroonOyono, P.R.Mala, W.A.Tonye, J2003shifting cultivationcultureagricultureagroforestryThe Congo Basin is marked by the historical and cultural persistence, and resilience, of slash-and-burn agriculture – also known as shifting cultivation (or ‘forest agriculture’), on the one hand, and by contradictions between the relevance of externally introduced agricultural technologies and the implementation of productive agricultural mosaics, on the other. This paper examines these dynamics, insofar as they significantly influence the interface between forest and the ‘cultivated space’. In the light of Southern Cameroon’s case, and on the basis of theory, field observation, and discussions with the various actors, the paper explores the socio-cultural roots of slash-and-burn practices and draws up a typology of conceptual and scientific responses to the dilemma it represents for research, for land managers and for policy-making. Moreover, the paper shows that the articulation of agricultural cycles to agro-ecological units is evolving towards an integrated "agro-forestry" formula combining at the same time domestic fruit trees, food crops and non domesticated resources (forest trees and other forest products). These variables must be reconsidered in the design and the development of sustainable agro-ecological units based on a peaceful interaction and a progressive compromise between local communities’ vision of agricultural mosaics and the scientific effort stimulated by the absolute introduction of alternative solutions to slash-and-burn agriculture.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1556CMCulture and Agriculture225Democratic decentralisation through a natural resources lens: an introductionLarson, A.M.Ribot, J.C2004decentralizationdemocracylocal communitylocal governmentcentral governmentgovernancenatural resourcesIt is simultaneously published in Ribot, J.C. and Larson, A.M. 2005. Democratic decentralisation through a natural lens. London, Routledge. pp. 1-25ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1536CMEuropean Journal of Development Research116Formal decentralisation and the imperative of decentralisation 'from below': a case study of natural resource management in NicaraguaLarson, A.M2004decentralizationnatural resourceslocal governmentgovernanceThis article argues that decentralization of natural resource management is a political
process resisted by the central government due to the feared loss of power and/or
economic resources to local governments. In Nicaragua, although the formal process of
power transfers largely stagnated from 1997 to 2003, decentralization ‘from below’
continued to advance thanks to political pressure from civil society and municipal
governments and the increasing legitimacy of local authority. At the same time, many
municipal governments have little interest in resource management where there are few
apparent economic benefits. Local governments, too, however, respond, among other
things, to pressure from constituents and NGOs to take on resource management
initiatives. At both levels of government, local and grassroots processes are necessary
conditions to make formal decentralization democratic and responsible.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1537NIEuropean Journal of Development Research116What lies behind decentralisation?: forest, powers and actors in lowland BoliviaPacheco, P2004decentralizationdecision makingdemocracyparticipationforest managementIt is simultaneously published in Ribot, J.C. and Larson, A.M. 2005. Democratic decentralisation through a natural lens. London, Routledge. pp. 90-109This paper presents a case study of decentralized forest management in lowland Bolivia. Bolivia has undertaken important policy reforms since the mid-1990s aimed at institutionalizing popular participation and promoting democratic decentralization. In the forestry sector, municipal governments have received important responsibilities, and various mechanisms have been established to hold these governments accountable to local populations. Nevertheless, in spite of being one of the most advanced forestry sector decentralizations in developing nations, the democratization of decision-making is still limited, with local governments being primarily responsible for monitoring forest management and illegal activities, and promoting forest management by local users. The national government has retained the right to define standards and allocate forest resources. Still, the political environment prompted by decentralization has created conditions for local forest users and municipal governments to become stronger players in natural resources governance. Given this complex context, outcomes of decentralization are mixed, mainly as a result of municipal resources and capacity, local power relationships and the degree to which local economies depend on forest resources.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1538BOEuropean Journal of Development Research116Closer to people and trees: will decentralisation work for the people and the forests of Indonesia?Resosudarmo, I.A.P2004decentralizationlocal governmentforest resourceslogginglocal communityIt is simultaneously published in Ribot, J.C. and Larson, A.M. 2005. Democratic decentralisation through a natural lens. London, Routledge. pp. 110-132.For over 30 years, Indonesia's central government controlled its forests, the third
largest area of tropical forests in the world. Driven by serious political, administrative,
and economic demands for reforms, the central government has begun to decentralize,
transferring new powers to the district and municipal levels. Decentralization in the
forestry sector has included transferring income from permits, logging and reforestation
fees, as well as the right for these lower levels of government to issue logging permits.
This sudden, new access to Indonesia's lucrative timber market has led local peoples
and governments to rush to take advantage of a resource to which they previously had
little right. The result has included the proliferation of permits with little regard for the
effect on forest resources. Large areas, including some protected areas, are being
destroyed and threatened with conversion to other uses. Local peoples, however,
appear not to have been the ones receiving the primary benefits; they have been taken
instead by those who have the required capital for permits and logging.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1539IDEuropean Journal of Development Research116Contrasted land use and development trajectories in the Brazilian AmazonMertens, B.Piketty, M.G.Venturieri, A.Alves, D.Tourrand, J.F2004deforestationland use changeagricultural developmentroadsgeographical information systemscase studiesspatial analysiseconometric modelsThe Amazon is the largest tropical forest area on Earth, and is undergoing rapid
deforestation since the last four decades. These conversions are mostly located in
frontier areas distributed along the so-called “arc of deforestation”. Within this large
zone, various land use change processes are interacting through several modes of
land valorization and organization. From two case studies in the state of Para
(Brazil), the current paper aims at analyzing how these landscape dynamics in
contrasted frontier areas are related to infrastructure development, ecological
conditions, land tenure and fiscal policies, and to the evolution and the organization
of the production, consumption and marketing chains of livestock products. The
main objectives are to illustrate the spatial and temporal variability regarding
incentives and disincentives to convert tropical forests for other agricultural uses and
how do contrasted biophysical and socio-economic conditions (such as accessibility
or land tenure) affect current and future land use and development trajectories, with
a particular emphasis on the role of roads infrastructure. This study draws on
complementary datasets, socio-economic census, key informants interviews and satellite remote sensing imagery, linked with geo-referenced information on human and
biophysical conditions. These data were integrated in a GIS, and the analyses were
supported quantitatively by using spatial econometric modelling approaches and
landscape ecology tools.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1530BRBois et Forets des Tropiques280Land use change and agriculture development in Santa Cruz, BoliviaPacheco, P.Mertens, B2004land usedeforestationland use changeagricultural developmentsocioeconomicsecologygeographical information systemsThe department of Santa Cruz in Bolivia makes part of the Amazon basin, and it embraces a large portion of the Bolivian lowland forest, with most of its area covered by semideciduous forest. The agricultural development, and hence deforestation in Santa Cruz, does not follow any similar path of other tropical countries of the region, and it is characterized by a productive, high value and profitable agricultural land use. Yet, the agricultural frontier development involving both small and medium and large-scale producers has, since the two last decades, led to an exponential process of deforestation. Forest clearing is currently localized in an area known as being one of the region’s major “hot spots” of deforestation. This paper aims at analysing the dynamics of agricultural frontier expansion in Santa Cruz distinguishing different zones with varied ecological, social and economic characteristics. The three main objectives are to illustrate the magnitude and localization of deforestation in Santa Cruz in a three-fold period, to describe the differentiated dynamics of agriculture frontier development linked to diverse actors and geographical settings within the department of Santa Cruz; and to determine the factors that influence on agricultural expansion at the frontier. This study is based on informant interviews, secondary socio-economic information, and satellite remote sensing imagery integrated in a GIS to facilitate land-use change analysis.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1531BOBois et Forets des Tropiques280Forests and people: safeguarding the natural heritage in Brazilian AmazonGarcia-Fernandez, C.Shanley, P2004brazil nutsBertholletia excelsaseleniumnon-timber forest productshealth foodsIn the Brazilian Amazon, deforestation and fragmentation of tropical forests are estimated to affect one third of the region. Despite the attention given to tropical forest loss, rare mention is made of the direct loss of food, medicine and shelter to the local inhabitants. As the arc of deforestation catalyzed by logging spreads across Amazonia, data illustrating how people and valuable species respond under different conditions - and the consequences - become ever more relevant across a broad geographic range. The Forests and People project of CIFOR documents the changes that deforestation is bringing to the ecology, use and management of non-timber forest resources. The goal of the project is to generate relevant scientific and cultural information about the local value of forests, targeting a broad public from urban citizens to decison makers and health, agricultural and forestry training programs. Forest communities are the primary audience for research results since they have scant information on which to make critical decisions regarding the sale and use of forest resources.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1532BOBois et Forets des Tropiques2280Tracking system and tropical forest productsRoda, J-M.Guizol, P2004certificationforest productstropical forestssupplytrackingsystemsEcocertification, ecolabeling, in addition to other communication tools using
environmental and/or good managemnet criteria, are theoretically designed to promote
good managemnet practices among forest resources through potential market
sanctions or promotions. It is assumed that concerned consumers would
prefer products associated with the best resource management practices. However,
assuming that one piece of wood comes from a well managed forest is not helpful when
it cannot be certified that the material will not be assembled or mixed with other
material of dubios origin along the different stages of the supply chain, from the forest to
the final consumer. Most ecocertification tools based on environmental and /or good
management criteria, thus use at least two quality control tools or quality systems
tools. These are identification and tracking systems.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1563BOBois et Forets des Tropiques280Model dinamika sistem untuk pengembangan alternatif kebijakan pengelolaan hutan yang adil dan lestariPurnomo, H2003modelssystemsforest managementSystem dynamic is an effort to understand complexity of social and eco-systems of forest. Through this system, a conscious learning on interactions between people and forest will take place in order to manage forest in more sustainable and equitable manners. A system dynamic modeling was carried out in area surrounding Lumut Mountain Forest, District of Pasir, and East Kalimantan. In the area, where legally was allocated to a logging company, live local people who depend on forest and rattan. The policy makers are trying to improve the well-being of local people without sacrifying the logging company. Aim of the study was to give policy options to policy makers and likely impacts of those options. The built model comprises biophysical, social, policy and impact main components. The model shows the the change of impact indicators, which are standing stock, community income, and concession revenue and government income, given any selected policy option.ArticlesidCIFOR Head Quarter1529BOJurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika29The age structured lottery modelDewi, S.Chesson, P2003life historymortalityfecunditymeasurementmodelsenvironmentcompetitioninvasionanalysisThe lottery model of competition between species in a variable environmental has been
influential in understanding how coexistence may result from interactions between
fluctuating environmental and competitive factors. Of most importance, it has led to the
concept of the storage effect as a mechanism of species coexistence. Interactions
between environment and competition in the lottery model stem from the life-history
assumption that environmental variation and competition affect recruitment to the adult
population, but not adult survival. The strong role of life-history attributes in this
coexistence mechanism implies that its robustness should be checked for a variety of
life-history scenarios. Here, age structure is added to the adult population, and the
results are compared with the original lottery model. This investigation uses recently
developed shape characteristics for mortality and fecundity schedules to quantify the
effects of age structure on the long-term low-density growth rate of a species in
competition with its competitor when applying the standard invasibility coexistence
criterion. Coexistence conditions are found to be affected to a small degree by the
presence of age structure in the adult population: Type III mortality broadens
coexistence conditions, and type I mortality makes them narrower. The rates of
recovery from low density for coexisting species, and the rates of competitive exclusion
in other cases, are modified to a greater degree by age structure. The absolute rates of
recovery or decline of a species from low density are increased by type I mortality or
early peak reproduction, but reduced by type III mortality or late peak reproduction.
Analytical approximations show how the most important effects can be considered as
simple modifications of the long-term low-density growth rates for the original lottery
model.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1528BOTheoretical Population Biology64Age-structured population growth rates in constant and variable environments: a near equilibrium approachDewi, S.Chesson, P2004life historyagemortalityreproductionsurvivalpopulation growthprojectionsmeasurementGeneral measures summarizing the shapes of mortality and fecundity schedules are proposed. These measures are derived from moments of probability distribution related to mortality and fecundity schedules. Like moments, these measures form infinite sequences, but the first terms of these sequences are of particular value in approximating the long term-faster growth rate of an age structured population that is growing slowly. Higher order terms are needed for approximating faster growing populations. These approximations offer a general nonparametric approach to the study of life-history evolution in both constant and variable environments. These techniques provide simple quantitative representations of the classical findings that, with fixed expected lifetime and net reproductive rate, type I mortality and early peak reproduction increase in the absolute magnitude of the population growth rate, while type III mortality and delayed peak reproduction reduce this absolute magnitude.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1525BOTheoretical Population Biology65Soil rehabilitation following tractor logging: early results on amendments and tilling in a second rotation Acacia mangium plantation in Sabah, MalaysiaIlstedt, U2004Acrisolsultisolsforest plantationsforest roadsforest trailsforest soilssoil physical propertiessoil degradationlogging effectssoil water potentialrehabilitationsoil amendmentsNPK fertilizersbulk densityAcacia mangiumtillagetractorstropical rain forestsTimber extraction with crawler tractors in humid tropical forests causes degradation of
soil physical properties and decreases plant growth. We tested rehabilitation of tracks in
a second rotation Acacia mangium plantation in Sabah, Malaysia, by tilling with
additions of NPK-fertilizer, ash and organic material to a depth of 15–20 cm. Two years
after planting total basal area of A. mangium seedlings was 62% higher outside tracks
compared to unimproved tracks, while on NPK-fertilized tracks performance was 700%
higher compared to unimproved tracks. Corresponding figures for average height were
40 and 80%. After 8 days with little rain track topsoil experienced water shortage with
all studied soil improvements. For ‘non-tracked’ areas wilting-point (-1500 kPa) was not
reached during 17 days of dry weather, and more meso-pores were present.
Consequently, depending on rainfall after planting the effect of soil rehabilitation on tree
performance may be less positive than shown here, because dry periods of 2 weeks
length are common in the humid tropics. Bulk density on plots outside tracks in this
second-generation plantation was 60% higher than have been reported in similar first
generation plantations. It is discussed that this might be a warning that repeated
logging and fire may have a detrimental effect on soil physical properties.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1527MYForest Ecology and Management0378-11271-3194Sacred forest, hunting, and conservation in West Kalimantan, IndonesiaWadley, R.L.Colfer, C.J.P2004nature conservationagroforestryhuntingtraditional societyreserved forestsbiodiversityanthropologyIn a number of places, sacred forest sites play an important role in conservation and
local livelihoods. This paper examines how Iban hunters and animals alike use sacred
forest in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. To determine the relative importance of different
sites in hunting, it compares hunting effort, animal species and their numbers
encountered by hunters, and encounters and captures in a variety of forest sites
including sacred groves. The authors relate the results to the role of such sites in the
overall Iban agroforestry system and in the conservation of forest habitat that
professional conservationists deem precious. Such land use practices, while having
social and religious origins, may be important for local economic purposes, but they
may also be valuable in promoting and enhancing the more global goals of biodiversity
conservation.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1521MYHuman Ecology0300-7839332Fuzzy methods for assessing criteria and indicators of sustainable forest managementMendoza, G.A.Prabhu, R2003forest managementsustainabilityassessmentindicatorsmethodologyThis paper describes the general concepts, meaning, and definitions of sustainability and proposes the use of soft methodologies, particularly fuzzy set theory, for its assessment. Basic elements and concepts of fuzzy sets are described, including membership functions and their interpretations in the context of sustainable forest management. Moreover, fuzzy operators that can combine the operational concepts of sustainability, namely criteria and indicators are described. A simple illustrative example is described to demonstrate the application of these methodologies.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1520MYEcological Indicators3The social and organisational roots of ecological uncertainties in Cameroon’s forest management decentralisation modelOyono, P.R2004policyforest managementforestry lawdecentralizationecological disturbancecommunity forestryparticipationIt is simultaneously published in Ribot, J.C. and Larson, A.M. 2005. Democratic decentralisation through a natural lens. London, Routledge. pp.174-191.This paper examines Cameroon’s model of forest-management decentralisation by characterising its organisational infrastructure and by assessing – and anticipating – the ecological effects of those policy changes. The essay is based on nvironmental governance research conducted in Cameroon during the last three years. Five Community Forests, one Council Forest and nine forestry fee management committees were covered by the study. Methods of data collection included participant observation, analysis of historical trends, semi-structured interviews at the regional level, focus group meetings, historical transects of landscape and future scenarios. The first section describes the key reforms put in place by the new forest management regime, including the institutional and socio-organisational choices legally prescribed for outlying actors in the decentralised management of forests and their revenues. The mechanisms connecting these institutional and socio-organisational choices to implementation – that is, the management of Community Forests, Council Forests and forestry revenues – are examined in the second part of the essay. The third section assesses the social outcomes of these processes. Ecological risks and uncertainties due to the way decentralised management is conducted at both the local and the regional levels are addressed in the fourth section. The Cameroonian decentralisation model, already registered some positive infra-outcomes. After all, decentralisation is not mechanical. It is not only explainable by laws and institutional arrangements: its implementation depends on many variables. It requires sufficient time to develop due to the complexity of human and institutional behaviour and because of unpredictability, variability, contingency and change, as well as many other stimuli. In sum, it is a ‘story’ of adaptation, with successes and failures. Policy innovations and reforms are in themselves experiments and should not be perceived as victories or crises, but, instead, as arenas of ongoing lessons and progressive learning.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1513CMEuropean Journal of Development Research116Household livelihoods in semi-arid regions: is there a way out of poverty?Campbell, B.M.Luckert, M.K.Mutamba, M2003livelihoodspovertyArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1515CMCurrents31/32Chainsaws in the drugstoreShanley, P.Luz, L2003non-timber forest productsmedicinal plantsmarketshttp://www.researchinformation.co.uk/ATSept03.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1517BRAppropriate Technology330Impact of cropping methods on biodiversity in coffee agroecosystems in Sumatra, IndonesiaGillison, A.N.Liswanti, N.Budidarsono, S.van Noordwjik, M.Tomich, T.P2004biodiversitybiological indicatorsland useforestsprofitabilitycoffeeplantsfarming systemsThe sustainable management of biodiversity and productivity in forested lands requires an understanding of key interactions between socioeconomic and biophysical factors and their response to environmental change. Appropriate baseline data are rarely available. As part of a broader study on biodiversity and profitability, we examined the impact of different cropping methods on biodiversity (plant species richness) along a subjectively determined land-use intensity gradient in southern Sumatra, ranging from primary and secondary forest to coffee-farming systems (simple, complex, with and without shade crops) and smallholder coffee plantings, at increasing levels of intensity. We used 24 (40 x 5 m) plots to record site physical data, including soil nutrients and soil texture together with vegetation structure, all vascular plant species, and plant functional types (PFTs—readily observable, adaptive, morphological features). Biodiversity was lowest under simple, intensive, non-shaded farming systems and increased progressively through shaded and more complex agroforests to late secondary and closed-canopy forests. The most efficient single indicators of biodiversity and soil nutrient status were PFT richness and a derived measure of plant functional complexity. Vegetation structure, tree dry weight, and duration of the land-use type, to a lesser degree, were also highly correlated with biodiversity. Together with a vegetation, or V index, the close correspondence between these variables and soil nutrients suggests they are potentially useful indicators of coffee production and profitability across different farming systems. These findings provide a unique quantitative basis for a subsequent study of the nexus between biodiversity and profitability.http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art7ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1500IDEcology and Society29Un commentaire sur l'article de E. Niesten et R. Rice les (concessions de conservation) sonnent-elles le glas de l'amenagement forestier durable?Karsenty, A.Nasi, R2004forest conservationconcessionsfarmerslegal rightsforest managementsustainabilityConservation concessions, as advocated by E.Niesten and R.Rice, suggest the paying
revenues to populations and the State so that they may renounce income derived from
forest exploitation. Apart from the questionable transformation of peasants as renters of
conservation, serious questions arise as regards the assessment of financial
compensation; the hypothesis of repurchase of traditional rights through contracts is
barely realistic. Similarly, the argumentation with regard to sustainable management or
the underlying economic pattern is not fault-free. In the event that environmental
concessions do not constitute a global alternative to logging, the conditions of their use
as complementary instruments to already existing ones remains to be defined.ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter1498IDRevue Tiers Monde17745Model for collaborative planning of community-managed resources based on qualitative soft systems approachPurnomo, H.Mendoza, G.A.Prabhu, R2004resource managementmethodologymodelsqualitative techniquescommunity involvementcommunity actionparticipationplanningdecision makingCopyrighted 2004 by Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Reprinted by permission.A qualitative soft system model is proposed in this paper to address the inherent complecity of community-based resource management. The model follows the principles of participatory management where local stakeholders are fully engaged in different phases and stages of planning and decision making. The process starts with an open exploration of views and perspectives from all participants. Collaborative or participative modelling follows where the multiple views, perspectives and concerns are systematically organized and structured into a qualitative model describing the interrelationships, interactions, and causality relationships of the different management components, particularly the relevant indicators. The modeling process allows direct participation an involvement of all stakeholders. Hence, the resultant model is a product of the collective knowledge, expertice, and experince of the stakeholders. The model and the modelling process offer an excellent environment for learning on the part of the stakeholders as they formulate the relevant components, indicators and their dynamic interactions. The proposed approach is demonstrated using a case study involving forest communities within the Pasir District located at Kalimantan, Indonesia.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/APurnomo0401.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1497IDJournal of Tropical Forest Science116Muddling towards cooperation: a CIFOR case study of shared learning in Malinau district, IndonesiaWollenberg, E.Iwan, R.Limberg, G.Moeliono, M.Rhee, S.Sudana, M2004decision makinggroup facilitationlearningforest managementforest resourcescommunity forestryrural communitiesThis paper describes the experience of CIFOR research team in facilitating local communities to manage their natural resources in Malinau District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia during the Otonomi Daerah reform period (1998-present). The case examines how the CIFOR team used informal, shared learning to support more socially just decision among groups that shared and often contested claims to forest resources and responsibility for their management. This paper reports on the outcomes, challenges and lessons of this experience. The team experience leads them to question the desirability of creating formalised multistakeholder learning mechanisms and common strategies on single platforms, and instead, to stress the value of informal, embedded approach focused on incremental strengthening of communities is especially helpful during times of uncertainty where rapid adaptation to changing circumtances is necessary.http://www-ibyr.adm.slu.se/Currents/curr33.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1494IDCurrents33Research to integrate productivity enhancement, environmental protection, and human developmentSayer, J.A.Campbell, B.M2004adaptationcapacitydecision makingimpactassessmentintegrated systemsmodelsReprinted from Conservation Ecology. Online Journal. 5 (2) :[online] html URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol5/iss2/art32To meet the challenges of poverty and environmental sustainability, a different kind of research will be needed. This research will need to embrace the complexity of these systems by redirecting the objectives of research toward enhancing adaptive capacity, by incorporating more participatory approaches, by embracing key principles such as multi-scale analysis and intervention, and by the use of a variety of tools (e.g., systems analysis, information management tools, and impact assessment tools). Integration will be the key concept in the new approach; integration across scales, components, stakeholders, and disciplines. Integrated approaches, as described in this Special Feature, will require changes in the culture and organization of research.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1495IDCurrents33Ecological criteria and indicators for tropical forest landscapes: challenges in the search for progressSheil, D.Nasi, R.Johnson, B2004tropical forestsforest managementforest ecologysustainabilityassessmentcriteriaindicatorsinstitutionsIn the quest for global standards, “Criteria and Indicators” (C&I) are among the
foremost mechanisms for defining and promoting sustainable tropical forest
management. This paper examines some challenges posed by this approach, focusing
on examples that reflect the ecological aspects of tropical forests at a management-unit
level and assessments such as those required in timber certification. C&I can foster
better forest management. However, there are confusions and tensions to reconcile
between general and local applications, between the ideal and the pragmatic, and
between the scientific and the democratic. To overcome this requires a sober appraisal
of what can realistically be achieved in each location and how this can best be
promoted. Good judgment remains the foundation of competent management. Data can
inform this judgment, but an over-reliance on data collection and top-down bureaucratic
interventions can add to problems rather than solving them. These arguments stress
compromise, planning, guided implementation, and threat preparedness. Importance is
also placed on skills and institutions: the building blocks of effective forest
management. The authors suggest some options for improving forest management.
Although a wider discussion of these issues is necessary, procrastination is harmful.
Action is needed.
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art7ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1474IDEcology and Society19The role of fire in changing land use and livelihoods in Riau-SumatraSuyanto, S.Applegate, G.Permana, R.P.Khususiyah, N.Kurniawan, I2004forest firesoil palmsplantationspartnershipstenure systemsconflictgeographical information systemsforest plantationsResults from remote sensing analysis, participatory mapping, socio-economic
interviews, and hotspot information that were analyzed in a geographic information
system (GIS) show how fire has changed the landscape through its use in land
preparation for oil palm and timber plantations and in the development of transmigration
settlements. These timber and oil palm plantations have greatly altered the livelihood
options of the communities, and have created conflict between communities and
companies over land-use allocation and tenure. In many cases, conflict over tenure has
been the motive for forest and land fires during the annual dry season. The study
suggests that, where partnerships between communities and companies were
established to develop oil palm and timber plantations that included a greater sharing of
benefits and use of land, the incidence of fires designed to damage the planted
resource was greatly reduced.
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art15ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1541IDEcology and Society19Markets drive the specialization strategies of forest peoplesRuiz Perez, M.Belcher, B.Achdiawan, R.Alexiades, M.N.Aubertin, C.Caballero, C.J.Campbell, B.M.Clement, C.Cunningham, A.B.Fantini, A.C.De Foresta, H.Garcia-Fernandez, C.Gautam, K.H.Martinez, P.H.de Jong, W.Kusters, K.Kutty, M.G.Lopez, C.Maoyi FuAlfaro, M.A.M.Nair, T.K.R.Ndoye, O.Ocampo, R.Rai, N.Ricker, M.Schreckenberg, K.Shackleton, S.Shanley, P.Sunderland, T.C.H.Yeo Chang Youn2004commercializationforest productsforest resourcesmarketsnon-timber forest productspovertyresource managementcase studiestradeEngagement in the market changes the opportunities and strategies of forest-related peoples. Efforts to support rural development need to better understand the potential importance of markets and the way people respond to them. To this end, we compared 61 case studies of the commercial production and trade of nontimber forest products from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The results show that product use is shaped by local markets and institutions, resource abundance, and the relative level of development. Larger regional patterns are also important. High-value products tend to be managed intensively by specialized producers and yield substantially higher incomes than those generated by the less specialized producers of less managed, low-value products. We conclude that commercial trade drives a process of intensified production and household specialization among forest peoples.
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art4/ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1581IDEcology and Society29Could payments for forest carbon contribute to improved tropical forest management?Smith, J.Applegate, G2004clean development mechanismcarbonKyoto Protocollogging effectstropical forestsprojectsforest economicsUnder the Kyoto Protocol industrialized countries will be able to meet carbon emission reduction commitments by financing forestry projects that sequester carbon in developing countries. While this mechanism would compensate for missing markets in
forest environmental services, it could also enable industrialized countries to avoid
reducing energy use. This paper assesses whether such projects could contribute to
improved logging practices in the tropics. Results from studies primarily in Asia and
Latin America are analyzed in the context of the modalities of the Kyoto Protocol.
Results show that the opportunity cost of shifting from conventional logging to improved
practices may have been underestimated. At the same time the long-term carbon and
biodiversity benefits of improved forest management may have been underestimated.
These results follow primarily from the fact that most previous studies assume that a
permanent forest estate is maintained under conventional logging and that cutting
cycles are as long as 30–60 years. A more realistic scenario, however, consists of
repeated harvesting at short intervals during the first few decades, resulting in the
degradation of the forest into shrub and grassland. The implications of these results are
that forest management projects may be less cost-effective than previously assumed.
Therefore, expectations about their potential contribution to improved management
should be scaled down. At the same time, the extent to which such projects will enable
industrialized countries to avoid reducing industrial pollution is also unlikely to be
significant. Cost-effectiveness is likely to be highest where timber volumes in the first
few decades after initial logging are comparable under conventional and improved
logging. This is likely where topography is relatively flat, biodiversity values are low,
wastage of felled timber is high and the policy environment is favorable. A number of
proactive measures are suggested to expand the niche for forest management carbon
projects. These measures are justified because the incremental carbon and biodiversity
benefits in the long run may be higher than previous studies have indicated.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1473IDForest Policy and Economics1389-93416Ordenacion de bosques naturales para la explotacion sostenible de la caoba (Swietenia macrophylla): experiencias en bosques comunales de Mexico: experiencias en bosques comunales de MexicoSnook, L.K.Santos Jimenez, M.Carreon Mundo, M.Chan Rivas, C.May Ek, F.J.Mas Kantun, P.Nolasco Morales, A.Hernandez Hernandez, C.Escobar Ruiz, C2003Swietenia macrophyllacommunity forestrytenure systemsloggingregenerationsilvicultural systemsforest productssustainabilityinstitutionsAlso available in EnglishIn 2002, mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) was listed on Appendix II of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species). This requires that all producing countries define and implement sustainable production systems for mahogany, the most commercially important neotropical timber, which is still harvested from natural forests. The only serious efforts to produce mahogany sustainably from managed natural forests are those of communities in Quintana Roo, Mexico, which control 800,000 of natural production forests. Thirty-six of them currently produce a total of 7,000 m3/yr of mahogany timber. For the past 20 years, foresters and researchers have been testing and developing management systems to ensure sustainable harvests of mahogany. This has been challenging, because mahogany is typically selectively logged from a matrix of more abundant, noncommercial species, leaving a closed forest canopy and too much shade for the survival of mahogany seedlings. Researchers collaborating with communities and their foresters have carried out a range of experiments to determine how to ensure the regeneration of mahogany on community production forests. This article synthesizes twenty years of progress towards sustainable forest management on the part of the forest communities of Quintana Roo, and recent insights from 7 years of research on mahogany seed production and the establishment, survival and growth of mahogany seedlings from natural regeneration, sown seed, and planted seedlings, in response to different kinds of silvicultural treatment in natural forests.http://www.cifor.cgiar.orgftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/y5189e/y5189e11.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.orgftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/y5189e/y5189e11.pdfArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter1472MXUnasylva214/21554Social charters and organisation for access to woodlands: institutional implications for devolving responsibilities for resource management to the local level in Chivi District, ZimbabweNemarundwe, N2004decentralizationinstitutionscommunity involvementnatural resourcesmanagementorganizationswoodlandsThe "paradigm shift" in natural resource management away from state-centred control toward community-based approaches in which local people play a much more active role is situated within the theoretical framework seeking to empower local communities through decentralization policies. This study examines the organizational framework within which decentralization is implemented using a case study from southern Zimbabwe. At the local level there is a complex interface between traditional and modern authority structures, with both complimentary and conflicting jurisdictions and mandates. Given this multiplicity of organizations, the study advocates for systematic examination of appropriate organizations to be involved in the decentralization process.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1464ZWSociety and Natural Resources17Pure and mixed forest plantations with native species of the dry tropics of Costa Rica: a comparison of growth and productivityPiotto, D.Viquez, E.Montagnini, F.Kanninen, M2004forest plantationsmixed forestsspecies diversitygrowth rateIn Costa Rica, most reforestation trials with native species were established in the tropical humid region. In the dry tropics, research on the performance of native species in forest plantations is incipient and trials comparing pure and mixed designs are limited. This paper presents the results of two experimental plantations with native trees in pure and mixed plots in the dry tropics of Costa Rica. The growth and productivity of 13 native species in pure and mixed plantations was compared with Tectona grandis (L.f.) Lam, an exotic species broadly used in the region. In a plantation of relatively slower growing species, measurements taken at 68 months of age resulted in Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merril. and Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. demonstrating the best growth, followed by Astronium graveolens Jacq. and Swietenia macrophylla King. Measurements in a plantations of relatively faster growing species, at 68 months of age, showed that growth of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake was greatest in the pure and mixed plots, followed by Terminalia oblonga (Ruiz & Pav.) Steud., Anarcadium excelsum (Bert. & Balb. ex Kunth) Skeels and Pseudosamanea guachapele (Kunth) Harms. The native species grew better in the mixed plots. The pure plots of T. grandis (L.f.) Lam. were the most productive, compared to all species and the mixture of species. Plantations of T. grandis (L.f.) Lam. seem to be well adapted to the region and are certainly a commercially interesting alternative. Nevertheless, mixed plantations with native species would contribute more to sustainable management, because while single-species plantations do not provide a great range of goods and services when compared to the natural forest, mixed plantations are likely to increase this range of benefits.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1463CRForest Ecology and Management0378-1127190Regenerating mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) on clearing in Mexico's Maya forest: the effects of clearing method and cleaning on seedling survival and growthSnook, L.K.Negreros-Castillo, P2004regenerationSwietenia macrophyllaseedlingsgrowthsurvivalsilviculturecleaningfireclear fellingHypsipylashifting cultivationTo mimic catastropic disturbances which have favored the establishment of natural stands rich in mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), two 5000 square meter clearings were established in each locations using each of three treatments: complete felling; slash and burn; machine-clearing with uprooted all prior vegetation. One to three months later, and after additional 12 months, twenty 4-month-old mahogany seedlings were planted in the center of each clearing, and nearby, under the forest canopy. Vines and competing vegetation were cleaned from arond the seedlings. Fifty-eight months late, only 5% of mahogany seedlings survived under the canopy, as compared to 32% on felled clearings, and 50% on burned or machine-made clearings. At 58 months uncleaned tress averaged 352 cm in height on burned clearings, 324 cm on machine-made clearings and 195 cm on felled clearings. Surviving seedlings planted under the forest canopy had grown less than 30 cm during the same period. On burned and machine-made clearings the effect of cleaning on growth was not statistically significant, but on felled clearings cleaning increased growth by 120%, to rates similar to those on burned clearings. Attack by the Hypsipyla grandella shootborer was significantly affected by cleaning. After 58 months, only 12% of seedlings on uncleaned plots had been attacked, compared to 44% of seedlings on cleaned plots. Cleaning also significantly increased vines, particularly on seedlings planted the year after clearings were created: 36% of all seedlings on cleaned plots had vines, as compared to 19% of uncleaned seedlings. In summary, planting mahogany seedlings under the forest canopy cannot be expected to regenerate mahogany trees. Mahogany seedlings survive and grow well on clearings, with no subsequent interventions, if planted shortly after these are opened by machine or burning. This approach to regeneration could be expected to yield densities of 100 commercial sized mahogany trees/ha among a matric of 400 naturally regenerated trees/ha of other species. At this rate, regenerating mahogany on clearings equivalent to 3% of the annual cutting area intervened at each harvest, could provide for replacement of mahogany trees harvested from the permanent forest reserves in the region.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1462MXForest Ecology and Management0378-1127189Managing natural forests for sustainable harvests of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla): experiences in Mexico's community forestsSnook, L.K.Santos Jimenez, M.Carreon Mundo, M.Chan Rivas, C.May Ek, F.J.Mas Kantun, P.Nolasco Morales, A.Hernandez Hernandez, C.Escobar Ruiz, C2003Swietenia macrophyllacommunity forestrytenure systemsloggingregenerationsilvicultural systemsforest productssustainabilityinstitutionsAlso available in SpanishIn 2002, mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) was listed on Appendix II of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species). This requires that all producing countries define and implement sustainable production systems for mahogany, the most commercially important neotropical timber, which is still harvested from natural forests. The only serious efforts to produce mahogany sustainably from managed natural forests are those of communities in Quintana Roo, Mexico, which control 800,000 of natural production forests. Thirty-six of them currently produce a total of 7,000 m3/yr of mahogany timber. For the past 20 years, foresters and researchers have been testing and developing management systems to ensure sustainable harvests of mahogany. This has been challenging, because mahogany is typically selectively logged from a matrix of more abundant, noncommercial species, leaving a closed forest canopy and too much shade for the survival of mahogany seedlings. Researchers collaborating with communities and their foresters have carried out a range of experiments to determine how to ensure the regeneration of mahogany on community production forests. This article synthesizes twenty years of progress towards sustainable forest management on the part of the forest communities of Quintana Roo, and recent insights from 7 years of research on mahogany seed production and the establishment, survival and growth of mahogany seedlings from natural regeneration, sown seed, and planted seedlings, in response to different kinds of silvicultural treatment in natural forests.
http://www.cifor.cgiar.orgftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/y5189e/y5189e11.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.orgftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/y5189e/y5189e11.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1461MXUnasylva214/21554Ilala palm (Hyphaene petersiana) use in southern Zimbabwe: social and ecological factors influencing sustainabilityFoote, A.L.Krogman, N.T.Grundy, I.M.Nemarundwe, N.Campbell, B.M.Gambiza, J.Gibbs, L2003Hyphaenecraftsdynamic modelsharvestingsappalm leavesparticipatory rural appraisaltenure systemsA dynamic ecological model, calibrated with field data from the communal lands of southern Zimbabwe where Shangaaan and Ndebele people live, shows the ilala palm, Hyphaene petersiana, to be resilient to a wide range of harvesting regimes. The degree of use determines the plant population structure but not the palm's continued existence. Ilala palm sap for wine and leaves for crafts provide an important source of income at the village level. Shangaan households generally regulated palm use, with the manual workers usually being Ndebele. Despite the designation of the region as a "communal area" there are clearly social conventions limiting access to resources. The use of the plant for sap is more closely regulated than its use for leaves. Leaf harvests appear less ecologically destructive than tapping for sap. Although social rules reduce harvesting, the ecology of the palm is such that intensive harvesting may actually increase the available products by chaning the ilala palms into more accessible and useful growth form.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1459ZWForests, Trees and Livelihoods13A floristic analysis of the lowland dipterocarp forests of BorneoSlik, J.W.F.Poulsen, A.D.Ashton, P.S.Cannon, C.H.Eichhorn, K.A.O.Kartawinata, K.Lanniari, I.Nagamasu, H.Nakagawa, M.van Nieuwstadt, M.G.L.Payne, J.PurwaningsihSaridan, A.Sidiyasa, K.D.Verburg, R.W.Webb, C.O2003rain foreststropical forestsforest treesdiversityprecipitationdispersalgeographical distributionThe aim of this paper is to (1) identify floristic regions in the lowland (below 500 m a.s.l.) tropical dipterocarp rain forest of Borneo based on tree genera, (2) determine the characteristic taxa of these regions, (3) study tree diversity patterns within Borneo, and (4) relate the floristic and diversity patterns to abiotic factors such as mean annual rainfall and geographical distance between plots. Results: A total of 77 families and 363 genera were included in the analysis. On average a random sample of 640 trees from a lowland dipterocarp forest in Borneo contains 41.6 3.8 families and 103.0 12.7 genera. Diversity varied strongly on local scales. On a regional scale, diversity was found to be highest in south-east Borneo and central Sarawak. The most common families were Dipterocarpaceae (21.9% of trees) and Euphorbiaceae (12.2% of trees). The most common genera were Shorea (12.3% of trees) and Syzygium (5.0% of trees). The 28 locations were clustered in geographically distinct floristic regions. This was related to the fact that floristic similarity depended strongly on the geographical distance between plots and similarity in mean annual rainfall.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1445IDJournal of Biogeography30Provisional equations for estimating total and merchantable volume of Tectona grandis trees in Costa RicaPerez Cordero, L.D.Kanninen, M2003regression analysismerchantable volumestem formform factorsdiameterheightTectona grandisThe aim of this study was to develop equations which best predict individual-tree total volume and mercahntable volume for T. grandis in Costa Rica. A total of 112 trees with ages between 2 and 47 years and breast height diameter (dbh) between 2.4 and 58.7 cm were felled for stem analysis. Linear and non-linear regression analyses were used to model the relaitonship of total volume with dbh, with dbh and total height, and with age. The study also included merchantable volume equations that estimate merchantable volume to a minimum top diameter or bole length. The equations tested in this study fitted the observed data well. Other models, developed elsewhere, tended to overestimate the stem volume, especially at dbh bigger or the same 30cm. General geometric cylinder volume equations combined with a Stem Form Factor of 0.45 (widely used for T. grandis) were less precise than regression models when applied to this data set. Model validation with an independent data set suggested that the models should be calibrated with local data when grat accuracy is required (error less than 10%).ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1456CRForests, Trees and Livelihoods13A community-driven multi-criteria approach to developing indicators of sustainable resource managementMendoza, G.A.Prabhu, R.Nyirenda, R.Standa-Gunda, W.Mutimukuru, T2003selection criteriaindicatorsresource managementsustainabilitycommunity involvementassessmentCriteria and indicators (C&I) for sustainable resource management were generated under a facilitated community-driven approach where villagers took active roles, not only in the generation of the indicators but also in their subsequent assessment. The general procedure followed a two-stage process. Stage 1 involved a general 'scoping' process where C&I were generated by different groups and examined closely at plenary sessions. Stage 2 was aimed at assessing the indicators following a two-step process. Step 1 involved the evaluation of the indicators with respect to their relative importance to the stated objectives or criteria. In the second step, the indicators were examined more closely. Inferences or judgements were made with respect to the indicators' current condition relative to their desired future condition or target value. Step 1 resulted in 'scores' of each indicator reflecting its condition relative to its target values. All of the processes and procedures were conducted under a participative and group decision making environment. The analyses were made using the general procedure of Multi-Criteria Analysis. The site used in the study was the Mafungautsi State Forest located in the Gokwe District of Zimbabwe. Thirty community participants coming from three sites were involved in the assessment.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1457ZWJournal of Forest Policy110Towards sustainable management of mixed dipterocarp forests of South-east Asia: moving beyond minimum diameter cutting limitsSist, P.Fimbel, R.Sheil, D.Nasi, R.Chevallier, M-H2003Dipterocarpaceaeloggingsilvicultural systemsbiologymixed forestsforest treesforest ecologydiversitySelective logging applied in tropical forests is based on one universal criterion: a
minimum diameter cutting limit for all commercial timber species. Minimum
diameter cutting limits in mixed dipterocarp forests of the Malesia region lead to high
felling intensities (10–20+ trees per hectare). Such extraction rates create massive
stand damage (>50% of the remaining tree population), which has a negative impact
on the regeneration and growth of many harvested dipterocarp species. As such,
the minimum diameter cutting limit approach is seldom compatible with sustainable
forest management. Where basic ecological characteristics of the commercial
species are considered in timber harvesting prescriptions, mixed dipterocarp forests
appear capable of sustained timber yields, habitat conservation, and providing other
goods and services. This paper first presents the main silvicultural systems
developed in mixed dipterocarp forests of Western Malesia and then reviews current
knowledge of dipterocarp biology to finally develop guidelines aimed at improving the
ecological sustainability of production forests of Western Malesia. These guidelines,
a pragmatic reflection of science and ‘best guess’ judgement, include: (1)
integration of reduced-impact logging practices into normal management operations;
(2) cutting of eight trees per hectare or less (with a felling cycle of 40–60 years to be
determined according to local conditions); (3) defining minimum diameter cutting
limits according to the structure, density and diameter at reproduction of target
species; (4) avoiding harvesting species with less than one adult tree per hectare
(diameter at breast height [dbh] larger and equal to 50cm over an area of 50–100 ha);
(5) minimizing the size and connectivity of gaps (<600m2 whenever possible); (6)
refraining from treatments such as understorey clearing; and (7) providing explicit
protection for key forest species and the ecological processes they perform. Further
refinement is encouraged to allow for local conditions, and for other forest types.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1409ZWEnvironmental Conservation430Local stakeholders' participation in developing criteria and indicators for sustainable forest managementPokorny, B.Prabhu, R.McDougall, C.Bauch, R2004sustainabilityenvironmental managementselection criteriaforest managementcommunity involvementcommunicationnatural resourceslearningCriteria and indicators (C&I) for sustainable forest management are important tools to improve the quality of forest management. In most cases they have been developed by experts, but the participation of stakeholders is essential if the C&I are to be locally relevant and practicable. We asked four stakeholder groups to apply a set of C&I to a forest management unit in the eastern Amazon basin. The study confirmed the importance of involving stakeholders and demonstrated that effective efforts begin with well-defined and clearly understandable C&I. Stakeholders were better able to apply and adapt measurable verifiers than the more indicators and criteria. Intensive communication about personal experiences and subjective interpretations is necessary to prevent misunderstandings and misinterpretations. Our study also confirmed the general practical applicability of C&I and revealed their potential as instruments of communication and learning.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1395ZWJournal of Forestry1102Conserving tropical nature: current challenges for ecologistsdu Toit, J.T.Walker, B.H.Campbell, B.M2003ecologytropical forestsbiodiversitynatural resourcesinterventionlandscape ecologyTropical biodiversity continues to erode unabated, which calls for ecologists to address the problem directly, placing less reliance on indirect interventions, such as community-based development schemes. Ecologists must become more assertive in providing scientifically formulated and adaptively managed interventions, involving biodiversity payments, to serve local, regional and global interests in tropical nature. Priorities for tropical ecologists thus include the identification of key thresholds to ecological resilience, and the formulation of clear monitoring protocols and management strategies for implementation by local resource managers. A particular challenge is to demonstrate how nature reserves contribute to the adaptive capacity of regional land-use matrices and, hence, to the provision of sustainable benefits at multiple spatial and temporal scales.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1386ZWTrends in Ecology and Evolution191Decentralisation and forest management in Latin America: towards a working modelLarson, A.M2003forest managementdecentralizationlocal governmentforest policymodelscase studiesThe particular characteristics of natural resources make the decentralisation of their management to elected local governments even more complex than the decentralisation of services and infrastructure. Nevertheless, natural resources are equally importnat to rural development concerns in the Third World. Numerous countries have begun to implement policies for some for some forms decentralisation involving natural resources and the environment, and many local governments are already making decisions that affect the future of local resources. This article reviews experiences with decentralisation of forest management in Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. Based on those experiences, it proposes a working model for more effective decentralisation strategies. The model addresses the legal structure for decentralised forest management and relevant variables that define the local decision-making sphere, as well as key mediating factors that also affect outcomes. Most of these variables, even in the local sphere, offer important sites for policy and aid intervention.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1389BOPublic Administration and Development23Aboveground biomass of Tectona grandis plantations in Costa RicaPerez Cordero, L.D.Kanninen, M2003Tectona grandisbiomassplantationsdiameterstand densityThere are few studies on biomass distribution for Tectona grandis plantations in Costa Rica. This paper reports the distribution of total aboveground biomass of T. grandis and its relationship with diameter at breast height (dbh), age and stand density in plantations across Costa Rica. Foliage, branch, stem and total aboveground biomass were highly correlated both with dbh (r > 0.91) and with age (r < 0.85). Foliage dry biomass represented between 1 and 6% of the total tree dry biomass, while 5 to 30% corresponded to branches and 70 to 90% to stem dry weight. Per hectare aboveground biomass tended to incease with increasing age class (young, intermediate and mature). Foliage dry biomass varied between 3 and 9 Mg Ha-1, branch dry biomass between 11 abd 54 Mg Ha-1, stem dry biomass between 70 and 221 Mg ha-1, and total aboveground dry biomass between 84 and 284 Mg ha-1, and total aboveground dry biomass between 84 and 284 Mg ha-1. Significant relations between crown diameter and aboveground biomass with dbh, age and stand density, useful for the management of stand competition, are the main results of this study.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1375CRJournal of Tropical Forest Science115Modelling carbon sequestration in afforestation and forest magement projects: the CO2FIX V 2.0 approachMasera, O.R.Garza-Caligaris, J.F.Kanninen, M.Karjalainen, T.Liski, J.Nabuurs, G.J.Pussinen, A.de Jong, B.H.J.Mohren, G.M.J2003modelsforestscarbon sequestrationforest managementafforestationagroforestryforest managementresearch projectsKyoto ProtocolThe paper describes the Version 2 of the CO2FIX (CO2FIX V.2) model, a user-friendly
tool for dynamically estimating the carbon sequestration potential of forest
management, agroforesty and afforestation projects. CO2FIX V.2 is a multi-cohort
ecosystem-level model based on carbon accounting of forest stands, including forest
biomass, soils and products. Carbon stored in living biomass is estimated with a forest
cohort model that allows for competition, natural mortality, logging, and mortality due to
logging damage. Soil carbon is modeled using five stock pools, three for litter and two
for humus. The dynamics of carbon stored in wood products is simulated with a set of
pools for short-, medium- and long-lived products, and includes processing efficiency,
re-use of by-products, recycling, and disposal forms. The CO2FIX V.2 model estimates
total carbon balance of alternative management regimes in both even and uneven-aged
forests, and thus has a wide applicability for both temperate and tropical conditions.
Results for the model testing and validation in selected temperate and tropical forest
management systems are presented and discussed.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1376CREcological Modelling1-2164Performance of forest plantations in small and medium-sized farms in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa RicaPiotto, D.Montagnini, F.Ugalde, L.Kanninen, M2003degraded landdegraded forestsincentivesafforestationtreesplantationschoice of speciesTerminaliaExotic tree species predominate in reforestation in tropical regions worldwide. However, some native species are suitable for plantations, providing a wider variety of products. Adequate government programs of incentives, coupled with good technical advice to farmers, are needed to stimulate reforestation, especially among small and medium-sized farmers with limited financial resources. This project evaluates growth of native and exotic tree species on plantations in small and medium-sized farms in the Atlantic humid lowlands of Costa Rica, Central America. A total of 210 pure plantations, ranging in age from 6 to 11 years, were evaluated on 123 farms that had used government incentives for reforestation, and had received technical advice from local non-government organizations. For each species, seven plantations were chosen at random for study. In each plantation, plots of 15 trees each were chosen systematically for evaluation of diameter at breast height (dbh), total height, number of trees per hectare, tree form and spacing. Terminalia amazonia (J.F. Gmel) Exell, Hieronyma alchorneoides Allemao, and Vochysia guatemalensis Donn. Sm. were the most frequent species found in plantations in the region of study. Gmelina arborea Roxb. (exotic) and V. guatemalensis (native) had the highest mean annual diameter increment with 2.90 and 2.59 cm, respectively. Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (native) had the lowest mean annual diameter increment (1.48 cm). G. arborea and V. guatemalensis had the highest mean annual volume increment, followed by Tectona grandis (L.f) Lam. (exotic), and T. amazonia and Cordia alliodora (R&P) Cham. (both native). Although G. arborea had the greatest mean annual diameter increment, it had the lowest plantation density and problems with form. V. guatemalensis and T. amazonia, two native species, were the most promising species for reforestation, due to good growth in volume, good form, and adaptability to a variety of sites. The poor form of exotic species was related to the low intensity management methods of small farmers. Exotic species had the highest performance variability between sites, while native species showed relatively high growth homogeneity. Therefore, native species seem more promising than exotics for general use across varying ecological conditions.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1377CRForest Ecology and Management0378-11271-3175Stand growth scenarios for Bombacopsis quinata plantations in Costa RicaPerez Cordero, L.D.Kanninen, M.Ugalde Arias, L.A2003forest plantationsBombacopsis quinataproductivityhigh yielding varietiesstand densityrotationsmodelsIn total 60 plots of approximately 80 trees each (including missing trees) were measured, with ages between 1 and 26 years. The main objective of this study was to develop intensive management scenarios for B. quinata plantations in Costa Rica to ensure high yielding of timber wood. The scenarios were based on a fitted curve for the relationship of DBH, and total height with age. A criterion of maximum basal area (18, 20, 22 and 24 m2 ha-1) was used to simulate different site qualities. Plantation density was modeled as a function of the crown area occupation of the standing trees.
The scenarios consist of rotation periods between 23 and 30 years, final densities of 100–120 trees ha-1, mean DBH between 46 and 56 cm, and mean total heights of 30–35 m. The productivity at the end of the rotation varies between 9.6 and 11.3 m3 ha-1 per year, yielding a total volume at the end of the rotation of 220–340 m3 ha-1. The scenarios presented here may provide farmers and private companies with useful and realistic growth projections for B. quinata plantations in Costa Rica.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1378CRForest Ecology and Management0378-11271-3174Growth and effects of thinning of mixed and pure plantations with native trees in humid tropical Costa RicaPiotto, D.Montagnini, F.Ugalde, L.Kanninen, M2003silvicultural systemsgrowthdiameterincrementmerchantable volumethinningforest plantationsafforestationchoice of speciestropical rain forestsCalophyllum brasilienseVochysiaTerminaliaJacaranda copaiaRubiaceaeVirolaReforestation efforts are being promoted throughout the humid tropics in response to increased areas of deforested and abandoned or degraded lands. Farmers need technical information on species performance, plantation design and management in order to make appropriate choices of species and silvicultural techniques to achieve high productivity. In Costa Rica, government incentives have promoted the planting of native tree species, but information is still scarce on species performance and silvicultural management. The present study examines the growth and responses to thinning of native species in mixed and pure-species plantations in the Caribbean Lowlands of Costa Rica. At 9–10 years of age, the species with best growth in diameter and volume were Vochysia guatemalensis Donn. Sm., Terminalia amazonia (J. Gmell) Excell, Jacaranda copaia (Aubl) D. Don, Virola koschnyi Warb. and Vochysia ferruginea Mart. Most species had better growth in mixed than in pure-species plantations. The slower growing species Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess and Genipa americana L. grew better in pure than in mixed stands. Mixed plantations (combinations of 3–4 species) ranked among the most productive in terms of volume. Trees responded to thinning with increased diameter growth, while height was not generally influenced by thinning. Tight initial spacing and thinning with high extraction of stems can improve growth and timber quality of stands. Results of the present research are useful to improve species choices for reforestation and plantation management in the humid lowlands of Costa Rica and in other regions with similar ecological characteristics.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1379CRForest Ecology and Management0378-11271-3177Writing off Indonesia’s forestry debt: how the IMF, the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency and Bank Mandiri are financing forest destructionBarr, C.Setiono, B2003deforestationforestrydebtsubsidiesbank loansforest products industriesBank Mandiri, the largest bank in Indonesia, was the latest government institution to provide financial subsidies to Indonesian forestry conglomerates by writing off major part of their debts. Before Bank Mandiri, IBRA, under the pressure by the IMF for the “quick sales” of its assets, had written off debts of these forestry companies, in the amount of billions of US dollars. Previously, these forestry companies had grown rapidly, without regard to sustainable forests, due to Suharto's forest subsidies. These latest capital subsidies will encourage the companies to undervalue the forests they are charged with managing, and this will lead to continued high level forest destruction-paid for with public money.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1380IDMultinational Monitor1124Learning to learn: research into adaptive and collaborative management of community forestsMcDougall, C2001social forestryforest managementcommunity forestrysocial learningparticipationcollaborationThe author highlights conceptual, substantive and methodological aspects of participatory action research (PAR) into adaptive collaborative management (ACM) of community forest in some selected FUGs in the Hills of Nepal. Three main concepts of ACM identified as the core of research include: collaboration among stakeholders, conscious social learning and application of learning feedback to management. Ten specific elements have been recently innovated around the three broad areas of ACM, and the research team uses them as a basis to assess and facilitate action research at local level. The author indicates that all the four partner FUGs have shown significantly greater progress towards improving collaboration, conscious social learning and application of feedback than during the time before the PAR. Future activities of research are expected to enable FUGs to achieve goals, and at the same time enable researchers to draw broad lessons as regards conditions, processes and outcomes of ACM, along with potential strategies and tools to facilitate the process.http://www.forestaction.org/cynthiajuly01.htmArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1382NPJournal of Forestry and Livelihoods12Reassessing the fuelwood situation in developing countriesArnold, J.E.M.Persson, R2003fuelwoodpovertyusesincomeenergy consumptionforestsreviewsCopyrighted 2003 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlAnalysis of the fuelwood situation has been hampered by lack of reliable information, and has been the subject of considerable debate. The present paper assesses the implications of recent information on the subject. New data and recent more accurate projections show that increasing urbanisation and rising incomes lead to fuelwood users shifting to charcoal and other fuels. The rate of increase in fuelwood use is slowing down and in some areas consumption is now in decline. In contrast, charcoal use is growing strongly and is becoming a much larger part of the woodfuels total in some regions. In general, the new information supports arguments that fuelwood use seldom requires major interventions to maintain or augment supplies, though in some areas charcoal may. However, though woodfuels may be less of a concern to the security of the forest estate than was previously feared, huge numbers of people continue to rely on woodfuels as a source of energy or income, and will continue to do so. The review argues that these linkages constitute a larger component of the contribution that forestry can make to poverty alleviation than appears to be currently reflected in most forestry and agroforestry policies and programmes. Areas that could need attention in order to address such neglect are discussed.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AArnold0301.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1354NPInternational Forestry Review45Technological change and tropical deforestation: a perspective at the household levelvan Soest, D.P.Bulte, E.H.Angelsen, A.van Kooten, G.C2002deforestationagricultureland useintensificationtechnologyagricultural householdsmodelsThis paper analysis the effects of technological change in agriculture on forest clearing by households in developing countries. The possible effects are found to be many and
diverse, depending on the type of change and the institutional context. It concludes
that agricultural intensification is certainly not the panacea that some believe it to be.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1365NPEnvironment and Development Economics27Forest law enforcement and rural livelihoodsKaimowitz, D2003forestry lawillicit loggingrural communitiesinternational agreementsinternational cooperationCopyrighted 2003 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlInternational concern about illegal forestry activities has grown markedly. Asian, African, and European governments have held high-level regional conferences on Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG). Indonesia has signed path-breaking Memoranda of Understanding on illegal logging with the United Kingdom, China, and Norway. The Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Forum on Forests, the International Tropical Timber Organisation, and the G8 have all issued forceful statements, and incorporated the issue in their work plans. The European Commission has committed itself to formulating a European FLEG Action Plan. Japan and Indonesia have initiated an Asian Forest Partnership, with a major focus on illegal logging. Global Witness, the Environmental Investigation Agency, Transparency International, Greenpeace, Global Forest Watch, and Friends of the Earth have raised public awareness about the problem.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AKaimowitz0301.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1351NPInternational Forestry Review35Illegal logging, collusive corruption and fragmented governments in Kalimantan, IndonesiaSmith, J.Obidzinski, K.SubarudiSuramenggala, I2003illicit loggingcorruptiongovernanceforestryCopyrighted 2003 by the Commowealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlThe paper distinguishes between collusive and non-collusive corruption in the forestry sector and analyses their interaction with the political/institutional environment. While non-collusive corruption increases costs for the private sector, collusive corruption reduces costs for the bribee, therefore it is more persistent. Data from confidential interviews in Indonesia show that illegal logging, supported by collusive corruption, became widespread after the fall of President Suharto. While economic liberalisation and competition among government officials may lower non-collusive corruption, they exacerbate collusive corruption. During political transitions, countries are particularly vulnerable to collusive corruption because governments are often weak and fragmented, with underdeveloped institutions. Sustained wider reform and institutional strengthening to speed up the transition to a true democracy is needed to fight collusive
corruption. For Indonesia greater accountability of government, legal and judicial reform and encouragement of public oversight could be useful corner stones for combating illegal logging and corruption.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ASmith0301.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1352IDInternational Forestry Review35Biomasa y carbono en plantaciones de Terminalia amazonia en la zona Sur de Costa RicaMontero, M.Kanninen, M2003carbonplantationsbiomassTerminaliastand densityBiomass and carbon in Terminalia amazonia plantations in the South of Costa Rica.
The study was carried out in a spacing trial with an experimental design consisting of
randomized complete blocks, with three treatments and three replicates. Treatments
were 2 m x 2 m (2500 trees/ha), 2.5 m x 2.5 m (1.600 trees/ha) and 3 m x 3 m (1111
trees/ha). The trial is located in Mogos, Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
Results at 10 years of age indicate significant differences between treatments. These
differences suggest that the stand density of 1600 trees/ha is the best option to
maximize diameter growth and total height, as well as a greater yield of Terminalia
amazonia. Results of wood density found in this study are similar to those reported in
the literature (0.70 g/cm3). The biomass expansion factor (BEF) for this plantation is
similar to that reported for natural forests. The factor to calculate the BEF for an
individual tree is 1.3, and 1.2 per hectare. The allometric models adjusted for predicting biomass on the different tree components in relation to dbh had a satisfactory
adjustment. The determination coefficients explained an average of 93% of data
variability. The carbon fraction determined for the tree components of T. amazonia, as
well as the different spacings, did not show a significant variation. The average values
for stem, branches and foliage were 0.48, 0.43, and 0.42, respectively. The
aboveground biomass per tree component under the 3 m x 3 m spacing differed from
the other two treatments. Dry biomass production was greater at 1600 trees/ha density.
The carbon stored by different tree components at the age of 10 years suggests that T.
amazonia stores carbon in a more efficient manner under the 2.5 m x 2.5 m spacing
(1600 trees/ha), with a rate of 4.9 Mg/ha/year.ArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter1332CRRevista Forestal Centroamericana39Costa Rican metsät tuottavat ympäristöpalveluja [Finnish]Myatt-Hirvonen, OKanninen, M2003forest policyforestry laweconomicsenvironmental servicesThe paper describes the changes in Costa Rican forest policy during the last 30 years from deforestation to payments of environmental services. The current services payment system based on forestry law of 1996 is described. The paper discusses positive and negative experiences of the current payment system and major challenges for the future.ArticlesfiCIFOR Head Quarter1333CRMetsätieteen aikakauskirja1Growth assessment in tropical trees: large daily diameter fluctuations and their concealment by dendrometer bandsSheil, D2003stemsDipterocarpaceaegrowthmeasurementdendrometersTree stems contract and expand as stem water is depleted and replaced. Band
dendrometer studies suggest that such daily changes are small (<0.2 mm diameter),
and they are ignored in most growth measurements. However, several studies using
other approaches note larger changes (even >1 cm diameter), suggesting that
significant biases are possible. An exploratory study examined the pattern and
magnitude of daily stem changes and whether commercial band-dendrometers were
able to reveal them. A method involving multiple precision measurements on eight trees
in a Bornean hill dipterocarp forest revealed daily shrinkage and expansion of girth of
around 1 mm. Fluctuations were greater in bright weather. Band-dendrometers detected
these changes but revealed less than a tenth of their magnitude. An analytical model
for dendrometer error is presented that predicts how measurement biases can be
reduced. Tropical trees can fluctuate appreciably in stem diameter over the day. These
reversible changes are of sufficient magnitude to merit concern in growth studies.
Influential biases seem especially likely when measurement intervals are short and
involve systematic differences in timing and weather. Further study is required to gauge
the more general influence of these measurement problems.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1327IDCanadian Journal of Forest Research1033The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the mythsLambin, E.F.Turner, B.L.Geist, H.J.Agbola, S.J.Angelsen, A.Bruce, J.W.Coomes, O.T.Dirzo, R.Fischer, G.Folke, C2003land useland use changecase studiescauseseconomic situationmarketsland policyCommon understanding of the causes of land-use and land-cover change is dominated by simplifications which, in turn, underlie many environment-development policies. This article tracks some of the major myths on driving forces of land-cover change and proposes alternative pathways of change that are better supported by case study evidence. Cases reviewed support the conclusion that neither population nor poverty alone constitute the sole and major underlying causes of land-cover change worldwide. Rather, peoples' responses to economic opportunities, as mediated by institutional factors, drive land-cover changes. Opportunities and constraints for new land uses are created by local as well as national markets and policies. Global forces become the main determinants of land-use change, as they amplify or attenuate local factors.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1329IDGlobal Environmental Change411Estimacion del volumen comercial a diametros y alturas variables para Tectona grandis L.F. en Costa RicaPerez Cordero, L.D.Kanninen, M2003Tectona grandisestimationmerchantable volumemeasurementdiameterEstimation of the commercial volume to diameters and variable heights for Tectona
grandis L.F. in Costa Rica. Management practices for Tectona grandis have improved
during the last decade. However, accurate volume equations are not available yet. The
aim of this study was to test equations which best predict individual-tree total volume and
merchantable volume (at variable top diameter and top height) for T. grandis in Costa
Rica. A total of 112 trees with ages between 2 and 47 years and breast height
diameter (DBH) between 2.4 and 58.7 cm were felled for the testing of the equations.
The equations tested in this study fitted well the observed data. Other models, tested
elsewhere, tended to overestimate the stem volume, especially at DBH ³ 30 cm. Model
validation with independent data suggested that the models should be calibrated with
local data if high accuracy is required (error less than 10%).ArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter1331CRRevista Forestal Centroamericana39Participatory analysis of heterogeneity, an approach to consolidate collaborative initiatives at community levelPokorny, B.Cayres, G.Nunes, W2003collaborationcommunity forestryparticipationInsufficient attention had been given to the development of effective and practicable
methodologies to actively involve intra-community groups in constructive discussions
about their own heterogeneity and its implications for collaborative action. An approach to participatory analysis of group heterogeneity was tested in three communities in the Eastern Amazon, using four steps: 1. identification of criteria for heterogeneity, 2. definition and characterization of stakeholder types within the community, 3. identification of difficulties, contributions and expectations related to each type, and 4. discussion of findings. The study revealed that the participants of collaboratively working groups at community level are very diverse in their individual characteristics, interests and values. By defining criteria of heterogeneity, developing a typology and using a symbolic language, the groups were enabled to define issues critical to their group and ensure their interest, understanding and acceptance of the aspects discussed. The smallest unit in the typology was in all cases a group member and their related family. Emotional parameters play a key role in people's perceptions of heterogeneity. The proposed approach can be adapted in many ways to facilitate learning about heterogeneity, motivation and the interests of local stakeholders.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1324CRForests, Trees and Livelihoods213Local priorities and biodiversitySheil, D.Liswanti, N.van Heist, M.Basuki, I.SyaefuddinSamsoedin, I.RukmiyatiSardjono, M.A2003biodiversitylocal peopleland uselandscapeA succinct account of the development and application of methods to assess biodiversity with the involvement of local communities in the forests of Malinau East Kalimantan. The new approach is shown to offer many benefits over more conventional approaches.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ITTO_Journal.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1322CRITTO Tropical Forest Update113Some doubts about concessions in Brazil: should Brazil shelve its proposed system of forest concessions?Merry, F.Amacher, G.S.Pokorny B.Lima, E.Scholz, I.Nepstad, D.C.Zweede, C.J2003concessionstimberstimber supplyThe government of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil inherited, in its National Forest
Program, a formidable proposal to increase the area designated to national forests
(FLONAs) in the Amazon from eight to 50 million hectares by the year 2010. This
objective is an ambitious and worthy conservation goal, and one that appears to be
holding approval, give or take a few million hectares, within the new government.
Attached to this plan, however, is a lingering desire to allow private timber harvesting
on FLONAs through a system of forest concessions. The decision of the previous
government to adopt concessions was based on the premise that such a program
would increase profits from forestry, reduce illegal logging, and increase the adoption of
sustainable forest management practices. The current government has taken a more
cautious approach, but nonetheless continues to be tied to the idea of timber
concessions in FLONAs. In this article, we question the need for concessions and then
identify some major concerns should they become a reality. We argue that while
expanding FLONAs is a good idea, allowing timber harvests within these forests is a
risk that, for now, Brazilian society should not take.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1315CRITTO Tropical Forest Update313Your biosphere is my backyard: the story of Bosawas in NicaraguaKaimowitz, D.Faune, A.Mendoza, R2003forest managementprotected areasgovernancecentral governmentforest policyDespite efforts to establish protected areas around the world, the authority of government remains weak in forested areas. This paper examines the largest protected area in Central America, Bosawas National Natural Resource Reserve in Nicaragua, to demonstrate how overlapping systems of governance have encouraged rapid ecological destruction and social differentiation, as well as corruption and violence. The paper traces the history of the Bosawas to illustrate these points. It covers the period until 2001. It concludes that Migdal's observation about forest governance as being guided by 'strong societies and weak states' (1988) is unlikely to change and must be the starting point for future efforts in decentralized natural resource management.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1303NIPolicy Matters12Setulang village protects its river: Ramses Iwan on behalf of the Setulang communityIwan, R2003watershedscommunity forestryforest conservationThe Setulang community in Malinau, Indonesia has resisted offers of substantial sums of money from timber companies to gain access to their lands. Instead they have sought to conserve their forest because of the many services it provides them. This article, written by a member of the Setulang community, explains the background of this case of community conservation in Borneo.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1304NIPolicy Matters12Bridging the gap: communities, forests and international networksColchester, M2003Community forestry has transformed over the past 25 years from being an experimental means of providing wood-fuel for the rural poor to a community-led movement demanding reform of the forestry sector. International networks to promote community forestry, which emerged at very different moments in this history with different visions, goals, targets and participants, have played a key role in this transformation. Based on a review of seven countries and ten networks, the study compiles the main lessons learned from this experience in term of effectiveness, communications techniques, network governance, relations with donors and linkage to social movements. The increasing mobilisation of community-based organisations means that supportive NGOs and government agencies now need to play a different role to the one they gave themselves 25 years ago.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1305NIETFRN News39-40Time for something different: putting markets to the service of the forest poorScherr, S.J.White, A.Kaimowitz, D2003policysocioeconomicsThis article describes opportunities to achieve both conservation and poverty alleviation goals. The goals, held by local, national and international groups, present a new agenda for achieving these goals and call for new and heightened attention by development planners, industry, conservation groups and governments, as well as groups of low-income producers, particularly on developing countries. This paper also describes and analyzes the potentials and demonstrates the feasibility of the goals with real world cases of community forest businesses and innovative policies and business partnerships.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1306NIETFRN News39-40Special issueBeyond timber: certification of non-timber forest productsShanley, P2003certificationnon-timber forest productssustainabilityBecause the term non-timber forest products encompasses such a vast array of goods,
various certification schemes are being applied to them with greater or lesser degrees
of success and relevance. This review positions NTFPs within the context of
sustainable forest product certification, describing the limitations and adjustments that
need to be made for the tool to be applied. Drawing from case studies in Latin
America, many impediments to successful implementation of NTFP certification are
described including high costs, inaccessibility for small producers, lack of organization
among collectors, and lack of adequate land tenure required for certification. In spite of
significant obstacles, there are a number of successful experiences that can be
expanded to other products. In addition, the process of creating standards has had
positive ripple effects among producers, traders, companies and policy makers by
planting seeds of a new vision of socially and environmentally responsible forest
management.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1307NIETFRN News39-40Partnerships and sustainable forest management: towards sustaining mahogany (Swietenia Macrophylla) in the Maya forest of Mexico and BelizeSnook, L.K2003Swietenia macrophyllapartnershipssustainabilityforest managementMahogany has become the flagship species in debates about the feasibility of
sustainable forest management in the tropics. Communities that own and control
approximately 500,000 ha of permanent forest estate in Quintana Roo, Mexico, and an
NGO that manages over 100,000 ha in neighboring Belize, have both made
considerable progress towards implementing sustainable management of natural forests
for mahogany production. Both types of forest managers are interested in the long term,
rather than discounting their futures and choosing actions to maximize net present
value. In part, their achievements reflect investments made by European bilateral and
multilateral donors and American foundations. In addition, forest managers have sought
collaboration with researchers to help them determine the best ways of achieving
sustainability. Studies carried out under the leadership of CIFOR researchers on these
production forests have revealed how silvicultural management can mimic natural
disturbances that have favored the regeneration of stands rich in mahogany in the past.
As a results of these partnerships, community and NGO forest owners are now in a
position to demonstrate effective techniques for sustaining mahogany harvests that can
be applied to forests elsewhere in Central and South America.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1308MXETFRN News39-40Central control of local resource management: the impacts of devolutionWollenberg, E.Campbell, B.M.Shackleton, S.Edmunds, D.Shanley, P2003decentralizationnatural resourcesresource managementThis paper evaluates the impacts of natural resource devolution policies in several
Asian and southern African countries from the perspective of local people. Devolution
outcomes are assessed in terms of who has greater benefits and decision-making
authority. We also examine the factors that have influenced the devolution process.
We conclude that:ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1309MXETFRN News39-40Special issueThe impact of decentralised forest governance: a case study from Boliviade Jong, W.Becker, M.Ruiz, S.Gottwald, C2003decentralizationnatural resourcesresource managementforest managementgovernanceThe last decade has seen profound overhauls of governance in many tropical countries. Countries have adopted new economic policies, very much influenced by free-market thinking, and a reduced regulatory role of the state and its subsidiaries. This coincided with widespread decentralization of government, including natural resource governance. Bolivia is mostly known for its Andean uplands, but substantial parts of its territory are under tropical forest. Especially the economy of the northern part of the country relies for a large part on income from forest products like Brazil nuts and timber. In the middle the 1990s Bolivia enacted a set of new national laws that are affecting forest products based industries. The principal laws are several decentralization laws, a new land reform law, and a new forestry law. The new regulatory framework has resulted in a progressively larger ownership of forest land and forests by rural communities. The impact that this has on people’s livelihoods is still not entirely clear. In northern Bolivia, there is evidence that old unresolved conflicts over natural resources are erupting again. There is also evidence that some of the feudal dependency relations that existed until before the program of legal reform, are adapting themselves to the new legal framework, but not disappearing. In some places with more access to social infrastructure, a new type of forest tycoons replace the rubber and Brazil nut barons from earlier days. The local communities, new owners of forests, still have inadequate skills, knowledge and leverage that frees them from the patronage of these new rulers of the north. Political patronage by people seeking votes for public office dominates village level politics in many locations and hinders the true democratization of rural Bolivia. Despite these initial shortcomings the natural resource governance decentralization has recognizable positive outcomes. The expected positive impact, however, will need more time than initially expected.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1310BOETFRN News39-40Learning in adaptive collaborative management of community forests: lessons from IndonesiaYasmi, Y.Kusumanto, Y2003forest managementcommunity forestrycollaborationforest policyparticipationlearningThis paper describes CIFOR’s experiences in implementing ACM research in two sites in Indonesia; East Kalimantan and Jambi. The focus of this paper is on how joint (or social) learning is designed, implemented and institutionalized in every stage of the research. The methodology of the research was participatory action research (PAR) that allowed the research team to carry out two concurrent roles: at the same time they were involved in action (introducing and facilitating the development of ACM) and in observing the process and results for an outside audience (research). It was found that the most important factor in learning was a “trigger” that was a major concern to all stakeholders. A trigger can be an issue or problem. In East Kalimantan case major problems faced by stakeholders were lack of trust among stakeholders, ineffective communication and information exchange within a particular stakeholder group and among stakeholder groups. Meanwhile, in Jambi the major problem was unclear village boundaries. In both cases, inter and intra stakeholders dialogues were used as platform for learning. Along the processes component of learning and learning issues were jointly identified. Learning occurred not only horizontally but also vertically. Some important outcomes of learning are knowledge construction, knowledge sharing, trust building, joint action and also a sense of ownership.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1311IDETFRN News39-40Influencing the international forest policy: the role of collaborative researchBose, P2003forest policycollaborationresearchpartnerships‘Does research in collaboration with partners has any impact on shaping global
forest policy?’ is a question being asked more frequently. Often, the challenges
faced by most academic research institutions while working with partners and trying
to measure impacts are in terms of: a. Interpreting impact of research partnership, which is difficult by the fact that different stakeholders understand ‘impact’ differently. b. Implementation hindrance in working with ‘partners’. This paper will deal with the above-mentioned challenges, addressing the following questions related to partnerships in adaptive collaborative management plans: a. What role is there for research? b. What is needed to facilitate the learning perspective in terms of the institutional environment, leadership and organisational change? c. What is the potential of research to contribute to improved livelihoods and sustainable forest management? For the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), doing research in collaboration with partners remains the key success mantra in influencing major global policy issues – forests and people – and public opinion. The purpose of this paper is to present CIFOR’s decade-long learning experience, process and strategy of working in close alliance with its partners. The paper begins by exploring CIFOR’s strategic relationship in doing science with local communities, civil societies, academic and research institutes, governments,
donors and policy makers. Then, it goes on to sketch out how networking, capacity
building, bridging valuable links and acting as an intermediary among partners
intersecting the global, national and local levels have impact on forest policy. Briefly,
it illustrates how international institutes such as the World Bank, FAO, GEF/CBD,
WRI, UNFF and ITTO, among other organisations, are utilising CIFOR’s research
and network studies in prioritising and disseminating through their policy
documents. These major institutes often provide support such as technical advice
as well as financial investment in forest activities to governments, NGOs and
academics. In third part, the paper addresses CIFOR and its partner’s achievements
in assisting institutions and individuals from developing countries through its
collaborative research approach. The study corroborates other findings that ‘partnership’ research on forests and people is successful thanks to strong, strategic, shared leadership that purposely seeks creating collaborative advantage. Also, that collaborative research has higher mutual accountability and shared vision with sense of purpose. Primarily findings suggest that collaboration research yields greater utility value through the dissemination and implementation of research outputs. The study concludes that: a. partnership can be best understood as a social instrument that can enhance policy effectiveness;
b. though collaborative research is a slow process, it can influence major decision through its findings; c. collaborative research plays a crucial role in establishing networks and thereby wider dissemination. Finally, we conclude that, while the impact of research on policies changes over a period of time, one thing that remains constant is the value of partnership.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1312IDETFRN News39-40Facilitating collaboration and partnerships: lessons from adaptive collaborative management in the PhilippinesHartanto, H2003collaborationforest managementpartnershipsCommunity forestry has a long history in the Philippines. It began as early as in the
1970s, when the government started a people-oriented forestry initiative in the country.
Three decades of experience have led to the creation of a flagship programme called
Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) in 1995. Nevertheless, devolution and
decentralisation also create complexity and confusion. With authorities, rights and
responsibilities being shared among various government agencies and communities, a
greater number of 'groups' emerged with different and sometimes conflicting interests,
objectives, mandates and values. In the midst of these institutional and management
complexities we carried out a research project on Adaptive Collaborative Management
(ACM) in two CBFM sites in the Philippines. The ACM approach, which focuses on
social learning, communication and collective action among diverse stakeholders, was
used to facilitate collaboration and learning among the People's Organisations (PO),
DENR and other local stakeholders in the Philippines. Our three years of work on ACM
implementation revealed improvements in human and social capital that indicate
increased collaboration and partnerships in action and learning within and across
stakeholders. Some of the improvements observed include: PO members jointly
planned their action in a more strategic way; increased joint action within the PO
members (and the revival of the local culture of bayanihan and pahina) and across
stakeholders; development of a monitoring system which was designed and developed
by the PO, DENR and other local stakeholders in Palawan; the PO members monitored
their actions in a more structured and conscious way; increased experimentation by
PO members, such as in establishing cut flower nursery, handicraft making and herbal
medicine processing, that allowed them to learn the best option and minimise risks.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1313PHETFRN News39-40Capturing the value of forest carbon for local livelihoodsSmith, J.Scherr, S.J2003carbonprojectsKyoto Protocoltropical forestsrisksocial impactpovertyThis article contributes to the debate on the social implications of carbon forestry projects by showing that tradeoffs exist between social benefits of projects and their cost-effectiveness. Large scale industrial plantations and strict forest protection are economically viable, but pose the highest social risks. Socially beneficial projects are less cost-effective because of their higher transaction costs. Enabling policies are also required for their success. Regulation of carbon markets will therefore be required to reduce social risks and enhance benefits. The authors propose a number of regulatory and proactive measures and justify them on the basis of market imperfections and concepts of sustainable development.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1294PHWorld Development0305-750X1231Empirical determination of political cultures as a basis for effective coordination of forest management systemsPokorny, B.Schanz, H2003culturetheoryforest managementparticipationmethodologysustainabilityTo design viable strategies to implement sustainable forest management, tools are
needed that allow the understanding and management of the driving forces behind
conflicting opinions and divergent solutions. The approach of Thompson et al.
(1990) to cultural theory—because of its descriptive power—may be an ideal basis
to create such tools. The possibility of determining empirically the cultural bias of
the actors and groups involved is fundamental to this approach. The authors conducted
a pilot study in the eastern Amazon region to explore the possibility of characterizing
individuals according to the four types of political culture defined by Thompson et al.
The findings indicated that the empirical classification of individuals is possible but
complex. A relation between the types of political cultures and perceptions of
sustainable forest management was observed. A systematic elaboration of adequate
indicators and assessment methods is crucial in exploring the potential of transferring
the theoretical approach into practice.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1296BRSociety and Natural Resources1016The persistence of secondary forests on colonist farms in the Brazilian AmazonSmith, J.Ferreira, S.van de Kop, P.Ferreira, C. A. P.Sabogal, C2003secondary forestsshifting cultivationincomefarmersfallowregenerationagricultureland useintensificationWhile slash-and burn farmers convert forest to agriculture, they also regenerate significant areas of secondary fallow forests on their farms. Under what conditions does secondary forest cover persist on slash-and-burn farms?. Survey data from Para, Brazil show that secondary forests accupy 20% of farm area even after a century of settlement. In addition to restoring soil fertility, secondary forest contribute over 20% of farmers' income through products such as charcoal, fruit, game animals and firewood for on-farm processing. Econometric analysis shows that slow rates of population growth and increases in agricultural incomes through on-fram processing of agricultural products enable farmers to maintain long fallows and result in diversified systems compatible with secondary forest cover in the study area. On the other hand, declining agricultural productivity, subsidized credit, declines in the growth rate of secondary forests and policies favoring speculative land acquisition threaten secondary forest persistence. In older settlement areas, secondary forests are often the only forest resource available to the rural poor. Fallow areas should therefore be managed not only for agricultural productivity, but also for conserving forest resources.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1297BRAgroforestry Systems58Tastes in landscapesColfer, C.J.P2003landscapeland usetastedecision makingPeople have tastes in landscapes. This paper provides examples of different groups’ with lanscape tastes. It discusses, for instance, the Javanese preference for symmetry vis-à-vis the dayak’s appreciation of wildness, the ecologists’ enjoyment of natural chaos compared to the plantation specialist’s preference for tidy rows. Such tastes----under-recognized and under-acknowledged as they are, actually have important roles in many debates that rage and decisions that are made about land use.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1279BRImpulse JournalPrioritas lokal dan keanekaragaman hayati dalam lansekap hutan: apa yang penting menurut masyarakat?Sheil, D.Liswanti, N.Wan, M.van Heist, M.Samsoedin, I.Kartawinata, K.RukmiyatiSardjono, M. A2003biodiversitylandscapelocal peopleperceptionassessmentmethodologyA non-technical account in Indonesian of the development and application of methods to assess biodiversity with the involvement of local communities in the forests of Malinau East Kalimantan. The new methods are shown to offer many benefits over more conventional approaches.ArticlesidCIFOR Head Quarter1278IDJurnal Hutan IndonesiaAgustus 2003Does oil wealth help conserve the forests?Wunder, S2003miningoilsforest conservationmacroeconomicstropical forestsforest damageland use changeA main target of environmental campaigns to save the rainforest has been to stop oil operations from damaging tropical forests. However, there is more to the oil-and-forest story than meets the eye. A comprehensive study of long-run land use changes in eight tropical oil-producing countries shows that oil wealth tends to favour higher forest-cover conservation, as oil's powerful macroeconomic effects curtail both logging and agricultural expansion. This findings implies that other financial transfers to developing countries, such as debt relief or remittances, are likely to have similar protective effects on the environment.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1007IDSustainable Development InternationalAutumn 2003Estimating DBH of commercial trees from stump measurement in Malinau, East KalimantanIskandar, H.Hubble, D.L.MacDicken, K.G2003diameterforest treesmensurationmodelspredictionstumpsDipterocarpaceaetreesStudies predicting diameter at breast height (dbh) from stump height measurements
are numerous but none had been conducted in Malinau distric, East Kalimantan. The
objective of this study is to develop a relationship between stump height and dbh in
order to predict dbh from diameter at estimated stump height (dsh) for those species
being harvested. Analysis of stump height data (170 samples) established the mean
stump height for the study area at 111 cm. This figure was then used to measure dsh
for a total of 800 sample trees, dbh was measured at 1.3 m for all sample trees.
General linear model equation were used to develop relationships between dbh and
dsh. The coefficients for determining dbh range between 0.96 and 0.99.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1281IDJournal of Tropical Forest Science315Can forest carbon projects improve rural livelihoods?: analysis of the Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action Project, BoliviaAsquith, N.M.Vargas Rios, M.T.Smith, J2002carbonclean development mechanismforest conservationparticipationcommunity forestryrapid rural appraisaldevelopment projectsrural developmentsustainabilityThe authors studied the Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action Project (NKMCAP), Bolivia, to assess whether forest protection carbon (C) projects can significantly benefit local people. They hypothesized that forest protection can only securely deliver C if significant stakeholders are meaningfully and transparently involved, traditional or customary rights are recognized and their loss compensated for, and there are direct linkages between conservation and development objective. The research focused on 53 members of the communities of Florida, Porvenir and Piso Firme and 36 secondary stakeholders. In each of the villages half-day meetings with community leaders was held, complemented by semi-structured one-hour interviews with 5, 10, and 7 families, representing 20%, 10% and 8% of each community. The long-term impact of the NKMCAP on the local communities may well be positive. However, in the short run, certain sections of the local communities are financially poorer. Forest protection projects clearly have the potential to sequester C, protect biodiversity and simultaneously contribute to sustainable rural development, but if they really are to improve rural livelihoods, they must be designed and implemented carefully and participatively.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1273BOMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change7Participatory modelling to enhance social learning, collective action and mobilization among users of the Mafungautsi forest, ZimbabweStanda-Gunda, W.Mutimukuru, T.Nyirenda, R.Prabhu, R.Haggith, M.Vanclay, J.K2003participationmodelssocial learningresource managementParticipatory modelling can be a useful process to encourage critical examination of livelihood options and foster sustainable natural resource use through enhanced social learning, collective action and mobilization. The broom-grass group in the Mafungautsi forest reserve serves as a case study of the process and outcomes such participatory modelling. Innovative group facilitation methods enhanced participation in the modelling process. The modelling process complements broader efforts to achieve higher levels of adaptive collaborative management.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1267ZWSmall-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy2 (special issue)2Restoration and research on degraded forest ecosystemsDon Koo LeeSayer, J.A.2004rehabilitationland degradationdeforestationtropical forestsdegraded forestscausessocioeconomicsForest degradations including deforestation and desertification are problematic globally as well as expand rapidly. This is true particularly in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Deforestation is also a serious problem to the tropical forest in Southeast Asian regions. Slash and burn, and shifting cultivation are most critical causes for destroying the tropical forests. Similar degradation was observed in Northeast Asian regions: desertification in China and Mongolia, and deforestation in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Far East Russia. An understanding of causes or issues in degraded forest ecosystems is essential to start structural/functional restoration activities. This special journal issue is a compilation of nine papers presented in a seminar on "Restoration Research of Degraded Forest Ecosystem" that was held at Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, Korea during 13–14 April 200 by the auspices of Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF), and by the support of Yuhan-Kimberly (Y-K), Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI), Korean Forest Society (KFS) and Northeast Asian Forest Forum (NEAFF). It focused on their theme in a broad sense and encompassed practical rehabilitation, socio-economic and/or applied aspects and restoration strategies in Asia and Latin America.Articles144p.enCIFOR Head Quarter1597ZWForest Ecology and Management0378-11271201Participation and model-building: lessons learned from the Bukittinggi workshopVanclay, J.K.Haggith, M.Colfer, C.J.P2003participationexpert systemsmodelssimulation modelsmanagementadaptationFLORESgroup facilitationconferencesFLORES (the Forest Land Oriented Resource Envisioning System) was initially constructred by 50 people during a multidisciplinary workshop in Bukittinggi, Sumatra, in 1999. It proved that a model of a complex system could be constructed in a participatory way by a diverse team; that it could be done with a graphically-based package such as simile; and that the resulting model could remain reasonably accessible to all participants, and could run on an ordinary notebook computer. Many useful insights can be gained through building such a model, and subsequent experience has demonstrated that modelling in this way can foster continuing interdisciplinary collaboration. Participants founded the FLORE Society, a loose collective open to all researchers interested in pursuing the development and use of such models. The Society conducts an e-mail discussion group on FLORES@cgnet.com (subscription request to JVanclay@scu.edu.au)ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1259ZWSmall-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy2 (special issue)2The challenge of effective model scoping: a FLORES case study from the Mafungausti forest margins, ZimbabweHaggith, M.Prabhu, R.Mudavanhu, H.Matose, F.Mutimukuru, T.Nyirenda, R.Standa-Gunda, W2003modelscalibrationdecision makingconstraintstractabilityFLORESThis paper explores the challenge of defining the scope of a systems model, emphasising three aspects: boundary, granularity and conceptual scope. The significance of these is illustrated by reference to a model of land-use decisions made in villages bordering on the Mafungautsi forest in zimbabwe. The purpose of this model was to help policy players (Forestry Commission staff, non-governmental organisations, researchers and local people) to understand the impact of policy interventions on local people's livelihoods. Scoping decisions that were made in building the Mafungautsi model were deliberately liberal, to encompass the inerests of all participants in the modelling process. These decisions now present a range of serious challenges: the difficulty of model calibration, the computational expense of running simulations, and the difficulty for new users to understand the model. Facilitators of modelling teams need to consider the serious implications of giving everyone what they want and including all participants' ideas in a model. In the long run, it may be better to be tough and reject many suggestions at the outset. The former approach is unlikely to lead to a tractable model, while the latter may ultimately offer greater satisfaction for all.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1260ZWSmall-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy2 (special issue)2Mapping landscapes: integrating GIS and social science methods to model human-nature relationships in southern CameroonRobligio, V.Mala, W.A.Diaw, C2003mappingparticipationcommunity involvementgeographical information systemssocial sciencesFLORESmodelsParticipatory mapping and GIS are both necessary to model the interactions betwen humans and their environment. A case study from the forest margin in the Congo Basin demonstrates how data from participatory community mapping and other social science methods can be prepared for quantitative modelling. This approach bridged the gap between spatial modelling data and social decision-making in space by elaborating a geographically consistent social representation of the landscape and giving a geographical base to the connection between land use, its cultural representation, and its social management. This was achieved through an iterative process of GIS cartography, using feedback from village informants and field checking, to transpose the spatial references from participatory mapping sketches into reliable geographic locations. As well as demonstrating the utility of such data for modelling, this work clarified the distribution of land rights among the six main owner-clans spread through the eight hamlets in the watershed. The 'basin' of spatial resources and its relation to the rules of land use and natural resource management were defined for each clan. Land-use systems at the forest-agriculture interface in the study area proved to be complex, strongly driven by social rules and influenced by history and settlement strategies. These social and historical aspects established the framework within which communities make current decisions and intervention.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1261CGSmall-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy2 (special issue)2ZimFlores: a model to advice co-management of the Mafungautsi forest in zimbabwePrabhu, R.Haggith, M.Mudavanhu, H.Muetzelfeldt, R.Standa-Gunda, W.Vanclay, J.K2003participationmodelsland use planningcommon landsFLORESZimbabwe Forest Land Oriented Resource Envisioning System (ZimFlores) version 4 is the outcome of a participatory modelling process and seeks to provide a shared factual basis for exploring land-use options for the communal lands surrounding the Mafungautsi forest. The ZimFlores experience underscores the importance of a sharing a common problem and a common location in which all participants have an interest. Participatory modelling has proved an effective way to consolidate a diverse body of knowledge and make it accessible. Results demostrate the importance of model outputs that are diagnostic, and which offer insights into the issues under considerations.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1262ZWSmall-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy2 (special issue)2Infectious ideas: modelling the diffusion of ideas across social networksHaggith, M.Prabhu, R.Colfer, C.J.P.Ritchie, B.Thomson, A.Mudavanhu, H2003social interactionnetworkingmodelsforest managementextensionWill the practice of collecting wild honey wearing no clothes become a widespread practice in Zimbabwe? Or will beekeeping take over as the main way that people acquire honey? Both practices impact on forest resources; how can the foresters influence the uptake of these ideas?. This paper describes an exploratory modelling study investigating how social network patterns affect the way ideas spread around communities. It concludes that increasing the density of social networks increases the spread of successful ideas whilst speeding the loss of ideas with no competitive advantage. Some different kinds of competitive advantage are explored in the context of forest management and rural extension.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1263ZWSmall-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy2 (special issue)2Collaborative modelling to support forest management: qualitative systems analysis at Lumut Mountain, IndonesiaPurnomo, H.Yasmi, Y.Prabhu, R.Hakim, S.Jafar, A.Suprihatin2003modelsqualitative techniquescollaborationcommunity actionplanningComplex ecological and social processes in tropical forests imply that observations on any single element of the system do not provide an adequate basis for sound forest management. A collaborative modelling process engaging all relevant stakeholders led to a shared understanding of how to manage forests around Lumut Mountain, Pasir distrcit, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The model was developed by identifying forest management objectives, building a conceptual model using a causal loop diagram, and defining performance indicators. The model was then used to explore future scnarios to improve the well-being of local stakeholders while maintaining forest quality. Finally, roles needed to implement the chosen scenarios were defined and assigned to individual participants. This qualitative modelling process was found to be an effective way to assist the development of a collborative action plan.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1264ZWSmall-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy2 (special issue)2Multi-agent simulation of alternative scenarios of collaborative forest managementPurnomo, H.Yasmi, Y.Prabhu, R.Yuliani, L.Priyadi, H.Vanclay, J.K2003collaborationforest managementcommunity forestryconcessionssimulation modelsInternational calls for sustainable development advocate that forest management should be carried out in a multi-stakeholder environment. The importance of community participation is acknowledged in the Indonesian act no. 41 on Forestry (1999). However, it is not clear how to achieve this in areas already allocated to a concession holder. Current regulations offer little flexibility for concessionaires to develop site-specific management, or to involve local communities in forest management. The research reported here examines he application of simulation techniques to explore scenarios of sustainable forest management addressing those limitations. Several scenarios have been developed using multi-agent simulation to examine social and biophysical issues. Of the four scenarios examined in this study, collaborative forest management involving both the concessionaire and the local community appears to offer the most promising pathway toward sustainability.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1265ZWSmall-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy2 (special issue)2Unlocking complexity: the importance of idealisation in simulation modellingHaggith, M.Prabhu, R2003simulation modelsmethodologyresearch projectsFLORESIdealisation is the process of finding simple representations of the real-world whilst conceptualising a model. There are three ways to limit complication in a model of a complex real-world: by focussing the scope of the modelling process onto a clearly defined issue; by idealising elements of the real-world during model ceptualisation; and by simplifying the implemented simulation program. Careful idealisation has the greatest potential for increasing model tractability whilst generating insights during the model design process. The Forest Land Oriented Resource Envisioning System (FLORES) project deals with social forest landscapes which are highly complex. Benefits of idealisation are demonstrated using six examples from this modelling work. These examples encompass issues dealing with land tenure, forest management, economic values, social diversity, communication and collaboration. Each example illustrates a different method to achieve an idealisation which yields insights relevant for policy players. A number of lessons about idealisation are also identified: (1) sometimes it is only possible to recognise what is key by omitting it; (2) an effective idealisation is not just achieved by leaving things out, or adding them back in; (3) it is important to challenge the use of different units where consistency is possible; (4) it is easier to keep a simple model simple; and (5) even the most useful idealisations may have a limited shelf-life.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1266ZWSmall-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy2 (special issue)2Extensions of the Bartlett-Lewis model for rainfall processesSalim, A.Pawitan, Y2003rainmodelsstatisticsWhile the berlett-Lewis model has been widely used for modelling rainfall processes at a fixed point in space over time, there are observed features, such as longer-scale dependence, which are not well fitted by the model. In this paper is a study of an extension where the authors put an extra layer in the clustered Poisson process of storm origins. They also investigate the Pareto inter-arrival time for the storm origins, which has been used to model web-traffic data. The study derives the theoritical first and second-order properties of the multi-layer clustered Poisson processes, but generally it has to rely on Monte Carlo techniques. The models are fitted to hourly rainfall data from Valentina observatory in southwest Ireland, where the extensions are shown to improve on the standards models. The authors generalize these models further by allowing some parameters of the models to be a function of some covariates. An application using data from Valentina observatory and Belmullet showes how to use this class of models to analyze the association between the rainfall pattern and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1255ZWStatistical Modelling1Regenerating mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) from seed in Quintana Roo, Mexico: the effects of sowing method and clearing treatmentNegreros-Castillo, P.Snook, L.K.Mize, C.W2003seedlingsSwietenia macrophyllatropical forestsestablishmentsurvivalregenerationgrowthsilvicultureshifting cultivationland clearanceHonduras or bigleaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) is the most commercially important timber species in the Neotropics, but it often does not regenerate successfully after harvesting. Effective methods are needed to sustain mahogany yields by increasing regeneration. This study evaluates the effects of three treatments (slash, fell and burn; slash, fell and leave; and uprooting and pushing away trees using machines) used to open 0.5 ha clearings, plus a control under the forest canopy, and two sowing methods (surface-sown seed and buried seed) on the germination, establishment, survival, and early growth of mahogany. After 10 months, significantly more buried seeds yielded established seedlings (20%) than surface-sown seeds (9%), but there were no significant differences among clearing treatments. Establishment on control averaged 18%. The percentage of seedlings that survived from 10 to 49 months varied significantly among treatments, from 53 to 54%, respectively, on the slash and burn and machine-cleared treatments to 16% on the fell and leave treatment and 26% on controls. Both slash and burn and machine-clearing reduced sprouting as compared to the fell and leave treatment, which had abundant sprouting from stumps of other species and the lowest establishment and survival of mahogany. Low survival on controls was probably due to low light levels. Fory-nine months after sowing, an average of 12% of the seeds buried in the slash and burn and machine-cleared treatments were represented by live seedlings, a rate substantially higher than on the fell and leave treatment (350 and the control (6%0. Yield from buried seeds averaged 9% as compared to 4% from survace-sown seeds. Seedling height at 49 months (average=66 em) did not differ significantly among the clearing treatments or sowing methods, but on control plots average height of the few surviving seedlings was only 27 cm. The traditional slash and burn practice used for agricultural clearing seems to be a good way to prepare sites for seeding with mahogany and could be used as a silvicultural technique to facilitate regeneration. Consideration should be given to integrating these systems into forest management to help assure continued production of mahogany.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1251ZWForest Ecology and Management0378-11271-3183Disturbing hypotheses in tropical forestsSheil, D.Burslem, D.F.R.P2003disturbed forestsdiversityThe intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) is a controversial explanation for the
maintenance of tropical forest tree diversity, but empirical tests of it are rare. Two data
intensive evaluations have recently yielded contradictory outcomes: one for and one
against the IDH. This article proposes that the explanation for these results lies in the
subtleties of divergent interpretations and approaches, and in the different
characteristics of the study sites. The apparent simplicity of the IDH is deceptive,
because a range of distinct phenomena is involved, each of which can be defined and
examined. Recent developments offer exciting opportunities for a deeper
comprehension of how disturbance influences forest diversity.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1102ZWTrends in Ecology and Evolution118Boundary keeping and access to gaharu among Kenyah forest usersWollenberg, E2003property rightsright of accessboundariesforest resourcesethnic groupsAquilariaAs people living near forests in many parts of the world receive recognition of resource
management rights, questions arise about where forest boundaries should be set and
who should legitimately receive these rights. Drawing on research conducted among
forest-dwelling Kenyah communities in Kalimantan, Indonesia, during 1995 to 1998,
this paper shows that the realization of resource rights must be understood in the
social context of how boundaries are interpreted and negotiated. Access to and control
over forest resources is as much a matter of boundary keeping as of boundary setting.
The analysis shows that boundary keepers assessed whether someone should be
given access based on the potential user's entitlement, identity, and the potential for
exchange. Understanding the 'fuzziness' of how seemingly clear boundary rules are
applied should provide a more realistic picture of how groups gain and control access to
resources in practice.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1243IDEnvironment and Planning A635Harvesting and conservation: are both possible for the palm, Iriartea deltoidea?Anderson, P.J.Putz, F.E2002certificationforest managementnon-timber forest productsArecaceaeIriartea deltoideaharvestingsimulation modelsThis paper considers the mechanism of certification to encourage sustainable harvesting and best management practices of Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz and Pavon, in the context of current land use and agricultural management in Amazonian Ecuador. To understand the demographic variables that are critical for population stability, data from five plots in each of three different types (mature, secondary, and disserted) were collected. Matric models were used to develop harvesting simulations through which biological constraints on sustainable harvesting were explored. Results showed that harvesting Iriartea could fit within current land use. Some forest colonists clear pastures to graze cattle, while others devote land to agriculture, including polycultures of annuals and perennials. In either case, palms can be left standing when forests are cleared. Swidden agriculture depends on fallow period during which secondary forest may begin to generate. These secondary forests are ideal locations for extraction of forest products that fit within the cycle of fallow regeneration in areas near human settlements. Sparing Iriartea individuals 5-15 m tall could benefit agriculture, encourage the sustainability of future harvests, and help ensure the future of this palm as a part of the Amazonian landscape. Interview with staff of governmental and non-governmental conservation organizations investigated the policy context for certification as a mechanism for conservation. Establishing guidelines for harvesting requires input from all stakeholders in the decision, not simply an ecological analysis.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1236ECForest Ecology and Management0378-11271-3170Factors affecting runoff and soil erosion: plot-level soil loss monitoring for assessing sustainability of forest managementHartanto, H.Prabhu, R.Widayat, A.S.E.Asdak, C2003logging effectserosioncriteriaindicatorstropical forestswatershedsThe assessment on key ecological factors affecting runoff and soil erosion and the usefulness of plot-level monitoring of soil erosion was conducted by collecting runoff and soil loss records from 14 runoff plots. The runoff plots were set up in two catchments in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, where conventional logging and Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) took place. Runoff plots were set up in forest areas with different levels of logging disturbances, i.e. harvesting areas, skid trails and undisturbed/control areas. The magnitude of runoff and soil loss from skid trail plots were found to be the highest, followed by control plots and harvest plots. Canopy cover, sapling density, litter depth and woody debris appeared to be important ecological factors that determine the magnitude of soil loss. The roles of these ecological factors were less significant compared to rainfall in determining the magnitude of runoff. Canopy cover, sapling density, litter depth and woody debris can be measured quantitatively or qualitatively without complicated equipment and methods. Furthermore, they are sensitive to logging disturbance which make them suitable verifiers of soil erosion. Monitoring of soil loss using runoff plots was cost-effective and allowed more direct linkages to be made between management practices and their impacts on runoff and soil erosion so that forest managers can identify problems and take appropriate preventive measures to improve their management practices.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1230IDForest Ecology and Management0378-11271-3180Metamorphose des organisations rurales au Cameroun: implications pour la recherche-developpement et la gestion des ressources naturellesOyono, P.R.Temple, L2003rural communitiesforest managementagricultural developmentrural developmentinstitutionssocioeconomic organizationThe rural reform that has been taking place in Cameroon since 1992 has introduced new operating methods in community agricultural infrastructure and local forest management. There has been a proliferation of rural organizations, grouped under the “groupes d’initiative commune” (GICs), new cooperatives and forest management councils. This article describes community organization in Cameroon’s rural areas and offers an initial evaluation of the institutional and organizational changes that marked the 1990’s. The authors analyze the constraints associated with this model in terms of functionality, efficient coverage of geographical space and appropriateness to rural development issues. They also show that these forms of community organization provide important opportunities for agronomic research, agricultural development and the local management of forest resources.ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter1227CMRevue Internationale d'Économie Sociale288Evolution of land policies and legislation in Malawi and Zimbabwe: implications for forestry developmentMataya, C.Gondo, P.Kowero, G.S2002woodlandsland useforestsland policyland ownershiplegislationcolonizationdeforestationland degradationThis paper describes the effects of the colonial and post-colonial land policies and legislation on the management and utilisation of natural woodlands in Malawi and Zimbabwe. The two countries share similar patterns of land ownership; customary or tribal trust land designated by colonial governments for settlement and cultivation by the indigeneous populations; private land mostly alienated from local communities for commercial farming and ranching; initially by white settlers and later officially sanctioned by post-colonial governments; and public land appropriated by governments for purposes of establishing national parks and forest reserves. The private and public land tenure, did not only reduce the size of land available to indigeneous communities for agricultural and non-agricultural activities, but also compromised the roles and power of traditional authorities in controlling and managing natural resources including miombo woodlands. The major factors, which appear to have contributed to rapid deforestation and land degradation, include increases in population pressure, poverty and failure by governments to urgently provide effective policy guidelines on land management and administration regarding the utilisation of forests and natural resources.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1222MWZimbabwe Science News1016-15031+236Macroeconomic policies and forestry in ZimbabweMabugu, R.Kowero, G.S2002forestryforest economicsmacroeconomicseconomic policyimpactThis paper dicusses the potential impacts of macroeconomic policies on forestry in Zimbabwe. Over the period 1980-2001, macroeconomic policies have swung from a centrally controlled economy to a liberalized economy. In general, Zimbabwe's experience suggests tha macroeconomic policies have had negative effects on forestry development. Macroeconomic policies have been implemented in a way that has led to widespread deindustrialization of core manufacturing and to the stagnation of agriculture. In addition tensions have grown in the agricultural sector when implementing land reforms. The lay-offs in the manufacturing sector have led people to seek livelihoods in the informal sector or in agriculture which has led to migration of populations to rural areas. This has placed a heavier burden on the fragile ecosystems and the already scarce natural resources in communal areas. There is therefore need to implement sound microeconomic policies together with complimentary measures in order to address difficulties in the forestry sector.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1223ZWZimbabwe Science News1016-15031+236A goal programming model for planning management of Miombo woodlandsGuveya, E.Sukume, C2002woodlandsagricultural householdscommon landsincomemethodologyThis study used a Goal Programming approach to investigate the effects of changes in agricultural policies and labour supply due to deaths in farming households, on use of woodlands under two regimes; namely one where utilization of forest resources was restricted to within sustainable levels and under another where this restriction was relaxed, i.e. an open access situation. The study sites for this work were Mutangi in Chivi district and Mafungutsi in Gokwe districts. The results from the study indicate that households in communal areas are highly differentiated with regards to ability to satisfying family sustenance goals; relatively poor households depend on woodlands for a significant part of their income needs but richer families are more efficient in harvesting woodlands; increase in agricultural product prices or increase in crops yield tend to increase harvesting of woodland products among the better off and reduce woodland harvests by the poorer households; and loss of a member of a household increases the degree of poverty especially among the relatively poor with the greatest impacts being felt with loss of female members of households.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1226ZWZimbabwe Science News1016-15031+236Organizing for community-based natural resources managementCampbell, B.M.Shackleton, S2002natural resourcesresource managementcommunity involvementinstitutionsdecentralizationlocal governmentThere has been a move to decentralize natural resource management (NRM) throughout southern Africa but this has taken many forms, resulting in different organizational structures. Fourteen case studies from eight countries can be classed into four types: district-level organizations, village organizations, organizations outside the state hierarchy, and corporate organizations at the village level. Attitudes towards district-level schemes amongst local people are generally negative. The greater the authority village organizations receive the more likely they are to succed. In the cases of corporate organizations, local residents have received user or proprietary rights over resources. Such cases indicate the best chances of community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) being successfull. The impact of private sector stakeholders can be positive or negative depending on the institutional arrangements in place. Many of the cases have demonstrated the key role that external facilitation plays in building the capacity of local organizations. Traditional leaders have continued to play a role in NRM, with varying degree of authority and control.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1220ZWZimbabwe Science News1+236Can common property resource system work in Zimbabwe?Campbell, B.M.de Jong, W.Luckert, M.Mandondo, A.Matose, F.Nemarundwe, N2002common property resourceswoodlandsresource managementinstitutionsinterventionCommon property resource (CPR) management approaches are now thought to provide a viable alternative to natural resource management. This article contains result of the investigations on common property issues for woodlands in communal areas in Zimbabwe. It reveals numerous cases showing a breakdown of local institutions for CPR management, and the lack of any emerging alternative institutions for such management. A number of economic, social and ecological factors contribute to these problems. It argues that current institutional systems are rooted in norm-based controls contrary to the formal rule-based systems that form the cornerstones of the proposed CPR systems. It suggests that interventions that propose CPR systems need critical analysis.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1221ZWZimbabwe Science News1016-15031+236The value of tropical forests to the people who live there: an interviewSheil, D2003tropical forestsvalueslocal peopleforest economicsforest resourceshttp://www.environmentalreview.org/vol10/Vol10No7.pdf.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1542IDEnvironmental Review710Konsekuensi ekologis pembalakan dalam kawasan hutan yang terbakar di Kalimantan Timurvan Nieuwstadt, M.G.L.Kartawinata, K.Sheil, D2002logging effectsecological disturbanceforest firesThis jurnal is an additional topic inserted into the HutanIndonesia. It is the first special edition of the journal.Results of a 2-year study on post-fire vegetation dynamics in the unlogged dipterocarp rainforest of Sungai Wain near Balikpapan East Kalimantan, Indonesia are discussed. Results showed that the maintenance of a productive permanent forest estate is likely to be served best by avoiding logging activities in burned areas.ArticlesidCIFOR Head Quarter1219IDJurnal Hutan IndonesiaEdisi perdana Agustus (first ed. August)The impacts of forest degradation on medicinal plant use and implications for health care in Eastern AmazoniaShanley, P.Luz, L2003medicinal plantsnon-timber forest productslosseshealth caredeforestationOver the last three decades, forest degradation in the Brazilian Amazon has diminished the availability of some widely used medicinal plant species. Results of a 9-year market study suggest that forests represent an important habitat for medicinal plants used in eastern Amazonia: Nine of the twelve top-selling medicinal plants are native species, and eight are forest based. Five of the top-selling species have begun to be harvested for timber, decreasing the availability of their barks and oils for medicinal purposes. Many of these medicinal plants have no botanical substitute, and pharmaceuticals do not yet exist for some of the diseases for which they are used. Market surveys indicate that all socioeconomic classes in Amazonia use medicinal plants because of cultural preferences, low cost, and efficacy. Degradation of Amazonian forests may signify not only the loss of potential pharmaceutical drugs for the developed world but also the erosion of the sole health care option for many of Brazil’s rural and urban poor.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1216BRBioScience653Benzoin gardens in North Sumatra, Indonesia: effects of management on tree diversityGarcia-Fernandez, C.Casado, M.A.Ruiz Perez, M2003styraxnon-timber forest productsgardensforest conservationtropical forestsspecies diversityIn recent years, research on tropical forest conservation has increasingly focused on traditional management systems as a means of achieving a balance between conservation and development. Styrax paralleloneurun, a forest-canopy tree species that produces benzoin, an aromatic resin, is cultivated in such a system. This study is an attempt to determine the impact of benzoin garden management on forest structure, species composition, and diversity. Forty-five gardens were chosen for study in two Northern Sumatra villages, where data on management practices and ecological structure were gathered. Ecological information was also collected from abandoned benzoin garden and primary forest areas for purposes of comparison. Although benzoin management requires that competing vegetation be thinned, these activities are not intensive, allowing species that coppice to remain in the garden and thereby reducing the effects of competitive exclusion mechanisms on species composition. Tree species diversity in abandoned gardens was similar to that in primary forest, but endemic species and species characteristic of mature habitats were less common. Traditional benzoin garden management represents only a low-intensity disturbance and maintains an ecological structure that allows effective accumulation of forest species over the long term.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1212BRConservation Biology0888-8892317Reduced-impact logging in Indonesian Borneo: some results confirming the need for new silvicultural prescriptionsSist, P.Sheil, D.Kartawinata, KPriyadi, H2003logging effectsselective fellingimprovement fellingsdamageDipterocarpaceaecriteriaindicatorssilvicultureReduced-impact logging (RIL) and conventional techniques (CNV) were compared in a mixed dipterocarp hill forest in East Kalimantan in three blocks of about 100 ha each. Damage was evaluated using pre- and post-harvesting assessments in 24 one-hectare sample plots. RIL techniques nearly halved the number of trees destroyed (36 vs 60 trees/ha). RIL's main benefit was in the reduction of skidding damage (9,5% of the original tree population in RIL vs 25% in CNV). Before logging, mean canopy openness in CNV (three plots only) and RIL (9 plots) was similar. After logging, the mean canopy openness was 19.2% in CNV and 13.3% in RIL, and he distribution of the canopy class in RIL and CNV significantly different. CNV plots showed a higher proportion of measurements in the most open class than in RIL In mixed dipterocarp forest where harvestable timber density generally exceeds 10 trees/ha, a minimum diameter felling limit is clearly insufficient to keep extraction rates below 8 trees/ha. Based on these new results and previous studies in Borneo, the authors suggest three silvicultural rules: (1) to keep a minimum distance between stumps of ca. 40 m, (2) to ensure only single tree gaps using directional felling, (3) to harvest only stems with 60-100 cm dbh. Foresters, policy makers and certifiers should consider these as criteria for sustainable forest management.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1213BRForest Ecology and Management0378-1127179Making the law of the jungle: the reform of forest legislation in Bolivia, Cameroon, and IndonesiaSilva, E.Kaimowitz, D.Bojanic, A.Ekoko, F.Manurung, T.Pavez, I2002forest policyforestry lawchangeinstitutionslegislationThe debates over sustainable development put environmental issues squarely on the policy agendas of nations around the world. Throughout, the fate of the forest occupied center stage, and domestic and international pressure induced many developing nations to reform their forest policy, which frequently culminated in new forest legislation. Yet the process that generated those new forest laws has not received much attention and a number of questions remain unanswered. What factors determine whether governments reform forest laws in the first place? What conditions influence the direction of reform? What role does expert advice play in the process? This paper applies a political economy framework that focuses on the interplay between international structure, domestic structure and ideas to answer those questions. It argues that this approach offers the best tools for analyzing the actors and interests involved in the policy process and their power resources. Among the most significant findings are that the World Bank is not as influential in the end as is commonly perceived. Moreover, in democratic developing countries organizations that focus almost exclusively on cultivating their relationship with state ministries to influence forest policy reform usually see their efforts flounder because the legislature, especially legislative committees, is a more significant policy making arena than had been considered here before.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1109BOGlobal Environmental Politics32Crossing spatial analyses and livestock economics to understand deforestation processes in the Brazilian Amazon: the case of Sao Felix do Xingu in South ParaMertens, B.Poccard-Chapuis, R.Piketty, M.G.Lacques, A.E.Venturieri, A2002livestock farmingeconomicsdeforestationfarmersspatial analysisland use changepolicyThe Amazon is the largest tropical forest area on earth, and has been undergoing rapid deforestation for the last four decades. In the Brazilian Amazon, large-scale pasture for cattle ranching and soybean production are the main land uses, leading to a yearly deforestation rate of 0.5%. These conversions are mostly located in frontier areas distributed along the so-called "arc of deforestation". Within this large zone, various land use change processes are interacting through several modes of land valuation and organisation. From several case studies in the State of Pará (Brazil), the current project aims at analysing how landscape dynamics are related to infrastructure development, ecological conditions, zoning policies and to the evolution and the organisation of the production, consumption and marketing chains of livestock products. This paper presents the results for one test site, the region of São Félix do Xingú, South of Pará. This region is the focus of land speculation, cattle expansion, and deforestation. Road construction, investments in electrical energy, financial credit for cattle, and the land reform policies have all fuelled this process. All these factors make this region one of the most dynamic agricultural frontiers in the Brazilian Amazon. The main objective of the paper is to improve our understanding of deforestation processes by crossing spatial analyses and livestock economics studies, and to characterise the role and impact of various natural and anthropic factors in the location and development of the main types of farmers, and their policy implications.
ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1112BRAgricultural Economics327Usages culturels de la foret au Sud-Cameroun: rudiments d'ecologie sociale et materiau pour la gestion du pluralismeOyono, P.R2002forest resourcesperceptionculturecultural changeBased on social ecology, anthropological and policy research conducted on social dimension of natural resources management in Cameroon, this contribution liberates a given number of findings: 1. local communities in Cameroon have both an horizontal (practical) and a vertical (metaphysical) perception of the forest; 2. in the course of the time, they have been manipulating forest resources for cultural uses at the two levels. In that sense, cultural manipulation of forest resources is showing beneath popular narration, withcraft, toponymy and ritual orders. These cultural construction need to be carefully and meaningfully, captured and chanelled in the implementation of Programs and policy design. Because local systems are resilient and can not be emarginated successfully in the issue of forest management, the author calls for a cultural adjustment.ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter1113CMAfrica357Recherche et conservation: realities, priorites et distractionSheil, D.Nasi, R2002nature conservationbiodiversitytropicsresource allocationmonitoringresearchMonitoring and research activities may hinder rather than improve conservation in tropical countries. Those concerned with conservation - particularly academics and aid agencies - too often overlook the practical realities of achieving conservation in the tropics. As a result, many initiatives divert scarce resources away from fundamental management priorities. This article identifies some critical threats to biodiversity and emphasize the limited resources to defend against them, defines practical conservation priorities and explain how external agencies can deflect management from addressing these. After outlining some examples, it discusses contributory factors, and options for improved practice. Interventions should bolster, not undermine, the attainment of conservation goals. Case-by-case assessment is needed. Conservation in many parts of the world needs more resources. But in the short-term more can be achieved by careful allocation of the resources already available.
ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter1114CMCanopee22Termite assemblage collapse along a land-use intensification gradient in lowland central Sumatra, IndonesiaJones, D.T.Susilo, F.X.Bignell, D.E.Hardiwinoto, S.Gillison, A.N2003disturbed forestsland use changeIsopterarain forestsselective fellingspecies richnesslossesTermites are major decomposers in tropical regions and play an important role in soil processes. This study measured the impact of land-use intensification on the termite assemblage of lowland rain fores in Jambi Province, on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Termite composition was assessed in seven land-use types along a disturbance gradient, from primary forest, through different silvicultural systems, to grassland and cultivated land without trees. A range of environmental variables was also measured. Comparisons with other studies show that the decline in termite species richness and relative abundance seen at Jambi is a general trend that occurs elsewhere when forests are converted to other land uses. To help mitigate the loss of termites when forests are disturbed, the authors recommend the following management practices: the use of reduced impact logging techniques, maximising forest patch size and connectivity, minimizing length of forest edges, and leaving dead wood to decay in situ.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1206CMJournal of Applied Ecology40Iban forest management and wildlife conservation along the Danau Sentarum periphery, West Kalimantan, IndonesiaWadley, R.L2002ethnic groupsshifting cultivationagroforestry systemswildlife conservationbiodiversityconservationDanau Sentarum National Park in West Kalimantan, Indonesia is bordered on three sides by Iban settlements and the forests they manage. The forest management system practiced by an Iban community on the northeastern periphery of the reserve is described here. Iban agroforestry is based on two principal components: swidden cultivation, which creates a field-secondary forest mosaic and various kinds of preserved and managed forest. Iban hunt within these forests, and the species and numbers of animals they encounter are analysed here with respect to their exploitation of the agroforests and fields. The merits and constraints of this management system are discussed. Based on the data analysed here, this system appears to promote some degree of biodiversity conservation and may serve as a partial buffer zone around the nearby wildlife reserve.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1204CMMalayan Nature Journal156Dacryodes edulis, a neglected non-timber forest species for the agroforestry systems of West and Central AfricaSonwa, D.J.Okafor, J.C.Buyungu, P.M.Weise, S.F.Tchatat, M.Adesina, A.A.Nkongmeneck, A.B.Ndoye, O.Endamana, D2002SafouDacryodes edulisnon-timber forest productsagroforestry systemsfruit treesDacryodes edulis, or safou, is a fruit tree native to Central Africa and the Gulf of Guinea region. It is usually present in agroforestry systems in the region, particularly in homegardens and cocoa and coffee agroforests. It plays an important role in household consumption and the surplus is sold on the rural and urban market. A lack of attention by research and extension services means that there is neither scientific knowledge nor official recommendations for its management in agroforestry systems. The attemp to introduce it into forest fallows in Cote d'Ivoire is a good example of industrial involvement in the development of agroforestry and the expansion of tree production in West Africa. Drawing on experience from Cameroon, Nigeria and Cote d'Ivoire, this paper presents indigenous management techniques and emerging opportunities to promote safou in West and Central African agroforestry systems for food security, income generation and rehabilitation of the environment.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1203CMForests, Trees and Livelihoods112A gender analysis of forest products markets in CameroonRuiz Perez, M.Ndoye, O.Eyebe, A.Ngono, D.L2002gender relationsforest productsmarketsGender roles and the potential to tap women's experiences are keys for African economic development. The paper illustrates this potential with a gender analysis of forest product markets in the humid forest zone of Cameroon by describing the functioning of the market and analysing male-female differences. The results confirm that gender is the main basis for differentiating size of business, product specialization, and market strategies among traders. Priorities to improve trade also show some male-female differences. At the same time, there are no consistent difference in profit margins between genders, indicating that trading efficiency is similar, and that, given the right conditions, women entrepreneurs can be as successful as men. The results also indicate that the gender gap could be closing among the younger generation entering the market.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1198CMAfrica Today349What do criteria and indicators assess?: an analysis of five C&I sets relevant for forest management in the Brazilian AmazonPokorny, B.Adams, M2003selection criteriaindicatorsforest managementassessmentCopyrighted 2003 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlThe diversity of C&I sets is often a cause for uncertainty and confusion, and probably one of the reasons for the still unsatisfactory acceptance of C&I as a support for implementation of sustainable forest management so far. In order to halt this erosion of confidence in C&I the presented paper evaluated the diversity of five C&I sets (CIFOR, ACM, FSC, ITTO and Tarapoto) relevant for the Brazilian Amazon by analyzing frequencies of C&I in relation to parameters about content and quality. The study demonstrated that the C&I sets, although addressing the social, technical, ecological and economic dimensions of sustainability, show different thematic focus. A general lack of validity was attested as well as missing specificity and practicability of the indicators. To increase objectivity and transparency, the C&I have to more clearly and unambiguously reflect what is really assessed. It is recommended to include the discussion about verifiers and assessment methods in the development of C&I sets. To avoid misunderstandings and to open to possibility for less complex more practicable C&I sets, we recommend to constrict the objective of the assessment more clearly, considering the potential clients and frame-conditions for its application.
http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/APokorny0301.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1194BRInternational Forestry Review15Understanding conflict in the co-management of forests: the case of Bulungan Research ForestYasmi, Y2003conflictcommunity forestryminingloggingtropical forestsCopyrighted 2003 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlThe paper describes underlying causes of conflicts between local people in Bulungan Research Forest (BRF), Indonesia with coal-mining and logging companies. Results show that conflict between local people and mining companies was triggered by the fact that mining operation caused water and air pollution and soil degradation. Another cause for such a conflict was the compensatory facilities (e.g. clean water, electricity, compensation fee, etc.) provided by the companies to local people were often delayed or unsatisfactory. Local people perceived that their major problem with logging activities was the adverse impact to residual plants such as rattan, eagle wood, medical plants, etc. Not only that, logging companies do not allow local people to cut trees although only for their own uses such as for house or church. The paper concludes that there is a need for negotiation among those parties involved in conflict in such a way that negative impact can be reduced and positive impacts can be enhanced.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AYasmi0301.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1195BRInternational Forestry Review15Making markets work for forest communitiesScherr, S.J.White, A.Kaimowitz, D2003forest economicsmarketseconomic policyrural communitieslow income groupsprivate sectorpartnershipsforest policyCopyrighted 2003 by the Commonwealth Forestry Association. Reprinted by permission. More details are available on http://www.cfa-international.org/IFR.htmlThe article lays out strategies to improve the contribution of forest markets to local
livelihoods. It is offered as a first step in a longer-term effort to promote forest markets
that enhance the livelihoods of poor people while conserving forest resources. While
forests are providing critical safety nets and subsistence for the poor there are specific
niches where large numbers of low-income producers have-or could develop-competitive
advantage.It is vital to alter the policies that hinder forest producers' income
opportunities, and to engage the private sector in forging successful community
business partnerships.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AScherr0301.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1438BRInternational Forestry Review15L'ethnobotanique sur internet: quelles perspectives pour le Réseau Africain d'Ethnobotanique?Petit, C.Dounias, E2001ethnobotanybibliographiesdatabasesinformation technologyinternetAfrican Network of EthnobotanyOnly recently, ethnobotany has cought the interest of actors involved in the sustainable management of natural resources based on local ecological knowledge. In the perspective of conceiving a website for the African Ethnobotany Network (AEN), a preliminary study was undertaken in order to assess how ethnobotanical data are presented on the internet. Fifty-two sites were analyzed, as well as the links they propose. The information offered on these sites appears to be heterogeneous and incomplete. Ethnobotanical data are generally presented as a compilation of plant uses. No sites were found discussing theoretical concepts, historical background, or methodological approaches. Bibliographic sources given are incomplete and texts cited may rarely be consulted interactively. This disappointing assessment does not convey the impression that ethnobotany is a dynamic and well-anchored discipline. These shortcomings underline the urgent need to conceive an innovative website enabling a richer exchange of information among members of the AEN, and contributing to present ethnobotany as a substantial scientific discipline.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter681BRSystematics and Geography of Plants271A new type of sample unit for the efficient assessment of diverse tree communities in complex forest landscapesSheil, D.Ducey, M.J.Sidiyasa, K.D.Samsoedin, I2003biodiversitysurveysforest inventoriesmethodologytropical forestsrapid methodsThe paper presents a new and versatile sample unit suitable for rapid assessments of tropical forest in heterogeneous areas. The method uses multiple applications of small and easy-to-apply variable subunits. Compared with any fixed-area approach the sample unit is quick and easy to apply even in difficult terrain, and the amount of information collected varies little with stem densities. This paper describes the method, discuss the nature of the resulting data and show how various stand characters can be calculated. The calculation of basic stand parameters from the sample data does not require any sophisticated analyses, and some worked examples are provided to ensure that the calculations are accessible. To demonstrate the statistical theory underlying this class of methods, and the good performance of the estimation methods, a more formal theoretical treatment is included as an appendix. The approach offers considerable promise for efficient forest assessments.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1190BRJournal of Tropical Forest Science115Heartwood, sapwood and bark content, and wood dry density of young and mature teak (Tectona grandis) trees grown in Costa RicaPerez Cordero, L.D.Kanninen, M2003Tectona grandiswood propertiesvolumeheartwoodsapwoodclimatic zonesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the heartwood, sapwood and bark content, and
wood dry density of young and mature teak (Tectona grandis) trees. For this, 17
plantations were selected from 11 sites representing different climatic conditions and
plantation densities (156 to 1600 trees ha-1, and line planting). From these plantations,
a total of 87 trees with ages between 5 and 47 years were felled for stem analysis. The highest heartwood proportion of stem volume (over bark) was 61% and the lowest 0.4%. The sapwood proportion ranged between 24 and 72%, while bark represented from 14 to 37% of the total volume. Heartwood proportion was significantly different (P<0.05) among climatic zones: 'wet' sites producing less heartwood than 'dry' sites Stem diameter (under bark) and heartwood diameter at different stem heights differed among sample trees, even when plotted in relative values to avoid dependency with stem size. Dry density was statistically different between 8-year-old trees or younger and 47 year-old trees, and between line planting trees and 13-year-old trees or younger, but did not differ statistically between line planting trees and mature trees. No significant differences were found between climatic zones or between different stand densities. Dry densities values for T. grandis plantation in Costa Rica are similar to those reported elsewhere.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1184CRSilva Fennica137Natural resources and decentralization in Nicaragua: are local government up to the job?Larson, A.M2002decentralizationlocal governmentresource managementnatural resourcesforest resourcesBoth decentralization and natural resource management literature suggest that natural resources could benefit from the redistribution of centralized management authority. Yet, neither has sufficiently examined the processes already underway in numerous developing countries to decentralize resource management from central to municipal government authorities. This study reviews the role of 21 local governments in forest management in Nicaragua. It finds that most interventions are economically motivated, and that three key factors are needed for local governments to be good resource managers: capacity, incentive and long-term commitment. These three factors are part of a process in which civil society can play a critical role.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1170NIWorld Development0305-750X130From new order to regional autonomy: shifting dynamics of "illegal" logging in Kalimantan, IndonesiaCasson, A.Obidzinski, K2002illicit loggingdecentralizationrural communitiesIn recent years there has been a tendency to view the seemingly irremediable spread of "illegal" logging in Indonesia in isolation, or as a result of disassociated and premediated criminal acts. This paper proposes a different view of the problem by discussing the changing dynamics of the "illegal" logging sector in the two districts of Berau, East Kalimantan and Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan. It suggests that illegal logging is not a simple case of criminality, but a complex economic and political system involving multiple stakeholders. Furthermore, "illegal" logging is not a stationary condition that can be effectively dealt with through coersive or repressive measures alone. Rather, it should be viewed as a dynamic and changing system deeply engrained in the realities of rural life in Indonesia. Regional autonomy has also created a supportive environment for the "illegal" logging trade and allowed it to gain resilience.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1171NIWorld Development0305-750X1230Forestry research, innovation and impact in developing countries - from economic efficiency to the broader public goodSpilsbury, M.J.Kaimowitz, D2002forestryresearchpolicyimpactdeveloping countriesThis paper applies a broad-brush perspective to forestry research, innovation and research capacity in developing countries and the impacts linked to it. The authors reflect upon successes and failures in the hope of improving the focus and relevance of future efforts and highlight emerging research approaches aimed at ameliorating some of the deficiencies. They begin by examining the role of informal research and the emergence of formal research in developing countries. They note that for most of the last century, forestry research was predominantly focussed on achieving “efficiency gains” in forest production systems, and that this focus was shared by both private enterprise and prevailing approaches to broader “development” in developing countries. They assert that there has been difficulty in realising research-induced efficiency gains in the developing tropics and suggest that the underlying reasons often relate to insecure land tenure, resource, conflicts, lack of access to capital, large power imbalances and corruption within society. Changing research priorities are increasingly directed towards improvement of rural livelihoods in the context of sustainable resource management. They observe that forestry-related research capacity in developing countries is weak and under-resourced and there is commonly a mismatch between the skills available in the “installed capacity” of public sector research institutions and those required for the topics that have the highest potential to generate public goods. The authors propose that the focus should place a greater emphasis on policy research to relieve the constraints highlighted above and believe that impact can be enhanced through integrated “action research” across disciplines, scales and stakeholders.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1172NIForestry Chronicle178Inventarios floristicos en bosques secundarios de la zona de Pucallpa con fines de produccion forestalCoronado, C.Lombardi, I.Sabogal, C2002natural regenerationsecondary forestsforest inventoriesspeciesfloraTwenty nine places of secondary forest aged between 5 and 25 years were evaluated in 20 agricultural units from 8 native communities in three sectors of Pucallpa (Semuya, Requena and Neshuya) in the Peruvian Amazonian. In 5,9 ha of secondary forest a total of 219 species were found, belonging to 36 botanical families, which include trees and palms, in all the categories of vegetation. Among the species classified by ages shrubs, and use groups about more representative for abundance were those corresponding to provide sawed splints, plump wood for rural constructions and the feeding group. Inside these groups, in each sector different species highlight, which it is a fact that in Nueva Requena the productive potential of secondary forests is determined by the species used by their population for self-consumption. Also, Semuya and Neshuya show this potential and it is considered that contribution of the species that, although marketed sporadically and in a small scale, they can report revenues to the farmer.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1158PERevista Forestal del Peru1-224Caracterizacion de sitios degradados y adaptabilidad de especies forestales en el ambito de Pucallpa, UcayaliSoudre, M.Ricse, A.Sabogal, C.Kobayashi, S.Guariguata, M.R.Alegre, J2002degraded landrehabilitationforest treesspecies trialsadaptabilityweedsThis article is a result of a research project to characterize degrated sites in Pucallpa, Peru and determine the adaptability of six native tree species in areas abandoned after agricultural use. Nine farmers were selected for setting-up experimental plots on abandoned land characterized by Ultisols on flat terrain with low biomass (4-8 t/ha) and dominated by invading weed species: Imperata brasiliensis (cashupsha), Rottboellia conchinchinensis (arrocillo) and Baccharis floribunda (sachahuaca). Six tree species (treatment) were randomly planted in the plots following a statistical design with repetitions by strata (dominant weed species). A control plot of young secondary growth was included. The tree species used are Amburana cearensis (ishpingo), calycophyllum spruceanum (capurena negra), Cedrelinga catenaeformis (tornillo), Schizolobium amazonicum (pashaco blanco), Tabebuia serratifolia (tahuari amarillo) and Terminalia oblonga (yacushapana amarilla). Results showed that Schizolobium amazonicum was the best adapted species with a fourfold height rate compared with the other species. The next best result are presented by Tabebuia serratifolia. Sites dominated by Imperata were unfavorable for the initial growth of all tree species.ArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter1159PERevista Forestal del Peru1-224Aspectos metodológicos para determinar opciones de manejo de bosques secundarios (purmas) en la Amazonía peruana, con especial referencia a la zona de PucallpaSabogal, C.Colan, V.Galvan, O.Current, D.Dominguez, G.Yepes, F2002forest managementArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter1160PERevista Forestal del Peru1-224Aplicacion del muestreo diagnostico en bosques secundarios desarrollados en propiedades agrícolas de la zona de Pucallpa, Amazonia peruanaSabogal, C.Galvan, O.Colan, V2002forest managementArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter1161PERevista Forestal del Peru1-224Economic crisis and forest cover change in Cameroon: the role of migration, crop diversification, and gender division laborSunderlin, W.D.Pokam, J2002economic crisesdeforestationmigrationagricultural productionfood Cropsgender relationslabourmacroeconomicsDating from 1986 when a devastating economic crisis began, the rate of deforestation has increased significantly in the humid forest zone of Cameroon. Research was conducted in 1997-98 to know how the crisis has affected socioeconomic conditions, and how these changes have in turn affected forest cover. A survey of 4,078 households in 38 villages tested three hypotheses concerning the effects of the crisis on migration, cropping patterns, and the gender division of labor. Among the key findings are that: (1) on average, population in the villages has grown considerably in response to inmigration, slowed rural to urban migration, and recent net “return” migration; (2) there has been a massive turn to production of food crops; (3) new food crop production tended to be at the expense of forest cover because many farmers retained their cocoa and coffee plots; (4) men are now highly involved in the production of food crops; and (5) the amount of forest clearing in 1996 was largely a function of increased food crop production and distance from the capital city. Policy efforts aimed at controlling inappropriate deforestation must recognize that macroeconomic conditions can have an important role in influencing migration, food crop choices, and gender division of labor, which in turn influence forest cover change.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1151CMEconomic Development and Cultural Change350Analyse economique de la consommation du bois de feu en regions forestieres: lecons des zones urbaines camerounaisesNkamleu, B.Endamana, D.Gockowski, J.Ndoye, O.Sunderlin, W.D2002fuelwoodenergy consumptionhouseholdseconomic analysisincomeurban areasnon-timber forest productsThis paper aims at analyzing fuel consumption in households of forest zones, and at showing the place of fuelwood as a source of energy in the region. The study was carried out in Cameroon and it was based on a survey done in 1996. A sample of 400 households from Yaounde, Mbalmayo and Ebolowa was used. The results obtained confirm the importance of fuelwood, in its different forms, as a source of energy in urban areas. This importance is higher in less urbanized town, while the spatial repartition of the others sources of energy (kerosne, gas) is reserved. Finally, the econometric analysis, using of Engel's curves allowed the elasticity of income to be assessed, showing a negative link between income levels and fuelwood consumption.ArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter1152CMSecheresse213Oil, macroeconomics, and forests: assessing the linkagesWunder, S.Sunderlin, W.D2004land use changeforest coverdeforestationdeveloping countriesdevelopment aidoilsmacroeconomicseconomic policyHow does an oil boom affect the forest cover of tropical oil exporting-countries? Are they more or less likely than non-oil countries to experience forest loss? What macro-economic linkages and policies are decisive? This article summarises research on land-use changes in eight tropical developing countries. Our country-comparative approach reveals that the direct oil impacts on forests are unquestionably subordinate compared to oil's derived macroeconomic impact. In most cases, oil wealth indirectly but significantly comes to protect tropical forests. The core mechanism here is that oil rents cause 'Dutch Disease', decreasing the price-competitiveness of agriculture and logging, which strongly diminishes pressures for deforestation and forest degradation. But domestic policy responses to oil wealth are also vital determinants for the forest outcome. When governments use most oil wealth for urban spending sprees, this reinforces the core effect by pulling more labor out of land-using and forest-degrading activities. Yet, in extreme cases when boosting oil revenues finance large road-construction programs or frontier-colonization projects, the core forest-protective effect of oil wealth can be reversed. Repeated currency devaluation and import protection of heavily land-using domestic sectors also contribute to increased forest pressures. These conclusions have ample policy implications, reaching beyond the group of tropical oil countries. Other international capital transfers, like bilateral credits, aid or debt relief can have similar impacts. These measures will alleviate pressures on forests, unless they come to bolster specific forest-detrimental policies. This also provides some suggestions on what forest-friendly safeguards could realistically be taken in the design of structural adjustment programs, considering the important trade-offs between development and conservation objectives.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1154CMWorld Bank Research Observer219Learning to govern: how to improve monitoring system in community forestry in Nepal?Ojha, H.Pokharel, B.McDougall, C.Paudel, K2003learningmonitoringcommunity forestrygovernanceresource managementForest governance is now recognized as a critical factor for effective resource management and enhancing livelihood outcomes. This paper recognizes the need for having learning element in the governing process, for which there has to be a continuous monitoring process in place. Based on recent studies, the current monitoring system at different layers in Nepal's community forestry is reviewed, and opportunities for improved micro-macro linkages and forest governance are identified.http://www.forestaction.org/publication/journals/forest_and_livelihood_articles/j_f_l_vol_2_no_2/hemant_etal%205_vol2_2.PDFArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1156NPJournal of Forests and Livelihoods1684-018622Changes in Miombo woodland cover in and around Sengwa Wildlife Research area, Zimbabwe, in relation to elephants and fireMapaure, I.Campbell, B.M2002woodlandselephantsfirechangeforest firesOne of the consequences of impacts of elephants and fire on woodlands is a change in woody cover, which often results in major challenges for wildlife managers. Changes in miombo woodland cover in and around Sengwa Wildlife Research Area (SWRA) between 1958 and 1996 were quantified by analyzing aerial photographs. Woody cover in SWRA decreased from 95.2% in 1958 to 68.2% in 1996, with a lowest mean of 62.9% in 1983. The annual absolute rate of woody cover change in SWRA increased from -1.1% perannum between 1993 and 1996, while the annual relative rate increased from -1.1% per annum between 1958 and 1964 to 3.3% per annum between 1993 and 1996. There was a strong negative correlation between elephant densities and woody cover in SWRA, suggesting that loss of woody cover was mainly due to elephants. Woodland recovery after 1983 was due to reductions in elephant populations through legal and illegal off-take and reductions in fire frequency. Surrounding areas experienced less woody cover losses than SWRA, mainly due to tree removal by locals whose densities increased after the eradication of tsetse fly in the 1970s.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1139ZWAfrican Journal of Ecology0022-047740The energy transition in action: domestic fuel choices in a changing ZimbabweCampbell, B.M.Vermeulen, S.J.Mangono, J.J.Mabugu, R2003energy consumptionhouseholdsincomestructural adjustmentTwo questionnaire surveys of fuel use by low-income households in Zimbabwe were conducted in four small towns in 1994, and in these towns plus four larger towns in 1999. An energy transition from wood through kerosene to electricity occured (a) with rising household income, (b) with increasing electrification status among towns and (c) over time in the smaller towns, in spite of falling household incomes in two of the towns. Increasing discrepancy in the incomes of higher and lower income groups over time was not associated with greater divergence in their fuel choices. By 1999 electricity was used by almost all households in towns with good electricity supplies, while use of firewood in these towns was infrequent. However, even the wealthiest households continued to combine electricity with other fuels, usually kerosene. Electricity use by less affluent households is apparently limited to lack of connections in the home and by access to appliances, while fuel prices, which are subject to government subsidies and fell in real terms over 5 years, have been less important. Zimbabwe's urban domestic energy policy has had considerable success in terms of equity, but this is increasingly difficult to maintain given present economic and political uncertainty.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter1140ZWEnergy Policy31The faint promise of a distant market: a survey of Belem's trade in non-timber forest productsShanley, P2002non-timber forest productstrademarketsdistance travelledforest productssurveysmedicinal plants