Absorber design for a compound parabolic concentrator collector without transmission lossSuzuki, A.Kobayashi, S1994plantationsrehabilitationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter494IDApplied Optics2833Global environment change, sociology, and paradigm isolationSunderlin, W.D1995climatic changesociologyThere are three broad categories of thought on how to respond to problems associated with global environmental change: structural economic change and grassroots mobilization; international diplomacy and regime building; and cultural/behavioural transformation. These categories of thought correspond to the classical paradigms of sociology &ndash;&ndash; that is, to the class, managerial, and pluralist perspectives. Many writings on global environmental change adhere to the tenets of one particular paradigm while ignoring, downplaying the significance of, or challenging the tenets of other paradigms. The article discusses the dangers of such compartmentalization and recommends that writers on global environmental change work to cross paradigm boundaries.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter11IDGlobal Environmental Change35Assessing criteria for sustainable forestryPrabhu, R1994assessmentsustainabilityforestrycriteriaArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter97IDITTO Tropical Forest Update34Minimum data requirements for sustainable forest managementVanclay, J.K1995forest managementsustainabilityArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter204IDIUFRO News124S4.02-03. Forest inventory on successive occasions: Meeting on Minimum Data Requirements for Sustainable Forest Management, held in Stellenbosch, South Africa, November 7-9, 1994Vanclay, J.K1994forest inventoriesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter15IDIUFRO NewsIssue 124Growth and yield estimation from successive forest inventories. Selected papers from an IUFRO Conference in Copenhagen, 14-17 June 1993Vanclay, J.K.Skovsgaard, J. P.Gertner, G. Z.1995yieldsgrowthsuccessionforest inventoriesSuccessive inventories of a silvicultural experiment in terra firme rain forest within the Tapajós National Forest in the Brazilian Amazon are examined to provide guidelines for operational forest management on a sustainable basis. The experiment was logged in 1979 without additional silvicultural treatment, but included protection from further logging and encroachment (`log and leave'). Thirty-six permanent plots established in 1981 were remeasured in 1987 and 1992. Logging changed the canopy structure and altered the composition of the stand, reducing the number of shade tolerant species and stimulating light demanding species. There was a net increase in stem number and stand basal area during the 11 year observation period, and this trend also holds for most of the individual species. The stand basal area 13 years after logging was about 75% of that in a comparable unlogged forest. Logging stimulated growth, but this effect was short-lived, lasting only about 3 years, and current growth rates are similar to those in the unlogged forest. Between the first and second remeasures, average diameter increment decreased from 0.4 to 0.2 cm year-1, mortality remained relatively constant at 2.5% year-1, while recruitment (at 5 cm diameter at breast height) decreased from 5 to 2%. Total volume production declined from approximately 6 to 4 m3 ha-1 year-1, while commercial production remained about 0.8 m3 ha-1 year-1. New commercial species increased the commercial volume in 1992 from 18 to 54 m3 ha-1, and the increment to 1.8 m3 ha-1 year-1. Results from this experiment provide the first quantitative information for management planning in the Tapajós Forest, and may guide the choice of cutting cycle and annual allowable cut. Silvicultural treatment to stimulate growth rates in forest areas zoned for timber production should be considered as a viable management option. Extrapolations of these results to an anticipated 30-35 year cutting cycle must be interpreted with caution. Ongoing remeasurement and analysis of these and other plots over the next 30 years or more are necessary to provide a stronger basis for management inferences. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter21IDForest Ecology and Management0378-1127371Estimating use-values and relative importance of Amazonian flood plain trees and forests to local inhabitantsKvist, L.P.Andersen, M.Hesselsoe, M.Vanclay, J.K1995floodplainstreesforestslocal populationUse-values have been advocated as a tool to compare the value of not just individual species, but also of plant families and forest types to local people, e.g. to identify species or habitats in need of special management or conservation. We estimated use-values in three forest types (upper restinga, lower restinga, tahuampa) on the Amazon flood plain south of Iquitos (Peru), compared two methodologies, identified the most valuable species, and contrasted these valuations with the actual use of forest resources in local villages. A new method for estimating use-values was contrasted with the method of Phillips and Gentry (1993a). Despite philosophical and procedural differences, estimates were highly correlated (r2=0.86). We discuss limitations of both methods and suggest some possible enhancements. The need to discriminate between past, present and potential uses is emphasized. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter27IDCommonwealth Forestry Review474Growth and yield of a tropical rainforest in the Brazilian Amazon 13 years after loggingSilva, J.N.MDe Carvalho, J.O.P.Lopes, J.do.C.A.De Almedia, B.E.Costa, D.H.M.de Oliveira, L.C.Vanclay, J.K.Skovsgaard, J.P1995growthyieldsrain forestsloggingSuccessive inventories of a silvicultural experiment in terra firme rain forest within the Tapajós National Forest in the Brazilian Amazon are examined to provide guidelines for operational forest management on a sustainable basis. The experiment was logged in 1979 without additional silvicultural treatment, but included protection from further logging and encroachment (`log and leave'). Thirty six permanent plots established in 1981 were remeasured in 1987 and 1992. Logging changed the canopy structure and altered the composition of the stand, reducing the number of shade tolerant species and stimulating light demanding species. There was a net increase in stem number and stand basal area during the 11 year observation period, and this trend also holds for most of the individual species. The stand basal area 13 years after logging was about 75% of that in a comparable unlogged forest. Logging stimulated growth, but this effect was short lived, lasting only about 3 years, and current growth rates are similar to those in the unlogged forest. Between the first and second remeasures, average diameter increment decreased from 0.4 to 0.2 cm year-1, mortality remained relatively constant at 2.5% year-1, while recruitment (at 5 cm diameter at breast height) decreased from 5 to 2%. Total volume production declined from approximately 6 to 4 m3 ha-1 year-1, while commercial production remained about 0.8 m3 ha-1 year-1. New commercial species increased the commercial volume in 1992 from 18 to 54 m3 ha-1, and the increment to 1.8 m3 ha-1 year-1. Results from this experiment provide the first quantitative information for management planning in the Tapajós Forest, and may guide the choice of cutting cycle and annual allowable cut. Silvicultural treatment to stimulate growth rates in forest areas zoned for timber production should be considered as a viable management option. Extrapolations of these results to an anticipated 30-35 year cutting cycle must be interpreted with caution. Ongoing remeasurement and analysis of these and other plots over the next 30 years or more are necessary to provide a stronger basis for management inferences. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter28BRForest Ecology and Management0378-1127371Evaluating a growth model for forest management using continuous forest inventory dataSoares, P.Torne, M.Skovsgaard, J.P.Vanclay, J.K1995evaluationgrowth modelsforest managementforest inventoriesModel evaluation should include qualitative as well as quantitative examinations of the model. The qualitative parts should comprise a critical appraisal of model logic as well as theoretical and biological realism of the model. The quantitative parts should comprise statistical tests and comparisons of predictions with observations independent of those used to fit the model. Comprehensive model evaluation requires several alternative approaches and criteria. Model evaluation is not one simple procedure, but consists of a number of interrelated steps that should not be separated from each other or from model construction. It is stressed that models can only be evaluated in relative terms, and their predictive value is always open to question. Thus, model evaluation is an ongoing process. A case study with the PBRAVO growth model for maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in the Leiria forest, Portugal, illustrates the utility of selected criteria and graphical techniques. Based on theoretical examinations and tests with data from continuou forest inventories, we conclude that the Leiria version of the PBRAVO model does not adequately represent reality and that forecasts lack sufficient accuracy for forest management purposes. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter29BRForest Ecology and Management0378-1127371Growth models for tropical forests: a synthesis of models and methodsVanclay, J.K1995growth modelstropical forestsmethodologyArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter30BRForest Science141Assessing the quality of permanent sample plot databases for growth modelling in forest plantationsVanclay, J.K.Skovsgaard, J.P.Hansen, C.P1995assessmentgrowth modelsdatabasesforest plantationsInformed plantation management requires a good database, since the quality of information depends on the quality of data, growth models and other planning tools. There are several important questions concerning permanent plots: how many plots, where to put them, and how to manage them. Plot measurement procedures are also important. This paper illustrates graphical procedures to evaluate existing databases, to identify areas of weakness, and to plan remedial sampling. Two graphs, one of site index versus age, another with stocking versus tree size, may provide a good summary of the site and stand conditions represented in the database. However, it is important that these variables, especially site index, can be determined reliably. Where there is doubt about the efficacy of site index estimates, it is prudent to stratify the database according to geography, soil/geology or yield level (total basal area or volume production). Established permanent plot systems may sample a limited range of stand conditions, and clinal designs are an efficient way to supplement such data to provide a better basis for silvicultural inference. Procedures are illustrated with three data sets: teak plantations in Burma, Norway spruce in Denmark, and a clinal spacing experiment in India.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter32BRForest Ecology and Management0378-1127371Assessing the sustainability of timber harvests from natural forests: limitations of indices based on successive harvestsVanclay, J.K1996assessmentsustainabilitytimbersharvestingnatural forestssuccessionArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter33BRJournal of Sustainable Forestry43Lessons from the Queensland rainforests: steps towards sustainabilityVanclay, J.K1996rain forestssustainabilityArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter34BRJournal of Sustainable Forestry2/33Estimating sample size for inference about the Shannon-Weaver and the Simpson Indices of species diversityMagnussen, S.Boyle, T.J.B1995speciesbiodiversityA framework for a priori estimation of the expected sampling variances of the Shannon-Weaver and the Simpson indices of species diversity is developed by the introduction of the most probable relative species abundance distribution (MOPSAD). MOPSAD gives the prior probability of a species' relative abundance. The beta distribution is used here as the prior for MOPSAD. Sample sizes needed for efficient statistical inference and hypothesis testing about the two indices are provided for 16 distinct beta priors for MOPSAD. Shannon-Weaver and Simpson's diversity indices in plant communities expected to have a `U'-shaped or a J-shaped MOPSAD will have large sampling variances. For the same statistical resolution the Simpson index requires about nine times as many samples as the Shannon-Weaver index. The impact of a positive or negative spatial association among species on the variance of the diversity indices was also assessed. In general, spatial association had little impact on the variance of the indices; it suffices to increase the sample size by about 5% as a safeguard against variance inflation due to spatial associations. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter39BRForest Ecology and Management0378-11271/378The population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plantsYoung, A.G.Boyle, T.J.B.Brown, A.H.D1996plantspopulationsgeneticsHabitat fragmentation reduces the size and increases the spatial isolation of plant populations. Initial predictions have been that such changes will be accompanied by an erosion of genetic variation and increased interpopulation genetic divergence due to increased random genetic drift, elevated inbreeding and reduced gene flow. Results of recent empirical studies suggest that while genetic variation may decrease with reduced remnant population size, not all fragmentation events lead to genetic losses and different types of genetic variation (e.g. allozyme and quantitative variation) may respond differently. In some circumstances, fragmentation actually appears to increase gene flow among remnant populations, breaking down local genetic structure.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter40BRTrends in Ecology and Evolution11Non-timber forest product gathering in Ritigala forest (Sri Lanka): household strategies and community differentiationWickramasinghe, A.Ruiz Perez, M.Blockhus, J.M1996non-timber forest productshouseholdscommunitiesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter44BRHuman Ecology0300-7839424Policy change in China: the effects on the bamboo sector in Anji countyRuiz Perez, M.Fu MaoyiXie JinzhongBelcher, B.Zhong MaogongXie Chen1996policychangebamboosforest policyrural developmentChina has undertaken major economic policy changes since 1978, having moved from a plan economy to a predominantly market economy. These changes had great impact in the forestry sector. This paper aims to document these changes in the case of bamboo, and at the same time show bamboo's contribution to rural development in the new policy and economic conditions. New challenges will have to be met, such as diversification, improvement in a, uality, and standard and quality controls. The implementation of the policy changes is seen in a positive light, having avoided major disruptions in the economy. The case study of bamboo in Anji County also confirms the reduced influence of the State on production and consumption behaviour in the presence of a market system. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter45CNJournal of Forest Economics22Forest fragmentation and biodiversity: the case for intermediate-sized conservation areasZuidema, P.A.Sayer, J.A.Dijkman, W1996biodiversityprotected areasforest fragmentationUnderstanding the effects of forest fragmentation on biodiversity is essential for successful and efficient forest conservation. Four factors may cause loss of biodiversity in forest fragments: the effect of non-random sampling of the original forest, reduced forest size, isolation and edge effects. A review of 58 papers on effects of forest fragmentation reveals that general conclusions from fragmentation research are biased due to a focus on birds, on size-effects rather than isolation, and on species presence rather than population sizes. Perhaps the most important finding is that current knowledge on fragmentation effects is based mainly on studies in small fragments (<10 ha). These are dominated by edge effects, can not contain viable populations for many species and are rarely the focus of conservation programmes. Studies of small fragments can not be extrapolated to larger-sized, protected areas. Conservation of medium-sized, strategically-located areas may be a more efficient option for biodiversity conservation, given financial, social and logistic limitations. More research is needed on forest management that are representative of the sizes of real-world protected areas (i.e.>10 000 - 100 000 ha) and should focus on the biological and human-induced processes which determine species presistence.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter96CNEnvironmental Conservation423What do non-timber products mean for forest conservation?Sayer, J.A.Ruiz Perez, M1994non-timber forest productsforest conservationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter102CNIUCN Bulletin3 (Special Report)Agroforestry policy issues and research directions in the US and less develop countries, insight and challenges from recent experience. ( special issue on agroforestry science, policy and practice )Buck, L1995agroforestrypolicyresearchdeveloping countriesEfforts to improve the performance of agroforestry systems, and to expand the land area and number of people able to benefit from this integrative approach to agriculture and natural resource management, are constrained throughout the world by non-supportive land use policies. A growing sense of urgency that policy change is needed to enable agroforestry to flourish has contributed during the past two years to an unprecedented level of agroforestry policy assessment and planning activity. In the USA, agroforestry has emerged from academia, where it has incubated since the mid-1980s, into the professional resource management arena. A multi-organizational agroforestry evaluation process has driven national policy and programme formation to the forefront of the agenda of the agroforestry community, as it seeks to influence the 1995 Farm Bill. Internationally, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and collaborators fostered a sequence of policy issue identification activities as a basis for setting strategic research priorities for forestry and agroforestry. Following a brief review of forces driving agroforestry development in industrialized and less developed countries, the paper highlights recent policy assessment initiatives in each sphere. Observations on the issues driving and the priorities emerging from these processes are offered, to lend perspective to the critical challenges facing the agroforestry policy research community. An explanation for pervasive constraints and inconsistencies in policy effectiveness is then explored, from which a promising approach to research intervention is forwarded. It is argued that social scientists might influence agroforestry policy most favourably at this critical juncture, as perceptions of inter-dependence increase among different stakeholders in the policy system, by employing interventionist, actor-orientated perspectives and participatory methods to facilitate policy innovation and evaluation. The approach is consistent with participatory technology design processes that earlier helped to establish agroforestry as a prototype for sustainable developmentArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter117CNAgroforestry Systems30What future for the tropical moist forest 25 years hence?Byron, R.N.Ruiz Perez, M1996tropical forestshumid zonesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter118CNCommonwealth Forestry Review275Technological advance and the conservation of resourcesSayer, J.A.Byron, R.N1996technologyconservationforest resourcesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter120CNInternational Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology3Forestry research within the Consultative Group on International Agricultural ResearchSayer, J.A1994forestryresearchCGIARArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter163CNUnasylva17745The effects of logging in natural forestsBertault, J-G.Sist, P1995logging effectsArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter166CNBois et Forets des Tropiques3245Managerialism and the conceptual limits of sustainable developmentSunderlin, W.D1995sustainabilitydevelopmentthis article examine the concept of sustainable development in terms of the three classical sociological paradigms--that is, the class, managerial and pluralist traditions. In so doing, it is discovered that the concept of sustainable development is firmly rooted in the managerial tradition, and that the concept is often opposed by writers in the class and pluralist traditions. This implies that the power and scope of the concept, although having grown greatly in recent years, is inherently limited by its ideological character.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter169CNSociety and Natural Resources8Resource decline and adaptation through time: fishers in San Miguel Bay, Philippines 1980-1993Sunderlin, W.D1995fishery resourcesfishermenfishingincomeresource managementpolicyadaptationfishery managementThis article examines social conditions in a bay experiencing population growth, gear conflict, overfishing, and general resource declince. Sample surveys of fishing households caried out in 1980 and 1993 in nine villages of San Miguel Bay reveal patterns of continuity and change. The key continuity is sustained overall population growth in fishing villages. Among the key forms of change are those which demonstrate a degree of adaptation to resource decline: decreased participation in fishing; greater reliance of fishing households on nonfishing income; increased dependence on remittances of nonhouseholds labor; and dramatic growth in the number of fishing organizations involved in resource management. The findings suggest that resource management policies should be patterned after spontaneous adaptations to resource decline.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter170PHOcean and Coastal Management25Landscape forestry: a book review of Stephen G. BoyceDykstra, D.P1996landscapeforestryreviewsThere is not abstract for this publication.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter198PHForest Ecology and Management0378-11271-382Comparison of microclimate characteristics between a mixed deciduous forest and young teak plantation in ThailandSukswang, S.Takahashi, M.Nakashizuka, T.Kobayashi, S.Hirai, H1996deciduous forestsplantationsmicroclimatemixed foreststeakArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter199THGlobal Changes in the Tropical Contexts2Making the most of forestsSayer, J.A.Ruiz Perez, M1994forestsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter203THIUCN Bulletin3Creating timber harvest guidelines for a reduced-impact logging project in MalaysiaPinard, M. A.Putz, F.E.Tay, J.Sullivan, T.E1995timbersharvestingguidelineslogging effectsprojectsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter230MYJournal of Forestry1093Natural forest management as a conservation tool: divergent opinions on constraints, possibilities, and alternativesDickinson, M.B.Dickinson, J.C.Putz, F.E1996forest managementnatural forestsconservationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter231MYCommonwealth Forestry Review475Retaining forest biomass by reducing logging damagePinard, M.A.Putz, F.E1996biomassforest damagelogging effectsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter233MYBiotropica0006-3606328Early woody invasion under the tree plantation in Costa Rica: implications for forest restorationGuariguata, M.R.Rheingans, R.Montagini, F1995plantationstreesrehabilitationforestsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter234CRRestoration Ecology43Interspecific variation in rates of trunk wound closure in a Panamanian lowland forestGuariguata, M.R.Gilbert, G.S1996woundstrunkslowland areaslowland areasforestsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter235PABiotropica0006-360628Vine infestation of large remnant trees in logged forest in Sabah, Malaysia: biomechanical facilitation in vine successionPinard, M.A.Putz, F.E1994climberssuccessiontreesloggingArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter237MYJournal of Tropical Forest Science36Comparative phenology of epiphytic and tree-phase strangler figs in a Venezuelan palm savannaPutz, F.E.Romano, G.B.Holbrook, N.M1995phenologyepiphytesfigstreessavannashttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/APutz9602.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter239VEBiotropica0006-360627Biological challenges for certification of tropical timberPutz, F.E.Viana, V1996certificationtimberstropicsCopyrighted 1996 by the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. Reprinted by permission.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/APutz9601.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter242VEBiotropica0006-3606328The reduced-impact logging projectPutz, F. E.Pinard, M1994logging effectsprojectsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter247VEITTO Tropical Forest Update54Figs and firePutz, F E.Susilo, A1994firefigshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/APutz9401.pdfArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter248VEBiotropica0006-360626Relay ascension of big trees by vines in Rock Creek Park, District of ColumbiaPutz, F. E1995climberstreesArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter249VECastanea460Book review. Biological diversity: the coexistence of species on changing landscapes.Putz, F.E1996reviewsbiodiversityspecieschangelandscapeArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter251VEQuarterly Review of Biology71Role of tree improvement in smallholder production systems: CIFOR&rsquo;s views and research activitiesCossalter, C1996CIFORtreesimprovementproductionArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter260VEAgroforestry Forum47CIFOR's research on reforestationTurnbull, J.W1995afforestationCIFORresearchArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter261VEITTO Tropical Forest Update15Social sustainability in the forestWollenberg, E.Colfer, C.J.P1996sustainabilitysocial activitiesforests This article is a brief progress report of a project aiming to test criteria and indicators for the social dimensions of sustainable forest management. It explains our conceptual starting point for our research, including a defintion of well-being, our perspective on the actions of people, and brief mention of intergenerational distribution. We then provide an account of what exactly has been done in the field tests, followed by a section on lessons learned. We conclude with some ideas for next steps, and with a summary of principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers pertaining to people&rsquo;s roles in sustainable forest management.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter264VEITTO Tropical Forest Update26Measuring, monitoring and conserving biodiversity in managed tropical forestsBoyle, T.J.B.Sayer, J.A1995tropical forestsbiodiversityconservationmonitoringmeasurementDiscusses methods for measuring and monitoring different components of biodiversity in tropical forests. Considers the conservation of biodiversity in tropical forests including the use of criteria and indicators, the zonation concept of management, the use of buffer zones, and extractive reserves. Prospects for future conservation and management are discussed. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter266VECommonwealth Forestry Review174Managing for biodiversity in humid tropical forestsSayer, J.A.Zuidema, P.A.Rijks, M.H1995forest managementtropical forestshumid tropicsbiodiversityprotected areasOne of the major issues surrounding the debate on sustainability of management of tropical forests is the impact of different forest management strategies on biodiversity. Recent research has suggested a number of options for minimising the risks to biodiversity of forestry operations. The maintenance of extensive conventional national parks and equivalent reserves still constitutes the best option from the purely biological standpoint. However, social, economic and demographic realities coupled with increased knowledge of the ecology and distribution of tropical forest species, suggests that appropriate forestry practice can contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation. The optimal strategy should be based upon a system of conventional protected areas, complemented by a reduction of the impact of harvesting and the retention of unlogged refugia in logged-over-forests.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter269VECommonwealth Forestry Review474Isozyme analysis of a tropical forest tree, Pterocarpus macrocarpus KurzLiengsiri, C.Yeh, F.C.H.Boyle, T.J.B1995tropical forestsforest treesanalysisPterocarpus macrocarpusIsoenzymesGenetic variation within and among 11 natural populations of Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz. from different forest habitats in Thailand was examined by starch gel electrophoresis of 18 loci coding for 11 enzymes. The species possesses a high level of isozyme variation. The percentage of polymorphic loci per population ranged from 66.67 to 100% with a mean of 82.32% and the number of alleles per locus per population ranged from 2.44 to 2.94, averaging 2.67. Observed average population heterozygosity, at 0.222, was lower than the expected average population heterozygosity (0.246) and the estimate of FIS, at 0.099, suggests some degree of inbreeding within populations. There was a high degree of among-population differentiation. All 18 loci exhibited allelic heterogeneity and the estimate of FST was 0.12. Cluster analysis revealed an east-west pattern of population grouping, in accordance with significant correlations between allelic frequencies and longitudes at eight loci. The correlation coefficient between genetic and geographic distance at 0.515 (P < 0.0001) suggests that isolation by distance might in part have been a contributing factor to population differentiation in this tropical forest tree. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter325VEForest Ecology and Management0378-112774Early selection for drought tolerance and relationship to dry weight partitioning in black spruce familiesTan, W.X.Blake, T.J.Boyle, T.J.B1995selectiondrought resistanceArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter326VEForest Science41Climbing bamboo (Dinochloa spp.) in Sabah: biomechanical characteristics, mode of ascent, and abundance in logged-over forestYap, S.W.Chack, C.V.Majuakim, L.Anuar, M.Putz, F.E1995bamboosArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter375MYJournal of Tropical Forest Science28Popular perceptions of tropical ecologistsPutz, F. E1996tropicsecologyThere is reason to be concerned about the way we, as scientists and tropical ecologists, are perceived by politicians, entrepreneurs, industrialists, farmers (both wealthy and landless), and, in general, by voters and taxpayers. Our sometimes absurd and generally undeserved public images hinder our capacity to carry out our work. Unless decision-makers and the consumers of our scientific services have confidence in us and recognize the value of our research, our efforts are likely to be unsupported and our recommendations will go unheeded. As scientists we all share the burden of the portrayal of our medieval origins in the dark and smoky caves of the alchemists--transmuters of matter, independent thinkers about causes and origins, practitioners of the black arts, doubters of the divine order as revealed by the Church of Rome, and maniacal pursuers of arcane knowledge tinged with ideological evil. However, the reputation of science and scientists is complex and ebbs and flows, rising during the Renaissance and Age of Discovery, plummeting with our moral stocks after Hiroshima, only to rise again with Sputnik. During any of these periods the general populace often maintained contradictory opinions about the worth of science and the character of scientists; the Atomic Age, for example, was simultaneously a time of hope and a time of despair for the future of our species and the planet. Western society currently seems to be in a love-hate relationship with science and scientists: are we sources of solutions or causes of problems? I believe that as tropical ecologists we need to be concerned about this relationship and endeavor to improve the reputation of scientists in general and tropical ecologists in particular. Unfortunately, working scientists themselves have very little to do with the way we are perceived: Albert Einstein is a prominent exception, but few other practicing scientists influence our public image as much as Drs. Frankenstein, Faustus, Strangelove, and Jekyll (e.g., Haynes 1994). Closer to home we should consider, for example, the archetypal character of the tropical researcher played by Sean Connery in Medicine Man; he is an enchanter, his methods are arcane, and he is obviously obsessed, misanthropic, poorly socialized, and poorly dressed. With the archetype of the colossally arrogant and condescending academic who ruthlessly sacrifices people to gratify scientific curiosity, we need to include the charismatic and intrepid explorer/adventurer type (e.g., Professor Indiana Jones), and the comic bumbler (e.g., the scatologist/wildlife biologist in The Gods Must be Crazy). These media caricatures are compelling, entertaining, and probably unshakable, but we should try to encourage a diversity of depictions that mirrors our actual diversity. The media stereotype of female scientists, in particular, deserves attention. It is extremely disturbing to learn that when 4807 North American school children were asked to draw pictures of scientists, 99.4% of their depictions were middle-aged white males with bad hair or no hair at all, and most of them were working alone on research that was secret, dangerous, or both (Chambers 1983). Why are we perceived this way? Certainly some of us are rightly depicted as male, but bad hair? [no way!] and middle aged? [never!]. I am not suggesting that ATB hire a public relations firm to monitor the media and to assure that we are not being misrepresented, but I think we need to consider how the treatment we receive from the media might predispose people to treat real scientists in ways that we do not deserve. But we should also applaud recent improvements in the way we are portrayed by the media. The scientists in the movie Jurassic Park, for example, are quite informative, diverse, and to Hollywood's standards at least, reasonable. Perhaps as individuals we can most effectively influence the way we are perceived by the public by putting an emphasis on communicating who we are, what we do, and why. Failing to do so limits our opportunities and endangers the society and the planet we serve!ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter378MYTropinet7Foreword to the second volume of the special issue containing refereed papers presented at thematic workshops during the CIFOR/UNEP project on sustainable forest management in Anglophone West Africa.. Ghana Journal of Forestry 3Kio, P.R.O.Ofosu-Asiedu, A.Dykstra, D.P.Kowero, G.S1996natural resources managementnatural forestsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter385MYGhana Journal of Forestry13La recherche forestiere au sein du Groupe Consultatif pour la Recherche Agricole Internationale (GCRAI)Sayer, J.A1994forestryArticlesfrCIFOR Head Quarter398MYUnasylva17745Swidden-fallow agroforestry in Amazonian: diversity at close distancede Jong, W1996shifting cultivationagroforestrySwidden-fallow agroforestry among ribereño farmers in the Peruvian Amazon has been reported to show important regional variation. In this paper diversity in terra firme swidden-fallow agroforestry is described for a single village, Santa Rosa, located at the lower Ucayali river, Peru. Local forest gardens differ in managed species composition, weeding patterns, and yield levels. Most of the produce from Santa Rosa forest gardens is locally consumed; only little is traded. Many forest species are actively tended or planted in forest gardens. These systems have the function of suppliers of a range of products. Variation in forest garden management is a result of farmers individual perception of the need for such products.ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter228MYAgroforestry Systems34An economic analysis of the commencement time for tapping rubber by smallholders in IndonesiaGrist, P.Menz, K.M1995economic analysisrubberArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter207IDJournal of Natural Rubber410CIFOR&rsquo;s policy researchByron, R.N1995CIFORpolicyresearchArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter140IDITTO Tropical Forest Update45Rehabilitating imperata grassland: report of an International Workshop on Agroforestry Innovation on Imperata Grassland. Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, January 1995Byron, R.N1995rehabilitationgrassland improvementArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter141IDITTO Tropical Forest Update25Tree farming by small farmers on degraded lands in Central VietnamByron, R.N1995farmerstreesplantingdegraded landArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter142IDForestry Chronicle271The political economy of environmental policy reform in Latin AmericaKaimowitz, D1996environmental policypoliticseconomicsThis article analyzes why it has been easier to promote some types of environmental policy reform in Latin America than others. It first looks at the main groups that might promote such reforms - developed country organizations, the urban middle class, groups that have direct material interests in reform, and movements for social justice. Then in looks at how the existing patterns of development in Latin America condition the prospects for reform, particular the region's great dependence on the exploitation of natural resources and the overall context of economic liberalization and structural adjustment. Finally, it examines how political factors, such as the degree of democratization favor or hinder environmental policy reform. ArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter154IDDevelopment and Change327Tropical forest management in the Asia-Pacific regionMoad, A.S.Whitmore, J.L1994tropical forestsforest managementArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter161IDJournal of Sustainable Forestry41Stand biomass dynamic of pine plantations and natural forest on dry steppe in KazakhstanUsol&rsquotsev, V.A.Vanclay, J.K1995biomasspinesplantationsnatural forestsforest steppeArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter181KZScandinavian Journal of Forest Research10Optical bias with optical wedges in point samplingVanclay, J.K1995forest managementArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter182KZCommonwealth Forestry Review274The future of forestry educationVanclay, J.K1996forestryeducationArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter206KZInstitute of Foresters of Australia Newsletter237Modelling the economics of Imperata control in smallholder rubber plantationsGrist, P.Menz, K.M1996economicsmodelsimperatarubberplantationsArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter214KZTropical Agriculture73Towards a sustainable forest: how can forest be managed in a way that satisfies criteria of sustainability. Reprinted in Asian Timber, September 1994, and International Society of Tropical Foresters Newsletter, December 1994Putz, F.E1994sustainabilityforest managementArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter283KZITTO Tropical Forest Update64Insectes comestibles du haut pays mixtèque (Mexique)Katz, E1996community forestrygovernanceArticlesenCIFOR Head Quarter347KZAnthropozoologica23La contribucion de los investigadores botanicos a la mejora del manejo forestal en BoliviaPutz, F. E.Pinard, M.A1995forest managementArticlesesCIFOR Head Quarter250KZBoletion BOLFOR5