Os acessorios: metodos suplementares para avaliar o bem-estar humanoColfer, C.J.P.et alCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999Bookx, 64p.; ill.ptCIFOR Head Quarter1394PHEstudo aplicativo de critérios e indicadores para avaliar sustentabilidade em uma empresa florestal em Tailândia, Pará, na Amazônia brasileiraPokorny, B.Bauch, REmbrapa Amazonia OrientalBelem, Brazil2000criteriaindicatorssustainabilitymonitoringauditingtimbersApplication of Criteria and Indicators to assess the sustainability of a forest Enterprise in Tailândia, Pará in the Brazilian Amazon: Initial aim of the presented study was to contribute to the development of monitoring and auditing instruments for forest enterprises in the Brazilian Amazon, basing on criteria and indicators to assess sustainability (C&I). The study based on the assumption, that the practicability and viability of C&I depended on the consideration of interest, visions and values of forest stakeholders. The principal idea of the study was to identify differences between four different stakeholder groups (local actors, local government, local manager and researcher) in the evaluation of a set of C&I defined by international researchers during a workshop. These differences would be used as starting points to work out a common list of C&I suitable for monitoring and auditing. One important methodological element was the assessment of the sustainability of a Brazilian timber enterprise by practical application of C&I. The study confirmed the great potential of C&I as tools to assess the sustainability of timber enterprise activities and showed interesting differences between the evaluation of the C&I by the different stakeholder groups. It was clear that for the potential users of C&I monitoring and auditing tools, practicability and simplicity were very important as well as the relation of costs and benefits. The assessment methods had a strong influence on the results of evaluation. To facilitate the application of C&I in monitoring and auditing instruments, future efforts should concentrate on the definition of clearly defined verifiers and assessment methods, as well as the definition of specific recommendation indicated by the evaluation results. Book117p.ptCIFOR Head Quarter1319BRFor whom and for what? principles, criteria, and indicators for sustainable forest resources management in ThailandRasmuseen, J.N.Kaosa-ard, A.Boon, T.E.Diaw, C.Edwards, K.Kadyschuk, S.Kaosa-ard, M.Lang, T.Preechapanya, P.Rerkasem, K.Rune, FDanish Centre for Forest, Landscape and PlanningHorsholm, Sweden2000forest managementsustainabilitycriteriaindicatorsmethodologyprotected areasnational parksforest plantationsThailand's forest has been steadily declining during the last 50 years. A logging ban in the natural forests of 1989 has not been efficient in reversing this trend. However, the policy is to afforest the country to 40% cover 25% should be protected forest and 15% for production. To consolidate this a huge number of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks have been gazetted at an increasing rate during the recent decade. As law-enforcement has become stricter this situation has lead to a very tense conflict between the Royal Forest Department, the communities, and the NGO society supporting the latter. Criteria & indicators (C&I) have been developed to make the sustainable forest management (SFM) concept operational. The present study is conducted at the FMU-level, the purpose of C&I is to construct a common platform for dialogue between the involved parties and to test whether this could function to mitigate the tense forest and people controversy in the areas srutinised.The two areas are the doi Inthanon National Park and the Mae Moh FIOR teak plantation in Northern Thailand. The study concluded that C&I could be an instrumental tool in the development of a more coherent forest policy in Thailand.87-7903-072-6Book119p.enCIFOR Head Quarter1066THRehabilitation methods in second-growth forest and degraded lands in the Ucayali region, Peruvian Amazon: finish report (1998-2000)Instituto Nacionalde Investigacion Agraria (INIA)CIFOR and INIABogor, Indonesia2000rehabilitationforest treesafforestationmethodologyspecies trialssoil degradation6 native forest species were tested in two assays of initial adaptability at 25 and 7 months old. The experimental sites were situated in two degraded and abandoned sectors of intensive agricultural and cattle use in the tropical area of Pucallpa, capital of Ucayali. We measured and analyzed the increase in height and diameter of the whole population of trees, together with vigour, mortality, major damage, phytosociology dynamics and the total biomass in representative sites. The sites abandoned after agricultural use presented degradations in the proprieties of the soil, with respect to three equivalent levels of the cover “empobrecida,” Imperata brasiliensis, Rottboellia cochinchinensis and Baccharis floribunda. After 25 months, we found that Schizolobium amazonicum had a major capacity for adaptability, with an average volume of 23 dm3 a vigour better than 73% and 72% survival. This was followed by Tabebuia serratifolia with 2 dm3, 81% vigor and 95% survival. Teminalia oblonga and Amburana cearensis, had 0.8 dm3 volume, 58 and 63% vigour and 72 and 83% survival. Two species normally recommended for reforestation, Calycophyllum spruceanum and Cedrelinga catenaeformis, gave poor results. A habitat dominated by I. brasiliensis is not favorable to the initial establishment of any of the species tested; R. cochinchinensis and B. floribunda were favorable only to S. amazonicum and T. serratifolia. A habitat dominated by secondary forest was the most favorable for all the species tested. Book43p.enCIFOR Head Quarter889PEL'amenagement forestier au Gabon: historique, bilan, perpectivesDrouineau, S.Nasi, RCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1999forest managementsustainabilityincentivesconcessionsgovernment policyforest policyThere is growing awareness of the need to sustainably manage forests in Central Africa. This paper reviews the current state in Gabon within the national context. Forests play a very important role in Gabon in view of their extensive area as well as their contribution to the national economy. There are three main forest regions: coastal sedimentary basin, North-East, and Central Gabon. Forest utilisation is largely controlled by foreign capital and includes few tree species, mainly Okoumé (75% in 1997), with comparatively low volumes extracted per hectare. Export of Okoumé and Ozigo was until recently a monopoly of SNBG, a state company now experiencing a deep crisis. The timber market is affected by the Asian crisis repercussions. Since the 50s the government, as owner, has tried to sustainably manage the forests. Pilot management schemes were undertaken and all forest concessions are required by law to have management plans. The main problem for the government is its capacity to enforce forest management, and for the concession holders the profitability of their investments. There are internal incentives (better forecast of harvest, rationalisation of forest road network, guarantee of access to managed forests), as well as international incentives, such as pressure for ecocertification and assistance to forest management. At national level the forest law reform will make sustainable management compulsory. Such constraints and incentives are not fully identified, however there is clearly increasing involvement of logging companies: feasibility studies on management of timber concessions, forest management agreements between government and concession holders. The cost of sustainable forest management appears globally acceptable. The success of a forest management policy in Gabon will depend on the capacity of the government to incorporate management as a natural component of forest utilisation, and control implementation.Book64p.frCIFOR Head Quarter578PEModelo generico de criterios e indicadores do CIFORCIFOR. C&I TeamCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000criteriaindicatorstropical forestsgeneric template@1999 (English version) Also available in Indonsian and FrenchThis manual provides a comprehensive set of criteria and indicators (C&I) for sustainable forest management based on CIFOR's research. This research was conducted by interdisciplinary teams of experts in large-scale natural forests managed for commercial timber production in Indonesia, Côte d'Ivoire, Brazil and Cameroon, with additional sites in Germany, Austria and USA. The use of the term 'generic template', for these C&I is intended to prevent them being confused with an ideal and universally applicable set of C&I. In term of the scope of applicability ('generic to what?'), it is envisaged that this template be used primarily for tropical natural forests managed for commercial purposes. Use of the term 'generic' also emphasizes that the C&I in this set can be modified and customized to comply with local conditions. They could therefore be used both as a flexible set that is adaptable to all types of forest situations, and as an operational 'mother' set to be used by CIFOR's proposed CIMAT system (C&I Toolbox Series No.3). 'Generic' also implies that this C&I template can be employed by a variety of user groups, such as certification bodies, government officials, donors, forest managers, project managers, and scientists.979-8764-46-3Book57p.ptCIFOR Head Quarter874PEGuide de base pour l'evaluation du bien-etre social the BAGColfer, C.J.P.Brocklesby, M.A.Diaw, C.Etuge, P.Günter, M.Harwell, E.McDougall, C.Porro, N.M.Porro, R.Prabhu, R.Salim, A.Sardjono, M.A.Tchikangwa, B.Tiani, A.M.Wadley, R.L.Woelfel, J.Wollenberg, ECIFORBogor, Indonesia2000assessmentguidelinessocial welfarequality of lifemethodologyforest managementselection criteriaindicatorsdata collectionscoringquantitative analysisqualitative techniques@1999 (English version). Also available in Indonesian and PortugueseThe BAG focuses on the social criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management, a topic that has been the subject of considerable controversy and uncertainty. It is designed for people interested in assessing sustainable forest management, but who do not have a high degree of expertise in social sciences. This manual describes six simple methods designed for use by biophysical scientists with a college education. These methods can also be used by assessors with higher levels of expertise in social sciences, but they are presented in a 'cookbook' format. 'The Scoring and Analysis Guide', to be used with 'the BAG', provides additional help in making assessments of human well being, including a specific scoring method. It also provides increasingly detailed levels of guidance in analysis.2-87614-389-5Book69p.frCIFOR Head Quarter875PEMethodes complementaires pour l'evaluation du bien-etre-socialColfer, C.J.P.et alCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000assessmentsocial welfarequality of lifeforest managementloggingmethodologyscoringanalysisAlso available in English, Indonesian and Portuguese'The Grab Bag' is designed to complement 'the BAG' and for use by social scientists who may find 'the BAG' overly prescriptive. The eight methods presented are either more difficult for non-social scientists to use or, in a couple of cases, can substitute for one or more method presented in 'the BAG'. 'The Scoring and Analysis Guide' provides the user with help in making an actual assessment of the social C&I, based on the results of these methods.2-87614-390-9Book60p.frCIFOR Head Quarter876PEGuide de notation et d'analyse pour l'evaluation du bien-etre cocialSalim, A.Colfer, C.J.P.McDougall, CCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000scoringquantitative analysisstatistical analysisguidelinesassessmentforest managementsocial welfarequality of lifeselection criteriaindicators@1999 (English version). Also available in Indonesian and PortugueseThis is designed to supplement 'the BAG' and 'the Grab Bag'. It provides a scoring method that can be used with the two manuals, to come to a decision about particular criteria and indicators in particular forest and human settings. Following the section on scoring is a section on analysis. It begins very simply, leading the user through the steps of making a spreadsheet, and concluding with more complex statistical analyses that may be desirable in some circumstances. Different teams have different requirements for quantitative and statistical sophistication in their analyses. This manual responds to these differing needs.2-87614=391-7Book107p.frCIFOR Head Quarter877PEQui compte le plus? Evaluer le bien etre social dans la gestion durable des foretsColfer, C.J.P.Prabhu, R.Günter, M.McDougall, C.Porro, N.M.Porro, RCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000peopletropical forestsselection criteriaindicatorsassessmentsocial welfarequality of lifeforest management@1999 (English version). Also available in Indonesian and PortugueseWho counts most? Assessing human well being in sustainable forest management presents a tool, 'the Who Counts Matrix', for differentiating 'forest actors', or people whose well-being and forest management are intimately intertwined, from other stakeholders. The authors argue for focusing formal attention on forest actors in efforts to develop sustainable forest management. They suggest seven dimensions by which forest actors can be differentiated from other stakeholders, and a simple scoring technique for use by formal managers in determining whose well being must form an integral part of sustainable forest management in a given locale. Building on the work carried out by the Center for International Forestry Research on criteria and indicators, they present three illustrative sets of stakeholders, from Indonesia, Côte d'Ivoire and the United States, and Who Counts Matrices from seven trials, in an appendix.2-87614-392-5Book58p.frCIFOR Head Quarter878PEAcuan generik kriteria dan indikator CIFOR (The CIFOR criteria and indicators generic template)CIFOR. Tim Kriteria & IndikatorCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000selection criteriaindicatorstropical forestshandbookscommercializationAlso available in EnglishThis manual provides a comprehensive set of criteria and indicators (C&I) for sustainable forest management based on CIFOR’s research. This research was conducted by interdisciplinary teams of experts in large-scale natural forests managed for commercial timber production in Indonesia, Côte d’Ivoire, Brazil and Cameroon, with additional sites in Germany, Austria and USA. The use of the term ‘generic template’ for these C&I is intended to prevent them being confused with an ideal and universally applicable set of C&I. In terms of the scope of applicability (‘generic to what?’), it is envisaged that this template be used primarily for tropical natural forests managed for commercial purposes. Use of the term ‘generic’ also emphasises that the C&I in this set can be modified and customised to comply with local conditions. They could therefore be used both as a flexible set adaptable to all types of forest situations, and as an operational ‘mother’ set to be used by CIFOR’s proposed CIMAT system (C&I Toolbox Series No.3). ‘Generic’ also implies that this C&I template can be employed by a variety of user groups, such as certification bodies, government officials, donors, forest managers, project managers and scientists.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/CI/C&IToolBox_Ina2.pdf979-8764-36-6Book51p.idCIFOR Head Quarter775BRPanduan penilaian dasar kesejahteraan manusiaColfer, C.J.P.Brocklesby, M.A.Diaw, C.Etuge, P.Günter, M.Harwell, E.McDougall, C.Porro, N.M.Porro, R.Prabhu, R.Salim, A.Sardjono, M.A.Tchikangwa, B.Tiani, A.M.Wadley, R.L.Woelfel, J.Wollenberg, ECIFORBogor, Indonesia2000selection criteriaindicatorsassessmentforest managementguidelinesmethodologyqualitative techniquesquantitative analysisdata collectionscoringsocial welfarequality of lifeAlso avaiable in English, French and PortugueseThe BAG focuses on the social criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management, a topic that has been the subject of considerable controversy and uncertainty. It is designed for people interested in assessing sustainable forest management, but who do not have a high degree of expertise in social sciences. This manual describes six simple methods designed for use by biophysical scientists with a college education. These methods can also be used by assessors with higher levels of expertise in social sciences, but they are presented in a 'cookbook' format. 'The Scoring and Analysis Guide', to be used with 'the BAG', provides additional help in making assessments of human well being, including a specific scoring method. It also provides increasingly detailed levels of guidance in analysis979-8764-37-4Book73p.idCIFOR Head Quarter867BRPanduan pendamping penilaian dasar kesejahteraan manusiaColfer, C.J.P.Brocklesby, M.A.Diaw, C.Etuge, P.Günter, M.Harwell, E.McDougall, C.Porro, N.M.Porro, R.Prabhu, R.Salim, A.Sardjono, M.A.Tchikangwa, B.Tiani, A.M.Wadley, R.L.Woelfel, J.Wollenberg, ECIFORBogor, Indonesia2000handbooksselection criteriaindicatorsmethodologyassessmentAlso avalable in English, French and Portuguese'The Grab Bag' is designed to complement 'the BAG' and for use by social scientists who may find 'the BAG' overly prescriptive. The eight methods presented are either more difficult for non-social scientists to use or, in a couple of cases, can substitute for one or more method presented in 'the BAG'. 'The Scoring and Analysis Guide' provides the user with help in making an actual assessment of the social C&I, based on the results of these methods.979-8764-38-2Book61p.idCIFOR Head Quarter868BRPanduan cara pemberian skor dan analisis untuk menilai kesejahteraan manusiaSalim, A.Colfer, C.J.P.McDougall, CCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000selection criteriaindicatorssocial welfarequality of lifeassessmentforest managementguidelinesscoringstatistical analysisquantitative analysisAlso available in English, Frech and PortuguesThis is designed to supplement 'the BAG' and 'the Grab Bag'. It provides a scoring method that can be used with the two manuals, to come to a decision about particular criteria and indicators in particular forest and human settings. Following the section on scoring is a section on analysis. It begins very simply, leading the user through the steps of making a spreadsheet, and concluding with more complex statistical analyses that may be desirable in some circumstances. Different teams have different requirements for quantitative and statistical sophistication in their analyses. This manual responds to these differing needs.979-8764-39-0Book168p.idCIFOR Head Quarter869BRSiapa yang perlu dipertimbangkan? menilai kesejahteraan manusia dalam pengelolaan hutan lestariColfer, C.J.P.Prabhu, R.Günter, M.McDougall, C.Porro, N.M.Porro, RCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000assessmentpeopletropical forestssocial welfarequality of lifeforest managementscoringAlso available in EnglishWho counts most? Assessing human well being in sustainable forest management presents a tool, 'the Who Counts Matrix', for differentiating 'forest actors', or people whose well-being and forest management are intimately intertwined, from other stakeholders. The authors argue for focusing formal attention on forest actors in efforts to develop sustainable forest management. They suggest seven dimensions by which forest actors can be differentiated from other stakeholders, and a simple scoring technique for use by formal managers in determining whose well being must form an integral part of sustainable forest management in a given locale. Building on the work carried out by the Center for International Forestry Research on criteria and indicators, they present three illustrative sets of stakeholders, from Indonesia, Côte d'Ivoire and the United States, and Who Counts Matrices from seven trials, in an appendix.979-8764-40-4Book57p.idCIFOR Head Quarter870BRPanduan untuk menerapkan analisa multikriteria dalam menilai kriteria dan indikatorMendoza, G.A.Macoun, P.Prabhu, R.Sukadri, D.Purnomo, H.Hartanto, HCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000selection criteriaindicatorsanalysisassessmentcertificationdecision makingtechniquesforest managementmethodologyAlso avaiable in English, Frecnch and PortugueseMulti-Criteria Analysis (MCA) is a decision-making tool developed for complex problems. In a situation where multiple criteria are involved confusion can arise if a logical, well-structured decision-making process is not followed. Another difficulty in decision-making is that reaching a general consensus in a multidisciplinary team can be very difficult to achieve. By using MCA members do not have to agree on the relative importance of the criteria or the rankings of the alternatives. Each member enters his or her own judgements, and makes a distinct, identifiable contribution to a jointly reached conclusion. This manual is written for an audience that needs a clear, easy to follow manual that can be used in the field to implement MCA. The information is structured so that the reader is first introduced to the general concepts involved before delving into the more specific applications of MCA. The manual reviews the conceptual framework of C&I and introduces the theoretical basis of MCA, and methods such as ranking, rating and pair wise comparisons in the Analytic Hierarchy Process. It provides an example of how MCA can be applied to C&I in a Forest Certification context both from a 'top-down' perspective as well as in a more 'bottom-up' context.979-8764-41-2Book77p.idCIFOR Head Quarter871BRDirectives pour le développement, le test et la sélection de critères et indicateurs pour une gestion durable des forêtsPrabhu, R.Colfer, C.J.P.Dudley, R.GCIRAD-Foret and CIFORMontpellier, France2000selection criteriaindicatorsevaluationsustainabilityhandbookstropical forestscase studiestestingplanningforest managementassessment@1999 (English version). Also available in Indonesian and PortugueseThis manual provides methods for the development and evaluation of criteria and indicators (C&I) which can then be used to assess the sustainability of forest management. The manual is written primarily for researchers, people or groups interested in evaluating C&I for assessments of forests in new areas, or as a reference for readers wanting to know how CIFOR's Generic Template was produced. The methods presented are aimed at the development of sets of C&I for natural forest at the forest management unit level, especially in the tropics. Following an introductory chapter focusing on the overall purpose, specific objectives, and the C&I development process, three chapters explain how to prepare for C&I testing, how to conduct a test, and how to analyse the results. Subsequent chapters explain the conceptual basis of C&I development, with three case studies offered as examples, and suggested additional reading materials. Specific forms and tools that have been used in the course of CIFOR's testing are also presented, with examples of ways to present the results. The final chapter provides possible baseline sets of C&I, available to users for evaluation and testing in their own contexts.2-87614-387-9Book158p.frCIFOR Head Quarter872BREnsemble generique des criteres et indicateurs du CIFORCIFOR. C&I TeamCIRAD-Foret and CIFORMontpellier, France2000criteriaindicatorstropical forestsgeneric template@1999 (English version). Also available in Indonesian and PortugueseThis manual provides a comprehensive set of criteria and indicators (C&I) for sustainable forest management based on CIFOR's research. This research was conducted by interdisciplinary teams of experts in large-scale natural forests managed for commercial timber production in Indonesia, Côte d'Ivoire, Brazil and Cameroon, with additional sites in Germany, Austria and USA. The use of the term 'generic template', for these C&I is intended to prevent them being confused with an ideal and universally applicable set of C&I. In term of the scope of applicability ('generic to what?'), it is envisaged that this template be used primarily for tropical natural forests managed for commercial purposes. Use of the term 'generic' also emphasises that the C&I in this set can be modified and customised to comply with local conditions. They could therefore be used both as a flexible set that is adaptable to all types of forest situations, and as an operational 'mother' set to be used by CIFOR's proposed CIMAT system (C&I Toolbox Series No.3). 'Generic' also implies that this C&I template can be employed by a variety of user groups, such as certification bodies, government officials, donors, forest managers, project managers, and scientists.2-87614-388-7Book59p.frCIFOR Head Quarter873BRReactivando las cadenas de los pinares en Las SegoviasParrili, M.Kaimowitz, DNitlapan Institute, DFID and CIFORManagua, Nicaragua2000institutionslocal governmentproductionpinesThis paper analyses the institutions and producers involved in pine production in Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua and the problems they face. It also presents the main findings and recommendations of a Study Tour conducted in the municipalities of Dipilto, Santa Clara, Jalapa, Ocotal, and Estel in May, 2000, sponsored by CIFOR, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the Nitlapan Institute. Particular attention is given to the role of municipal governments and processing industries.BookesCIFOR Head Quarter688NICriteria and indicators for sustainable plantation forestry in IndonesiaMuhtaman, D.R.Siregar, C.A.Hopmans, PCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000forest plantationsindicatorscriteriaenvironmental impactsocial impactinstitutionsgovernmentCIFOR has developed a system for testing criteria and indicators to assess the sustainability of management of natural forests at the level of the forest management unit. This system was used to develop and test C&I for industrial plantation concession areas in Sumatra and Kalimantan. The C&I for plantations have a strong focus on forest management and environment impacts. But for long-term sustainability of plantation forestry, it is more related to social rather than management or environmental issues. It is also suggested that C&I on legal and institutional arrangements be included, and government agencies responsible for plantation development be involved as stakeholders in the process.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/C&I-Plantation.pdf979-8764-52-8BookenCIFOR Head Quarter698IDCriterios e indicadores para avaliacao da sustentabilidade de empresa florestal em Tailandia, Para, na Amazonia BrasileiraPokorny, B.Bauch, REmbrapa Amazonia OrientalBelem, Brazil2000assessmentcriteriaindicatorsmethodologymonitoringsustainabilitytimbersenterprisesThe initial aim of this study was to contribute to the development of monitoring and auditing instruments for forest enterprises in the Brazilian Amazon, based on criteria and indicators (C&I) to assess sustainability, practicability and viability of C&I depending on the consideration of interest, visions and values of forest stakeholders. The principal idea of the study was to identify differences between four different stakeholder groups (local actors, local government, local manager and researcher) in the evaluation of a set of C&I defined by international researchers during a workshop. These differences would be used as starting points to work out a common list of C&I suitable for monitoring and auditing. An important methodological element was the assessment of the sustainability of a Brazilian timber enterprise by practical application of C&I. The study confirmed the great potential of C&I as tools to assess the sustainability of timber enterprise activities and showed interesting differences between the evaluation of the C&I by the different stakeholder groups. It was clear that for potential users of C&I monitoring and auditing tools, practicability and simplicity were very important, as well as the relation of costs and benefits. The assessment methods had a strong influence on the results of evaluation to facilitate the application of C&I in monitoring and auditing instruments. Future efforts should concentrate on the definition of clearly defined verifiers and assessment methods, as well as the definition of specific recommendation indicated by the evaluation results.Book114p.enCIFOR Head Quarter747IDSite management and productivity in tropical plantation forests: progress report: workshop proceedings 7-11 December 1999, Kerala, IndiaNambiar, E.K.S.Tiark, A.Cossalter, C.Ranger, J.edsCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000forest plantationsrotationssoil degradationproductivitymanagementresearch projectsconferencesThese proceedings present preliminary results of the CIFOR project ‘Site Management and Productivity in Tropical Plantations”. They include papers from the third workshop of project partners held in Kerala, India, in December 1999. These papers complement those presented at a workshop in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa in February 1998, which described the experimental basis for the research and initial measurements. The research, which is in progress at 14 sites in seven countries, focuses on inter-rotation management. Good management of this phase, between harvesting and tree establishment in the next rotation, is critical for the future outcome of plantations. There is the potential for physical and chemical soil degradation, but also opportunities to remedy past mistakes and introduce sound technology to improve long-term soil management. Although the species and the soil problems vary according to local conditions, all the experiments are designed to provide knowledge that will benefit both the specific sites and the understanding of underlying processes of plantation productivity.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/MgSite-kerala.pdf979-876-52-8Book108p.enCIFOR Head Quarter865IDOff-forest tree resources of Africa: proceedings of a workshop held in Arusha, Tanzania, 1999Temu, A.B.Lund, R.E.Malimbwi, R.E.Kowero, G.Kleinn, K.Malende, Y.Kone, I.edsAfrican Academy of Sciences (AAS)Nairobi, Kenya2000forest treesforest resourcesforest inventoriesagroforestryhome gardensbiodiversitysocioeconomicsconferencesThe workshop on ‘Off Forest Tree Resources of Africa’ was held at Arusha from 12 to 16 July 1999. It attracted 65 scientists and stakeholders from 21 counties worldwide. The workshop was sponsored by Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania, the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, the African Academy of Sciences, United States Department of Agriculture, International Union of Forest Research Organizations, the International Foundation for Science and German Technical Cooperation. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Global Environmental Facility were represented. Workshop participants discussed the topic under four main themes: (1) tree resources inventory and monitoring; (2) biodiversity and ecology; (3) resource management, products and services; and (4) socio economic aspects and institutional arrangements. To strengthen the discussions, participants spent one full day studying the Chagga home gardens system on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. This highly complex and mature multi strata agroforestry system demonstrates a highly intensive land use system that can be economically and ecologically sustainable. Participants made observations and recommendations on each of the themes.BookenCIFOR Head Quarter693IDEmpowering communities to manage natural resources: case studies from Southern AfricaShackleton, S.Campbell, B.M.edsSADC Wildlife Sector-Natural Resources Management Programme and CSIRLilongwe, Malawi2000case studiescommunity developmentnatural resourcesresource managementcommunity involvementinstitutionssocial structureinterest groupsThis report consists of a series of individual country papers prepared for a study on devolution, community empowerment and power relations in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) in the SADC region. Case studies were undertaken during 1999 in eight southeastern/eastern African countries; Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa (two separate studies) and Tanzania. These studies drew mainly on existing literature and the direct experiences of authors in CBNRM initiatives in their own countries. Each paper was structured under a common framework using standardised headings. Limited fieldwork was carried out in some countries. The study attempted to address the key questions. Are the approaches to CBNRM in the selected southern African countries truly community-based in that decision-making and regulation resides with local resource users or rights holders, and the benefits of resource management accrue back to the local community? If not, where does control lie, and what are the institutional arrangements and other factors which have contributed to this imbalance in power and blocked the achievement of devolution to a local level? What are the lessons learnt from the different case studies in terms of shifting the balance of power to ensure more equitable CBNRM? Within this context, each country paper investigated devolution and power relations’ issues within selected CBNRM case studies. The papers examined: the extent to which policy and legislation devolves significant control over decision-making and benefits flows directly to communities and community institutions; the relationships between the community institutions and external institutions such as local authority structures, NGOs, donor agencies and the private sector; the power and legitimacy of these different structures; and the relationships between different groups and individuals within the community and the conflict that has emerged over CBNRM issues.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Empowering.pdfBook164p.enCIFOR Head Quarter710IDDiagnóstico sócio-econômico da indústria madeireira Peracchi, no municipio de Tailândia, estado do ParáPokorny, B.Sousa, REmbrapa Amazonia OrientalBelem, Brazil2000economic analysisforest products industriesloggingsocioeconomicssawmillingsurveysmilling industryThe main objective was to obtain a general impression of the activities of the Peracchi sawmill in the Tailândia region, Pará. This was to assess its potential as a partner in the project ‘Sustainable forest management at commercial scale’, a cooperative project between Embrapa Amaz6nia Oriental and the Center for International Forestry Research. The study included a general description of the region, the stakeholders involved in the use of forest resources, and a financial analysis of sawmill activities. Students of the Agrar Faculty of Pará gathered the field information during two weeks in October 1998. The study showed, that Tailandia was a typical older frontier region, which depended strongly on the forest sector. After more than 15 years of timber harvesting and industrialisation by more than 50 sawmills, the forest resources near the city decreased significantly. As a result of the high number of legal and illegal land use incentives and the strong fluctuation, the system of forest stakeholders was complex and heterogeneous. The Peracchi sawmill was one of the few producing timber for export markets. The enterprise began a government-approved 12 000 ha forest management project and applied conventional logging techniques which had many ecological, economic and social deficiencies. The settlers near the project were not strongly affected. The exploitation of 32 000 m3 year-1 cost about US$15.4 m-3. Motivated by the expectation of certification, the timber enterprise showed a strong interest in participating in the Embrapa/CIFOR project. However, problems include: lack of responsibility and capacity of the enterprise staff; no strategy to ensure the long-term delivery of timber; insufficient documentation; and the danger of illegal invasion of the project area.Book105p.enCIFOR Head Quarter662ID1517-2201Guidelines on national inventory of village forestsSingh, K.DCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000guidelinesforest inventoriessurveysplanningdesignvillagesforestsThis report presents guidelines which provide a basis for planning and implementation of nation wide village forest inventories integrated with or independent of a national forest inventory. It provides coverage of survey problems arising from the variety of spatial distribution conditions of forests and trees under village management landscapes. The guidelines cover survey planning, survey design, survey implementation and survey analysis /evaluation. The main issues in the planning phase such as specification of expected results, statistical outputs and precision of results are discussed. The emphasis in survey design is on definition of survey area, construction of a sampling framework and use of remote sensing data to supplement the field observations. In survey implementation, data must be collected in a consistent manner and with a minimum of bias or non-sampling errors. The importance of good management of the field survey team(s) is stressed. The data processing phase of an inventory includes establishment of an error-free database, analysis and reporting. For the purposes of a national inventory, it is essential that the database and results are well documented and archived so that the planning at the next cycle of inventory can profit from the past experience and the survey conducted in a consistent manner to estimate changes. Survey evaluation, a retrospective phase not included in most inventories, is considered important in village forest inventories for which the knowledge base to guide inventory planning is very limited.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BSingh0001.pdfBook55p.enCIFOR Head Quarter851IDDeveloping criteria and indicators of community managed forests as assessment and learning tools: objectives, methodologies and resultsBurford de Oliveira, N.McDougall, C.Ritchie, B.Hartanto, H.Haggith, M.Setyawati, TCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000assessmentcommunity involvementcriteriaforest ecologyforest managementindicatorsmethodologysocioeconomicsfield testsThis report explores criteria and indicators (C&I) for monitoring and assessing the sustainability of community managed forests (CMFs), and offers some insights into methodological tools and conceptual approaches for C&I development. The research was intended to explore the potential value of C&I to forest communities, their partners and their representative organisations to legitimise and enhance management, including strengthening of control over forest resources and facilitating the equitable distribution of the costs and benefits of forest management. The C&I for CMF tests involved six forest communities and their partners in Central Province, Cameroon, the Amazonian state of Pará, Brazil, and West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Each test was of approximately one-month duration. The core teams included an ecologist, a social scientist and a forest management specialist. Local involvement was an essential element of the research process. Facilitators enabled the active participation of community members in the critical appraisal of the C&I. After each field test, academics, policy makers, representatives of local and national non-governmental organisations, and representatives of other forest communities reviewed the emergent 'draft' C&I. Over 750 statements of principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers were generated by the tests. There is an evaluation of C&I testing processes and C&I for CMF development methodologies, as well as an analysis of the C&I for CMF. The comprehensive coverage of issues related to the sustainability of CMFs makes this report a valuable reference for those interested in implementing C&I for CMF, and for other users and purposes. These may include: researchers or policy makers analysing intersectoral impacts on CMFs; practitioners assessing and developing collaborative CMF initiatives; development planners and project managers evaluating or planning initiatives; and professors seeking guidance on incorporating community forestry into curricula for rural development, forestry and anthropology students.Book303p.enCIFOR Head Quarter687IDCIFOR research abstracts 1999CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000researchbibliographiesforestryThis publication is a collection of in-house and external publications by CIFOR scientist and collaborators. Also included are abstracts of workshop and conference papers presented but not yet published Author index is provided.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-E99.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-F99.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-S99.pdfBook71p.enCIFOR Head Quarter643IDCIFOR Annual Report 1996CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1997CIFORforest managementforest policyresearch projectsreportsresearch instituteshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/docs/_ref/publications/areports/english1996/index.htmBook66p.enCIFOR Head Quarter136IDReporte Anual de 1996 CIFORCIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1997CIFORforest managementforest policyresearch projectsreportsresearch institutesBookesCIFOR Head Quarter137IDRapport annuel du CIFOR 1996CIFOR1997CIFORforest managementforest policyresearch projectsreportsresearch institutesBookfrCIFOR Head Quarter138IDCIFOR Laporan Tahunan 1998CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999CIFORresearch projectsforest managementresearch institutesreportsresearchhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/AReports/AReport98.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport98-Bahasa.htmlhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/docs/_ref/publications/areports/english1998/index.htmhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport98-French.htmlBookidCIFOR Head Quarter781IDCIFOR Laporan Tahunan 1999CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000research policyresearch institutesprojectsreportsCIFORhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/AReports/AReport99.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/AReport99-Indonesiann.htmlhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/docs/_ref/publications/areports/english1999/index.htmhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport99-French.htmlhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport99-espanol.htmlBookidCIFOR Head Quarter782IDRapport annuel du CIFOR 1998CIFOR1997CIFORforest managementforest policyresearch projectsreportsresearch instituteshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/AReports/AReport98.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport98-French.htmlhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/docs/_ref/publications/areports/english1998/index.htmhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport98-Bahasa.htmlBookfrCIFOR Head Quarter783IDForest certification: a policy perspectiveElliott, CCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000certificationforestsforest policythesesThis paper analyses the development of certification programmes in three countries (Indonesia, Canada and Sweden) using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) as a theoretical reference point. The ACF is an actor-based framework for analysing policy processes and has not previously been applied in a developing country. Actors in the three countries took different approaches to certification. In Canada, in a programme development process supported by the forest products industry, a management systems approach was taken. In Sweden, performance standards were developed in a process initially driven by NGOs. In Indonesia, certification was led by an NGO within a framework established by government, and a performance standards approach was used. The paper concludes that forest certification can be best understood as a policy instrument that promotes and facilitates policy-orientated learning among actors, and provides indirect incentives for improved forest management. Learning occurs both as the standards to be used for certification are developed, and as they are implemented. The benefits of learning and consensus building among actors (such as NGOs, forest companies, private forest owners, indigenous peoples, governments, etc.) who have traditionally been in conflict with each other can be significant. On the other hand, where fundamental changes in forest policy (such as tenure and forest revenue reform) are needed, certification should not be seen as a substitute for these A further conclusion is that, while public policies change over periods of decades, the private policies of retailers and forest product companies can adapt more rapidly to changing circumstances. The concept of a ‘fast track’ of private policy change, compared to the slower track of governmental policy change, is therefore proposed and described. A number of interesting theoretical and empirical avenues for further research on certification are discussed.979-8764-56-0Book310p.enCIFOR Head Quarter825IDCriteria and indicators for sustainable plantation forestry in IndiaSankar, S.Anil, P.C.Amruth, MCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000sustainabilityforest plantationsindicatorsselection criteriafield teststeakEucalyptusIn recent years CIFOR has developed a system for testing C&I for assessing the sustainability of management of natural forests at the level of a forest management unit (FMU). This system was used to develop C&I for teak and eucalypt plantations in two states in India. Development and evaluation of C&I was conducted by the Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), Peechi, Kerala, in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, in Madhya Pradesh. The project provided an opportunity for forestry scientists, forest managers, local communities, and NGOs in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh to participate in the testing and evaluation of C&I of sustainable management of plantations based on the Iterative Filtering and Generation Method (IFGM) developed for natural forests by CIFOR. Field testing in Kerala was conducted in an age series of teak plantations at Nilambur and in young eucalypt plantations of the Punalur forest district. Both FMUs were managed by the Department of Forestry in Kerala. In Madhya Pradesh field testing was conducted in teak plantations of the Raipur district managed by the Madhya Pradesh Forest Development Corporation (MPFDC). To rationalise this process it is found necessary to first group all C&I under four principles: viz. policy and planning, ecology, socio-economic and management. These were then further divided into subgroups before starting the selection process for the candidate sets for field testing. Field testing of C&I based on stage 2 of the IFGM process evolved and teams became more proficient during the two tests conducted in Kerala and the third test later on in Madhya Pradesh. The three teams defined sets of C&I, as well as verifiers for some indicators, specific to each test site. Comparison of these three sets showed that a high proportion of policy indicators proposed for teak plantations in Madhya Pradesh were unique due to differences in forest policies and organisations responsible for managing plantations in the two states. Likewise, a number of ecology indicators addressed specific local issues. A large number of socio-economic indicators were common for all sites reflecting similarity of social issues. Management issues were also similar, consistent with the historical development of plantation management in the two states. Stakeholder participation during the field tests and final workshops, including local communities and NGOs played an essential role in shaping C&I related to social and economic concerns. This raised a number of important issues including:impact of plantation development on water supplies to villages and settlements; minimum set of C&I applicable to the three sites included in this project and considered to be more widely relevant to plantation forestry across India.This evaluation also identified a number of unique C&I addressing policy, ecological and socio-economic issues of local importance. The results from this project demonstrated the importance of testing and evaluating C&I at the FMU level to ensure that local issues pertaining to the sustainable management of forest plantations are addressed. loss of biodiversity and the long-term impact on NWFP collected by local communities to supplement income; sharing of benefits from plantation development to improve opportunities for schooling, training and employment; and environmental impacts, such as soil erosion and contamination. The site-specific C&I developed by the three teams were examined for commonalities and this formed the basis for a minimum set of C&I applicable to the three sites included in this project and considered to be more widely relevant to plantation forestry across India This evaluation also identified a number of unique C&I addressing policy, ecological and socioeconomic issues of local importance. The aim of this project demonstrated the importance of testing and evaluating C&I at the FMU level to ensure that local issues pertaining to the sustainable management of forest plantations are addresed http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/C&I_India.pdf979-8764-54-4Book64p.enCIFOR Head Quarter699INCommercialisation of non-timber forest products: review and analysis of researchNeumann, R.P.Hirsch, ECIFORBogor, Indonesia2000economicsforest ecologyforest managementforest policygender relationsinstitutionsnon-timber forest productspoliticscommercializationreviewssociologytradeThis study is one in a series of activities undertaken by CIFOR to reach a better understanding of the impact of commercialisation on forest resources and what factors influence the market demand for forest products. For example, two international workshops were organized by CIFOR in 1995 and another the following year to analyse key research issues in the field of NTFP development. These workshops recognised that the process of NTFP commercialisation interacts with people's welfare, forest management, tenure and control of resources, and forest structure and function (through ecological processes). Earlier review and analysis had generated a number of hypotheses, theories and conclusions related to the effects of commercialisation. Forest and resource tenure are likely to both affect the way a resource is managed and utilised, and be affected by changes in value due to commercialisation. Many authors have suggested that NTFP harvesting will be less damaging to biodiversity and other environmental values than management for timber. Others suggest that market pressures are likely to lead to the decline and eventual disappearance of valuable products and to severe impacts on the ecosystem. While there is a growing understanding (and acceptance) of the economic importance of forest products, especially for the poor, the potential impact of NTFP commercialisation needs to be better understood. A recommendation from the workshops was to undertake a thorough overview of the available literature to synthesise the key lessons about these areas of interaction. Such a review would critically examine the available information and analyses and identify key research areas needing further attention.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/mgntfp3.pdfBook176p.enCIFOR Head Quarter723INAnticipating change: scenarios as a tool for adaptive forest management: a guideWollenberg, E.Edmunds, D.Buck, LCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000changeadaptationenvironmental factorsforest managementguidelineshandbooksplanningmethodologyuncertaintycommunity involvementAlso available in Indonesian and SpanishScenario methods can be used to anticipate the future and expand the creativity of people thinking about complex forest management situations. This manual describes the use of scenarios with multiple stakeholders, with examples drawn from community-based forest management. Four classes of scenario methods are described: visions, projections, pathways and alternative scenarios. Examples of rapid participatory techniques relevant to scenario methods are also summarised. It is hoped that these methods will be useful in bringing together different groups of people concerned about forest management to exchange views, expand the realm of decision possibilities and reach more innovative solutions.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/scenarios.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/SCENARIO_indo.pdfBook38p.enCIFOR Head Quarter744INInsect pests and diseases in Indonesian forest: an assessment of the major threats, research efforts and literatureNair, K.S.S.edCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000assessmentinsect pestsplant diseasesforest plantationsforest treesspeciesresearchbibliographiesTo understand the potential role of forest products in household livelihoods, a study of the woodcraft industry in Zimbabwe was initiated. The woodcraft industry has increased steadily since the late 1980s. The factors driving the upsurge in the woodcraft industry are: (1) the increased demand by tourists; and (2) the need by rural households to find cash income sources. The structural adjustment programme, with one of its emphases being the decontrol of the currency, has probably played a key role in driving the rise in woodcraft production. Although all markets have a committee and all have some basic rules governing their operations, few rules are strictly enforced. There is also a lack of enforcement of the national legislation that governs the use of the tree resources. The local traditional rules governing resource use from the commons are also not strong. Given the problems in the national legislation and in the local rules, it is difficult to see how the resource can be managed on a sustainable basis. It appears that the benefits from the industry may not be substantial given the lack of interest in the market from outsiders, and the various elites who could monopolise the trade due to the lack of enforcement structures in place. In communal areas, where deforestation is advanced, the selective use of certain species for carving is likely to drive the species to local extinction. The carvers are likely to switch to different tree species to maintain their production levels. Major pests and diseases of natural and planted Indonesian forests have been reviewed, threats assessed and a bibliography compiled. Indonesia has about 96 million ha of natural forests, dominated by dipterocarps, and 4 million ha of forest plantations, About half the plantations are in Java, consisting of long-established species eg., Tectona grandis, and half in Sumatra and Kalimantan, mainly fast growing pulpwood species. Major plantation species include Tectona grandis, Pinus merkusii, Acacia mangium, etc. Only small-scale plantations exist for the other species reviewed e.g., Alstonia spp., Anthocephalus sp., etc. Occasional and unpredictable insect outbreaks have occurred in natural stands of, Plaquium sp, mangroves, etc., but plantations of teak, pine, mahogany and Paraserianthes falcatoria etc., are damaged by pests every year. In natural forests high host density appears to be a predisposing factor for pest build-up. Serious pests occur on Tectona grandis, Pinus merkusii, falcatoria and Swietenia macrophylla, with the most damaging being the Paraserianthes trunk borer, Xystrocera festiva. Disease problems are less significant than pests in the natural forests and no major disease outbreak has occurred in plantations, although many fungal diseases are prevalent in nurseries. No major pest or disease has been recorded on the minor plantation species, but their history is too short and planted areas too small to draw reliable conclusions on their susceptibility. There are indications of impending problems eg., root rot in Eucalyptus spp. and root and stem rot in Acacia mangium. There is also the risk of new pests in Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea, Shorea spp. and Peronema sp. Research capacity in Indonesia is inadequate to meet the existing and future challenges and more collaboration between Government, universities and plantation companies is needed for pest and disease surveillance and research in the rapidly expanding forest plantations.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Insect-pests.pdf979-8764-52-8Book91p.enCIFOR Head Quarter700IDPinning down a moving target: sustainability, people and forestsPrabhu, R.Vanclay, J.K1997sustainabilitypeopleforestsmodelsSustainability in the context of development and forest management is a concept defined by human-beings. As human needs change across space and time, so will the expectations of what benefits and services of forests need to be sustained. Much of CIFOR's research focuses on providing a better understanding of what the key-issues are that drive the management of forests, and how they might be influenced to provide sustainable solutions. Two complementary approaches to better understanding the key-issues and the dynamics of managing forests are the subject of this presentation. In the first approach CIFOR is seeking to identify the key-issues in terms of Criteria and Indicators for sustainable forest management, with the objective of developing better assessment methods. The second approach is based on modelling the interactions of human-beings and forests. Both approaches illustrate the need to develop tools that are sufficiently generalisable to be useful for a large number of people, but also sufficiently adaptable to local conditions for them to have practical utility.BookenCIFOR Head Quarter277IDPeladang berpindah di Indonesia: perusak atau pengelola hutan? produksi padi dan pemanfaatan hutan Uma' jalan Kalimantan TimurColfer, C.J.P.Dudley, R.G.Hadikusumah, H.RusydiSakuntaladewi, N.Amblani1997shifting cultivationforest managementriceTranslation of FAO Community Forestry Case Study Series 6: Shifting cultivators of Indonesia: marauders or managers of the forest? Rice production and forest use among the Uma’ Jalan of East Kalimantan (1993). The study examines longitudinal data from four Uma’ Jalan Kenyah Dayak villages in East Kalimantan in relation to forest management issues. Shifting cultivation, rather than being ignored or rejected by scientists and policy makers, could serve as a model for developing agroforestry technologies that are appropriate for tropical rainforests. The data is used to establish trends in annual area cleared, land and forest preferences, productivity and agricultural constraints. The impacts of environmental, social structural and technological factors, natural disasters and logging on selected aspects of the agroforestry systems are also analysed. Policy issues are studies with respect to population, land use, production and tenure. Concluding policy recommendations include better control of the timber industry, acknowledgement of local people’s claims to their lands, incorporation of indigenous knowledge into agroforestry development efforts, cessation of projects which increase Kalimantan’s population and financial help for Indonesia from the community of nations to help with these efforts.Book158p.idCIFOR Head Quarter400IDEstilos de desarrollo, deforestacion y degradacion de los bosques en las tierras bajas de BoliviaBalanza, P.PCIFOR, Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario, Teller de Iniciativas en Estudios Rurales y Reforma AgrariaLa Paz, Bolivia1998deforestationcausesland degradationsocioeconomicshistoryThis book looks at the history of lowland forest in Bolivia from the beginning of the century to the present time. It allows us to understand why the rate of deforestation in Bolivia has increased so dramatically and the minor use of just forestry or environmental base actions compared to the influence of other actors. The causes of deforestation and forest degradation are not in the forest but have their origins in policies, macro-economic, international and domestic markets, migrations and social changes. This research is included in a CIFOR initiative to study the relation between society and forests in Bolivia, Cameroon and Indonesia.Book389p.esCIFOR Head Quarter430BOA review of dipterocarps: taxonomy, ecology and silvicultureAppanah S.Turnbull, J.W.edsCIFORBogor, Indonesia1998Dipterocarpaceaeecologysilviculturetaxonomynon-timber forest productsresearchDipterocarps are one of the best known and commercially important groups of tropical trees. They preside over some of the most magnificent forest formations in the world. Exploitation of dipterocarp-dominated tropical rain forests has expanded rapidly in the past 20 years. Efforts to develop and implement sustainable management practices are being intensified and there is a pressing need for high quality information on which to base management decisions and reorient research. This book is a critical compilation of the results of research spanning 150 years on the taxonomy, ecology, silviculture and non-timber forest products of these trees. The 13 authors are internationally recognised as specialists in their fields, and the 10 chapters provide comprehensive digests of information and identification of priority research needs.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Dipterocarps.pdfBook220p.enCIFOR Head Quarter463BOCobertura florestal secundaria em pequenas propriedades rurais na Amazonia: implicacoes para a agricultura de corte e queimaSmith, J.Ferreira, M. do S.van de Kop, P.Ferreira, C. A. P.Sabogal, CEmbrapa Amazonia OrientalBelem, Brazil2000agricultureregenerationsecondary forestsshifting cultivationBook43p.esCIFOR Head Quarter748BOLocal government and biodiversity conservation: a case from the Bolivian lowlandsKaimowitz, D.Flores, G.Johnson, J.Pacheco, P.Pavez, I.Roper, J.M.Vallejos, C.Velez, RBiodiversity Support ProgramWashington, DC2000decentralizationcausesforest policyforestry lawimpactlocal governmentnature conservationtropical forestslowland areasThis case study analyses origins and causes of decentralisation in Bolivia, how the process has affected tropical forest management, and initial impacts of decentralisation on distribution of benefits from forests. Impact of the Popular Participation Law of 1994, which bolstered municipal governments in general, and the Forestry Law of 1996, which gave municipal governments a key role in forest policy is stressed. The study focuses on 40 municipalities in the lowlands with substantial forest resources or important protected areas. It suggests that decentralisation will give groups with the most direct contact with natural resources greater power to decide how to manage them. Decentralisation offers new opportunities for poor rural people in heavily forested municipalities to increase their access to resources, political power, or income. Major obstacles include difficulties in identifying appropriate public forests and weak municipal capacity etc. Most politically and economically important groups have adopted a ‘green discourse’ promoting the environment and natural resource conservation. However, their rhetoric is not matched by their actions, which concern access to existing resources and short-term gains. Many municipal governments have initiated forest management, wilderness conservation, agroforestry, and land use planning activities but these are often under funded, poorly staffed or ill conceived. Efforts to reduce forest clearing and degradation remain good intentions and symbolic actions. In a few cases, municipal governments have led efforts to create protected areas to meet their own local needs but their position on indigenous territorial rights largely depends on the extent of indigenous peoples' political power. Where indigenous people play a strong role in municipal governments, decentralisation has strengthened their territorial claims; otherwise, their claims have been weakened. Local governments require external assistance to strengthen their support for and capacity to promote sustainable resource management. They need a favourable policy context and clear mechanisms for exercising their legal rights and responsibilities but national and departmental government agencies have largely failed to supply them.Book41p.enCIFOR Head Quarter787BOBig island, green forests and backpackers: land use and development options on Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro state, BrazilWunder, SCentre for Development Research (CDR)Copenhagen, Denmark2000land use changedevelopmentforestsincomelocal populationnature tourismusesIlha Grande, an island in the south of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, has faced a long series of historical boom and bust cycles. Yet, during the last century, the island has recuperated most of its original forest cover, compared to rapid and continuous deforestation of the continental Atlantic forest. This paper investigates the historical determinants of forest cover changes, and relates them to the contemporary tourism boom from the two mega cities, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. A case study of rising backpacker tourism in a traditional fishermen's village is presented, and findings are related to other parts of the island. The common hypothesis that 'backpackers' generate no income on the island is rejected: they spend little but in places where visitor numbers are large, tourism income is amazingly high, compared to any traditional productive activity, and produces a considerable local poverty alleviation impact. The study also confirms the high economic potential of forest-based services in this case, recreation and landscape contemplation benefits in forests close to urban areas of middle-income developing countries. The large local tourism cash inflows have been used for residential construction, to buy consumer durables and additional leisure time. Although local labour requirements for tourism are generally low, rising income has implied momentous changes in the local production structure. It is argued that negative environmental impacts from tourism are under researched and probably have been over stated in previous assessments. The recommendation in these studies of implementing 'carrying capacity' based tourist access restrictions does not seem justified. A well designed entrance fee scheme to finance necessary investments in the tourism sector may be a more feasible alternative to embark on a development path of the sector beneficial for both tourists and residents, while conserving the integrity of the forested landscape.Book43p.enCIFOR Head Quarter788BRThe economics of deforestation: the example of EcuadorWunder, SMacMillan and St. Martin Press in association with St. Anthony's CollegeLondon, UK2000changedeforestationeconomicsforest policyhistoryinstitutionsland useforest conservationincentivestheoryDespite considerable international attention in the field of forest conservation, tropical forests are still disappearing at an unaltered pace. This book gives an economic perspective on the analysis of deforestation. Following a survey of different deforestation definitions, theories and empirical evidence, a case study of Ecuador provides a versatile historical picture of factors affecting forest loss throughout different periods, regions and ecosystems. Policy and market failures alone cannot explain rapid deforestation. A root cause is that, with current technologies, market prices and disparate stakeholder interests, natural forest uses in Ecuador tend to yield less income than alternative (mainly agro-pastoral) land uses. The deforestation cycle follows a composite economic rationale, based on wood extraction, agriculture and cattle ranching. Though a slower pace of deforestation seems rational for the Ecuadorean state, on the basis of precautionary considerations, substantial success in curbing forest loss can only be achieved when payments for global forest benefits are combined with effective conservation incentives on the ground.0-312-23446-5Book262p.enCIFOR Head Quarter789ECPlantas Amazonicas de uso medicinal: diagnostico de un sector economico con un potencial de realizacionNalvarte A.W.de Jong, W.Dominguez, GCIFOR and Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, PeruBogor, Indonesia1999trademedicinal plantsnon-timber forest productsUncariagovernment policyThis is a report on the trade of medicinal plants in Peru, the manufacturing industry that relies on these plants, the research on promotion of their use, and on the legal instruments that govern their use, trade and transformation. In Peru medicinal plants have been used for centuries. However, since 1994 the trade of these plants has boomed. Local collectors gather the fresh material which they trade in markets in the principal cities throughout Peru. They engage in medicinal plant trade as an activity complementary to their agricultural activities. The larger commercial collections have occurred since 1994 to meet the international demand for Uncaria tomentosa and U. guianensis Collection is still the dominant form of procurement of medicinal plants in Peru. It is the initial step of a production chain of activities, including pharmaceutical companies that prepare a number of derivatives traded as food additives nationally and to some extent internationally. These companies are mostly located in Lima and they buy their raw material from intermediaries with whom they have mostly informal agreements. In some cases these agreements are with members of indigenous villages. Such companies have inadequate market information systems that could improve their planning. The USA is the largest buyer of medicinal plants from Peru. These plants are, after processing, sold to other destinations. Peru has so far had little access to international markets because of limited dominance of the required technology and high processing costs. The added value of the export of medicinal plants is therefore quite low. Control of this forest resource is insufficient. It is extracted from non-managed forests from areas of unknown extension. Current legislation does not guarantee the sustainable extraction. The state charges fees when extraction occurs, but has little opportunity to control actual levels and it does not engage in any kind of on the ground control, management, or restoration of natural populations. There is insufficient knowledge for the production of medicines that can meet strict standards imposed by law. Consequently many companies are considering abandoning the manufacture of medicinal plant derivatives. There is a need for adequate research, legal instruments and policy to enable greater benefits to the Peruvian economy and people from this forest resource.Book102p.enCIFOR Head Quarter746PEDiretrizes tecnicas para a exploracao de impacto reducio em operaqoes florestais de terra firme na Amazonia BrasileiraSabogal, C.Silva, J.N.M.Zweede, J.Pereira Jr, R.Barreto, P.Guerreiro, C.AEmbrapa Amazonia OrientalBelem, Brazil2000forest managementlogging effectsBook52p.enCIFOR Head Quarter749PECIFOR Annual Report 1997CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1998CIFORforest managementresearchresearch projectsresearch institutesreportshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/docs/_ref/publications/areports/english1997/index.htmBookenCIFOR Head Quarter776PECIFOR Annual Report 1999CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000reportsresearchresearch institutesprojectsCIFORhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/AReports/AReport99.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/docs/_ref/publications/areports/english1999/index.htmhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/AReport99-Indonesiann.htmlhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport99-French.htmlhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport99-espanol.htmlBookenCIFOR Head Quarter777PECIFOR Annual Report 1998CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999CIFORresearch projectsforest managementresearch institutesreportsresearchhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/AReports/AReport98.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/docs/_ref/publications/areports/english1998/index.htmhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport98-French.htmlhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport98-Bahasa.htmlBookenCIFOR Head Quarter778PERapport annuel du CIFOR 1999CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000research policyresearch institutesprojectsreportshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/AReport99-French.htmlBookfrCIFOR Head Quarter784PEReporte anual de 1999 CIFORCIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000research policyresearch institutesprojectsreportshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/AReports/AReport99.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport99-espanol.htmlhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/docs/_ref/publications/areports/english1999/index.htmhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/areport99-French.htmlhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/AReport99-Indonesiann.htmlBookesCIFOR Head Quarter785PECIFOR Research Abstracts 1997CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1997CIFORresearch projectsforest managementforest plantationsforest policybiodiversitynon-timber forest productshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-F97.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-S97.pdfBookv, 57p.enCIFOR Head Quarter113PEA review of fire projects in Indonesia (1982-1998)Dennis, R.ACIFORBogor, Indonesia1999projectsforest firesFire in the wet tropical climate of Indonesia is not a new phenomenon. The 'Great Fire of Borneo' in 1982-83 was one of the worst fire events in recent decades. Small holders clearing land for cultivation were primarily blamed for starting fires that rapidly spread out of control. Subsequent fires linked to El Nino-Southern Oscilation occurred in 1987, 1991 1994 and most recently in 1997-98. The impact of the latest fire event is immense; estimates of the area burnt in 1997 vary between two and five million hectares (forest and non-forest), the number of people affected by smoke haze and fire at 75 million and the total economic costs in the region at as much as US$4.5 billion. The 1982-83 fires brought the issue to world attention. After 1992 three long-term projects were initiated with the objectives of management and monitoring of fires. These were the EU-Forest Fire Prevention and Control Project in Southern Sumatra (1995-1998), GTZ's Integrated Forest Fire Management Project in East Kalimantan (1994-2000), and JICA's Forest Fire Prevention and Management Project in Bogor, Jambi and West Kalimantan (1996-2001). In addition, the Indonesia-UK Tropical Forest Management Programme started in 1992 and comprised a number of components related to fires as part of its overall improved forest management objective. After the 1997 fires numerous short- and long-term fire projects were proposed and started. Others, such as the first phase of the WWF project and the ADB's regional (RETA) and national (ADTA) projects, within a short time frame try to cover many aspects of fire problem such as socio-economic assessments, fire-fighting, area estimates, economic and policy assessments and ecological assessments. Representing a longer-term approach, CIFOR-ICRAF-UNESCO propose an in-depth study of the underlying causes and effects of fires. In addition to the international response Indonesia has several government agencies charged with the task of preventing, monitoring and controlling land and forest fires. Following the forest and land fires of 1994, the National Coordination Team for Land and Forest Fire Control was established in 1995. Interest in fire is only short-lived after a major fire event. Before the 1994 fires little attention was paid to the fire problem and missions mainly focussed on control and prevention of fires. Most of the new generation of fire projects established in 1997-98 address both issues.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/FireReport.pdf979-8764-30-7Book105p.enCIFOR Head Quarter564IDA manual of diseases of tropical acacias in Australia, South-East Asia and IndiaOld, K.M.Lee Su SeeSharma, J.K.Zi Qing YuanCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000silvicultureplantationsforestrydiseasestropicsAcaciashandbooksThis manual provides methods for the development and evaluation of criteria and indicators (C&I) which can then be used to assess the sustainability of forest management. The manual is written primarily for researchers, people or groups interested in evaluating C&I for assessments of forests in new areas, or as a reference for readers wanting to know how CIFOR's Generic Template was produced. The methods presented are aimed at the development of sets of C&I for natural forest at the forest management unit level, especially in the tropics. Following an introductory chapter focusing on the overall purpose, specific objectives, and the C&I development process, three chapters explain how to prepare for C&I testing, how to conduct a test, and how to analyse the results. Subsequent chapters explain the conceptual basis of C&I development, with three case studies offered as examples, and suggested additional reading materials. Specific forms and tools that have been used in the course of CIFOR's testing are also presented, with examples of ways to present the results. The final chapter provides possible baseline sets of C&I, available to users for evaluation and testing in their own contexts.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Acacias.pdfBook104p.enCIFOR Head Quarter639AUCIFOR Research Abstracts 1998CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1998CIFORforest managementforest plantationsforest policybiodiversitynon-timber forest productsbibliographieshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-E98.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-F98.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-S98.pdfBookenCIFOR Head Quarter771AUAbstractos de la Investigación del CIFOR 1997CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999CIFORbiodiversityforest managementforest policyforest plantationsresearch projectshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-S97.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-F97.pdfBookesCIFOR Head Quarter772AUSite management and productivity in tropical plantation forests: workshop proceedings 16-20 February 1998, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.Nambiar, E.K.S.Tiarks, A.Cossalter, C.Ranger, J.edsCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999productivitytreesforest plantationstropical forestsmanagementrotationsconferencesThese proceedings describe the experimental basis and preliminary results of the CIFOR project 'Site management and Productivity in Tropical Plantations'. The papers were presented at the second workshop off project partners held in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, in February 1998. The research, which is underway at 17 sites in seven countries and involves scientists from 16 institutions, focuses on inter-rotation management. This phase between tree harvesting and replanting for the next rotation is a window of considerable risks as well as opportunities. It holds the potential for physical and chemical soil degradation, but also offers a chance to remedy past mistakes and introduce sound technology for improved long-term management of plantation soils. Although the species and the soil problems vary according to local conditions, all the experiments have been designed to provide knowledge that will benefit both the specific sites and our understanding of underlying processes of tree productivity.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/StMgnt.pdf979-8764-33-1BookenCIFOR Head Quarter774AUApplication de l’analyse multicritère à l’évaluation des critères et indicateursMendoza, G.A.Macoun, P.Prabhu, R.Sukadri, D.Purnomo, H.Hartanto, HCIRAD-Foret and CIFORMontpellier, France2000assessmentcertificationdecision makingtechniquesforest managementselection criteriamethodologyindicatorsanalysisMulti-Criteria Analysis (MCA) is a decision-making tool developed for complex problems. In a situation where multiple criteria are involved confusion can arise if a logical, well-structured decision-making process is not followed. Another difficulty in decision making is that reaching a general consensus in a multidisciplinary team can be very difficult to achieve. By using MCA the members don't have to agree on the relative importance of the Criteria or the rankings of the alternatives. Each member enters his or her own judgements, and makes a distinct, identifiable contribution to a jointly reached conclusion. This manual is written for an audience that need a clear, easy to follow manual that can be used in the field to implement MCA. The information is structured so that the reader is first introduced to the general concepts involved before delving into the more specific applications of Multi Criteria Analysis. The manual reviews the conceptual framework of C&I and introduces the theoretical basis of MCA, and methods such as ranking, rating and pairwise comparisons in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It provides an example of how MCA can be applied to C&I in a Forest Certification context both from a 'top-down' perspective as well as in a more 'bottom-up' context.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/CI/C&IToolBox_F9.pdfBook79p.frCIFOR Head Quarter779AUAt home in the forest: the Punan people of the Malinau RiverKuhn, CCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000social forestryBook47p.enCIFOR Head Quarter780AUResumes des Publications du CIFOR en 1999CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999CIFORresearchforest managementforest plantationsforest policybiodiversitybibliographiesBookfrCIFOR Head Quarter1392AUSumarios de Investigacion en 1999CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999CIFORresearchbiodiversitybibliographiesresearch projectsforest managementforest policyBookesCIFOR Head Quarter1393AUResumes des publications du CIFOR en 1997CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1998CIFORforest managementforest plantationsforest policybiodiversitynon-timber forest productsbibliographieshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-F97.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-S97.pdfBookfrCIFOR Head Quarter1442AUSumarios de investigacion en 1998CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999CIFORresearchforest managementforest policyforest plantationsbiodiversitybibliographieshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-S98.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-F98.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-E98.pdfBookesCIFOR Head Quarter1443AUResumes des Publications du CIFOR en 1998CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999CIFORresearchforest managementforest policyforest plantationsbiodiversitybibliographieshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-F98.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-E98.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Abstracts/Abstracts-S98.pdfBook78p.frCIFOR Head Quarter1448AUCriteria and indicators toolbox series, no. 1 - 9CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999handbooksCIFORcase studiesforest managementsustainabilityassessmentmethodologyselection criteriaindicatorsguidelinessocial welfareloggingtechniquestestingsociologysocial impactmonitoringThe CIFOR C&I Toolbox series is designed to help people make assessments of management in particular production forests where people live and work in and around the forests. The assessment include aspects relating to management, environment and human well-being. The toolbox has developed a generic set of principles, criteria and indicators, related method and samples.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/pub/toolbox.htmlBookenCIFOR Head Quarter761AUThe CIFOR criteria and indicators generic templateCIFOR. C&I TeamCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999selection criteriaindicatorstropical forestsforest managementhandbookstimbersproductioncommercializationThis manual provides a comprehensive set of criteria and indicators (C&I) for sustainable forest management based on CIFOR’s research. This research was conducted by interdisciplinary teams of experts in large-scale natural forests managed for commercial timber production in Indonesia, Côte d’Ivoire, Brazil and Cameroon, with additional sites in Germany, Austria and USA. The use of the term ‘generic template’, for these C&I is intended to prevent them being confused with an ideal and universally applicable set of C&I. In term of the scope of applicability (‘generic to what?’), it is envisaged that this template to be used primarily for tropical natural forests managed for commercial purposes. Use of the term ‘generic’ also emphasises that the C & I in this set can be modified and customised to comply with local conditions. They could therefore be used both as a flexible set that is adaptable to all types of forest situations, and as an operational ‘mother’ set to be used by CIFOR’s proposed CIMAT system (C&I Toolbox Series No.3). ‘Generic’ also implies that this C&I template can be employed by a variety of user groups, such as certification bodies, government officials, donors, forest managers, project managers, and scientists.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/download/toolbox2.zipBookenCIFOR Head Quarter763AUCriteria and indicators for sustainable managementCIFOR1999handbooksforest managementassessmentmethodologyguidelinescomputer softwareapplicationdatabasesplanningmodificationindicatorscriteriaContents : no. 3: CIMAT (Criteria and Indicators Modification and Adaptation Tool); no. 4: the CIFOR criteria and indicators resource book databasehttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/download/cimat2-english.zipBookenCIFOR Head Quarter764AUThe BAG: basic assessment guide for human well-beingColfer, C.J.P.et alCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999assessmentsocial welfarequality of lifeforest managementguidelinesmethodologyqualitative techniquesquantitative analysisdata collectionThe Basic Assessment Guide for Human Well-Being (or The BAG) focuses on the social criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management, a topic that has been the subject of considerable controversy and uncertainty. It is designed for people interested in assessing sustainable forest management, but who do not have a high degree of expertise in social sciences. The six simple methods described in this manual are designed for use by biophysical scientists with a college education. They can also be used by assessors with higher levels of expertise in social sciences, but they are presented in a ‘cookbook’ format. The Scoring and Analysis Guide, meant to be used with The BAG, provides additional help in making assessments of human well being, including a specific scoring method. It also provides increasingly detailed levels of guidance in analysis.BookenCIFOR Head Quarter765AUThe Grab bag: supplementary methods for assessing human well-beingColfer, C. J. P1999assessmentsocial welfarequality of lifeforest managementloggingmethodologyThe Grab Bag: Supplementary Methods for Assessing Human Well-being is designed to complement The BAG. The Grab Bag is designed for use by social scientists who may find The BAG overly prescriptive. The eight methods presented are either more difficult for non-social scientists to use or, in a couple of cases, can substitute for one or more method presented in The BAG. Again, The Scoring and Analysis Guide provides the user with help in making an actual assessment of the social C&I, based on the results of these methods.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/download/toolbox6.zipBookenCIFOR Head Quarter766AUScoring and analysis guide for assessing human well-beingSalim, A.Colfer, C.J.P.McDougall, CCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999assessmentforest managementsocial welfarequality of lifescoringquantitative analysisstatistical analysisguidelinesThe Scoring and Analysis Guide for Assessing Human Well-Being is designed to supplement The BAG and The Grab Bag. It provides a scoring method that can be used with the two manuals, to come to a decision about particular criteria and indicators in particular forest and human settings. Following the section on scoring is a section on analysis. It begins very simply, leading the user through the steps of making a spreadsheet, and concluding with more complex statistical analyses that may be desirable in some circumstances. Different teams have different requirements for quantitative and statistical sophistication in their analyses. This manual responds to these differing needs.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/download/toolbox7.zipBookenCIFOR Head Quarter767AUWho counts most? assessing human well-being in sustainable forest managementColfer, C.J.P.Prabhu, R.Günter, M.McDougall, C.Porro, N.MCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999peopletropical forestsrelationshipsassessmentsocial welfarequality of lifeforest managementWho Counts Most? Assessing Human Well-Being in Sustainable Forest Management presents a tool, ‘the Who Counts Matrix’, for differentiating ‘forest actors’, or people whose well-being and forest management are intimately intertwined, from other stakeholders. The authors argue for focusing formal attention on forest actors in efforts to develop sustainable forest management. They suggest seven dimensions by which forest actors can be differentiated from other stakeholders, and a simple scoring technique for use by formal managers in determining whose well-being must form an integral part of sustainable forest management in a given locale. Building on the work carried out by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) on criteria and indicators, they present three illustrative sets of stakeholders, from Indonesia, Côte d’Ivoire and the United States, and Who Counts Matrices from seven trials, in an appendix.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/download/toolbox8.zipBookenCIFOR Head Quarter768AUGuidelines for applying multi-criteria analysis to the assessment of criteria and indicatorsMendoza, G.A.Macoun, P.Prabhu, R.Sukadri, D.Purnomo, H.Hartanto, HCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999assessmentcertificationdecision makingtechniquesforest managementselection criteriamethodologyindicatorsanalysisMulti-Criteria Analysis (MCA) is a decision-making tool developed for complex problems. In a situation where multiple criteria are involved confusion can arise if a logical, well-structured decision-making process is not followed. Another difficulty in decision making is that reaching a general consensus in a multidisciplinary team can be very difficult to achieve. By using MCA the members don't have to agree on the relative importance of the Criteria or the rankings of the alternatives. Each member enters his or her own judgements, and makes a distinct, identifiable contribution to a jointly reached conclusion. This manual is written for an audience that needs a clear, easy to follow manual that can be used in the field to implement MCA. The information is structured so that the reader is first introduced to the general concepts involved before dwelving into the more specific applications of Multi Criteria Analysis. The manual reviews the conceptual framework of C&I and introduces the theoretical basis of MCA, and methods such as ranking, rating and pairwise comparisons in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It provides an example of how MCA can be applied to C&I in a Forest Certification context both from a 'top-down' perspective as well as in a more 'bottom-up' context.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/download/toolbox9.zipBookenCIFOR Head Quarter769AUPoliticas forestales en Centroamerica: analisis de las resticciones para el desarrollo del sector forestalSegura, O.Kaimowitz, D.Rodriguez, J.IICA-Holanda/LaderasSan Salvador, El Salvador1997forest policyEste libro tiene como objetivo identificar las restricciones que impiden el desarrollo del sector forestal en forma sostenible en los sietes países del istmo centroamericano. Incluye a estudios nacionales, producto de una investigación y consulta, sobre las políticas forestales de cada país, realizados por investigadores nacionales. Para cada uno de los países describe la situación de su sector forestal, la política forestal imperantes y las políticas y restricciones de otros sectores que afectan a los bosques.Book335p.esCIFOR Head Quarter4AUDiseases of tropical Acacias: proceedings of an International Workshop held at Subanjeriji (Southern Sumatra), 28 April - 3 May 1996Old, K.M.Lee Su SeeSharma, J.K.edsCIFORBogor, Indonesia1997Acaciasforest plantationsplant diseasestropicsconferencesAcacias are of considerable social and industrial importance for tropical reforestation and it is expected that about 2 million hectares will be established in Southeast Asia by the year 2000. The acacia species currently of most interest for plantation forestry in the tropics are indigenous to northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. Recent reports from Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and northern Australia suggest that the future productivity of acacia plantations may be affected by fungal pathogens including leaf spots, shoot blights, stem cankers, heart rot, root rots and gall rusts. During 1995-96 a series of disease surveys was undertaken by forest pathologists in native stands, trials, and operational and social forestry plantings of tropical acacias in Australia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand to assess the potential of fungal pathogens as limiting factors to tree growth and productivity and to assess the relative importance of individual fungal pathogens. Tree species included in the surveys were Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis, on the basis of their current importance as plantation species. A. crassicarpa and A. aulacocarpa were also surveyed as, although they have been planted on a limited scale so far, they are included in provenance and species trials in many locations throughout the region. Scientists who had participated in the project met with research managers of five major Indonesian plantation pulp and paper companies and government business enterprises from 28 April - 3 May 1996 at the base camp of PT Musi Hutan Persada Subanjeriji in southern Sumatra, to present the results of their surveys. This publication is a status report on the diseases of acacias in the several countries based on information presented at the workshop. It provides a benchmark of the current knowledge of the pathology of the four most important Acacia species currently being grown in plantations in tropical areas of Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent and northern Australia.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/SPubs/SP-Dsease-n.zip979-8764-13-7Book120p.enCIFOR Head Quarter89AUFinding the right institutional and legal framework for community-based natural forest management: the Tanzanian caseWily, L1997forest managementnatural forestscommunitiesinstitutionslegal systemAs community involvement in natural forest management expands and matures, the need to lodge the rights and obligations of both state and community in workable and legally binding institutional frameworks becomes more pressing. This is particularly so where power and authority are being redistributed. This publication looks specifically at Tanzania, where forest-local communities are beginning to be designated as the management authority of particular woodlands and, in some cases, even their owners. Positive results are giving considerable support to community-based management as the forest management strategy of choice. Implementation has of necessity also prompted a search for accessible mechanisms through which community authority may be embedded legally. The author argues that, in this respect, Tanzania has an advantage over many sub-Saharan African states in the unusual manner of legal identity granted to rural communities, and in supporting administrative and land laws which provide for village-based control over natural resource management. Specific elements explored include the fact that rural villages in Tanzania are recognised as a formal level of government, endowed thereby with certain rights and obligations; that the rural village may attain legal corporate status allowing it, inter alia, to own and manage property in ways accountable in a court of law; and that property law provides for a modern, statutory version of communal tenure, within the bounds and accountability of a private legal person. Wily provides a step-by-step guide to the ways in which a forest-adjacent community may secure custodianship over a local natural forest, whether it be an already gazetted Forest Reserve or public land forest, and be held accountable for sound conservationary management.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/SPubs/SP-Finding.pdf979-8764-16-1Book57p.enCIFOR Head Quarter91AUCIFOR’s Medium Term Plan 1998-2000CIFORCIFORBogor, Indonesia1997CIFORBookenCIFOR Head Quarter112AUAustralian trees and shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm plantingDoran, J.C.Turnbull, J.W.ACIARCanberra, Australia1997genetic resourcesspeciesplantationstreesmultipurpose treesdescriptionswoody plantsThis book is an extensive revision and enlargement of a 1986 publication ‘Multipurpose Australian trees and shrubs: lesser-known species for fuelwood and agroforestry’. It is intended as a reference text for all those concerned with selecting and growing trees and shrubs in rural areas of developing countries and in the more tropical parts of Australia. Descriptions of the botanical, ecological, silvicultural and utilisation characteristics of potential species are provided. With continued decline in the area of tropical forests and woodland, and degradation of remaining forests, alternative sources are needed for the products and services of these forests. Development of small-scale plantations to provide wood and other tree products is increasing. Smallholders, especially in Asia, are taking the option of growing trees on their land as woodlots, line plantings or with crops in a variety of agroforestry systems. The search for suitable trees is focussing on improving productivity of those species already in use and finding new species to meet particular environmental and social situations. Australia has rich genetic resources of woody plants, many of which are adapted to harsh climatic conditions and nutrient deficient soils. Evaluation of Australian trees to meet the needs of resource-poor people in developing countries concentrated on species with a tropical and subtropical distribution. Desirable characteristics include ability to provide products and services in addition to fuelwood, adaptability, easy maintenance and establishment, and tolerance of extreme environments.Book384p.enCIFOR Head Quarter173AUExperiencias practicas y prioridades de investigacion en silviculture de bosques naturales en America tropical. Actas del Seminario-Taller realizado en Pucallpa, Peru del 17 al 21 de Junio de 1996Sabogal, C.Camacho, M.Guariguata, M.R.1997Perunatural forestsEsta publicación recoge las ponencias presentadas en el Seminario-Taller celebrado en Pucallpa, Perú, del 17 al 21 de junio de 1996, con el apoyo de CIFOR, CATIE e INIA, en donde se pretendió involucrar a investigadores y técnicos con experiencias directas en el campo de la silvicultura de bosques naturales en la región, y así mejorar la colaboración y potenciar la interacción entre individuos de diferentes instituciones que trabajan en este sector. Este encuentro forma parte del proceso de impulsar los conocimientos de silvicultura; investigación y experiencias, como componente crítico para el manejo sostenible de los bosques en América tropical. Se presentaron 3 conferencias magistrales y 12 ponencias en las que se abordaron las experiencias concretas de investigación silvicultural en el Caribe en general y en bosques de la Amazonía peruana y colombiana en particular; los diferentes tratamientos silviculturales, impactos y efectos del aprovechamiento forestal de plantaciones en áreas específicas de Costa Rica, Perú y Guatemala, y el aprovechamiento de productos no maderables del bosque con fines de producción diversificada.BookesCIFOR Head Quarter243AUDo plants need passport?: a socio-economic study of the role of exotic tree and other plants species in Quang Tri province, VietnamMidgley, S.J.Byron, R.N.Chandler, F.C.Ha Huy ThinhTran Hung SonHoang Hong HanhCSIROCanberra, Australia1997treessocioeconomicsA multidisciplinary team evaluated the role and use of exotic and indigenous trees in household livelihood systems in four villages, typical of three distinctly different ecosystems in Quang Tri Province, central Viet Nam. While in each case farmers used a great variety of trees and plants to meet their diverse subsistence and cash needs, this study reveals the crucial contribution of exotic trees. Where land tenure is clear and ownership of the trees is unambiguous, there was widespread enthusiasm for tree planting in all four areas studied. The use of casuarinas on sand dune areas as a coastal protection belt, for farm windbreaks and agroforestry, seems entirely positive on all social, ecological and economic criteria. Likewise the use of acacias provided significant economic and environmental benefits as an essential windbreak around (exotic) coffee and pepper plantations in the highlands near the Laos border, and in mixed plantations on farms in the low hills as a component of a mosaic landscape. Small-scale eucalyptus planting for local fuelwood and construction materials in the foothills has no discernible social or ecological ill-effects, offers one of the few economically viable land use options for both women and men, and creates a low-cost alternative to collection of wood from the few remaining natural forests. Through consultation between local villagers, government forestry extension workers, NGO assistance programmes, and other land users, appropriate species and silvicultural systems are being developed to significantly enhance social and economic welfare with minimal adverse environmental impact. The farmers concluded that provided the trees meet their needs, they do not care about the country of origin of that species.064306309 9BookenCIFOR Head Quarter308AUno. 106Economic models of tropical deforestation: a reviewKaimowitz, D.Angelsen, ACIFORBogor, Indonesia1998economicsquantitative analysismodelsdeforestationtropical forestsAs international concern over tropical deforestation has grown over the last ten years, researchers have sought to understand the causes of deforestation and possible solutions using quantitative economic models. This book reviews the results and methodology of over 150 of these models and synthesizes the main lessons that can be learned from them. Higher agricultural prices, lower wages, less off-farm employment, and more roads generally lead to more deforestation. Major doubts remain on the impact of technological change, agricultural input prices, household incomes, and tenure security. The role of macro level factors such as population growth, poverty reduction, national income levels, economic growth and foreign debt is still largely uncertain. While the boom in deforestation modeling has yielded new insights, many model results should be regarded with caution because of poor data quality and methodological weaknesses. In particular, the book finds most multi country regression models to be of limited value. It recommends a shift in future research towards household and regional level studies, instead of the current emphasis on national and multi-country studies.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Model.pdf979-8764-17-XBook139p.enCIFOR Head Quarter341AUMethods for non-timber forest products research: the Tropenbos experienceRos-Tonen, M.A.F.Van Andel, T.Assies, W.Van Dijk, J.F.W.Duivenvoorden, J.F.Van Der Hammen, M.C.de Jong, W.Reinders, M.Fernandez, C.A.van Valkenburg, J.L.C.HTropenbos InternationalWageningen, Netherlands1998harvestingmethodologynon-timber forest productsparticipationplanningresearchsustainabilitySeveral studies on NTFPs have been and are being carried out under the umbrella of the Tropenbos programme. To bring more coherence in these studies, a research strategy was formulated, providing an analytical framework for site-specific studies. The strategy aims at identifying the key conditions for successful and sustainable commercial NTFP extraction, to bring these together in a checklist, and to develop a methodology to apply this checklist in land-use planning and community development. Among the key elements of sustainable commercial NTFP extraction are the availability of natural resources, the sustainability of harvesting levels, the compatibility of extractive activities with people's livelihood strategies, access to markets, and participatory planning. Several methodologies have been applied to gain more insight into these elements. The methodology which is used to assess the availability of natural resources is determined in the first place by the aim and the scale of the study. The land-ecological approach applied by Joost Duivenvoorden et al. gives a first impression of plant resource availability at the level of land units. As this methodology can be used for mapping and be integrated with geographical information systems, it can be a useful instrument in land-use planning. To detemine the availability of NTFP resources at a more detailed level, the nested sampling method is often preferred. With this method 1 ha plots are inventoried, involving not only trees, but also shrubs, vines and herbs. In cases where only primary forest is subject of s tudy and where smaller plants are hardly exploited for NTFPs (e.q. in East Kalimantan where rattan and fruit trees are the main NTFP species) a standard vegetation analysis can be carried out. With this method the relative importance of trees with a dbh >10 cm can de determined, as well as the influence of abiotic factors, such as relief, on the occurence of NTFPs. An interesting effort to establish sustainable harvesting levels has been undertaken with large catfish in Colombia. Through the use of a participatory method it was possible to develop a management plan for sustainable fishery which was agreed upon by all the factors involved. The experience with establishing sustainable harvesting levels for plant products is hitherto confined to rattan, for which a harvesting experiment was undertaken in Indonesia. No experience has been obtained so far with methodologies which take population dynamics into account. Market surveys are part of most NTFP studies in the Tropenbos programme. These surveys provide insight into the commercial potential and marketing aspects of NTFPs. These surveys are also taken as a starting point to trace the provenance of NTFPs. It has become clear that the direct participation of the actors in data collection is of crucial importance in NTFP research. Local people not only play a role as a source of information on names and (potential) uses of NTFPs, but they may actively participate in data collection through, for instance, the daily registering of forest use. Through diaries or special forms, insight can be obtained into the role of extraction in peoples' livelihood strategies. When data need to cover a longer period of time, personal interviews seem to be more appropriate. Several participatory methods have been applied in the Tropenbos programme, such as participatory personal interviews and community workshops. These methods have proven to be useful for a cross-check and complementation of the information provided, for the recovery and socialization of traditional knowledge and norms concerning forest use, and for participatory planning of forest use. The overview methodologies used makes it clear that the specific objectives and context of the studies generate their own methodologies choices. It is the overall research strategy which provides the framework for the integration of site-specific results. In this way it is strived to make clear under what conditions commercial NTFP extraction can serve as a strategy for conservation and wise forest useBook31p.enCIFOR Head Quarter372AUMunicipios y gestion forestal en el tropico BolivianoBalanza, P.P.Kaimowitz, D.edsCIFOR, Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario, Teller de Iniciativas en Estudios Rurales y Reforma Agraria, Bolivia Sustainable Forest Management ProjectLa Paz, Bolivia1998decentralizationforestry lawgovernment policyimpactland use planninglocal governmentloggingnon-timber forest productsThis book looks at the role of municipal governments in lowland Bolivia in forest management since passage of a popular participation law in 1994 and a new forestry law in 1996. It covers issues related to logging, protected area management, land use planning, indigenous territories, and non-timber forest products. Most of the book consists of nine case studies of specific municipalities or groups of municipalities. The book concludes that decentralisation has opened new opportunities for more equitable access to forest resources and their benefits, but that local people’s capacity to take advantage of these opportunities varies. Initial indications point to both positive and negative effects on natural resource management, but it remains too early to determine whether the net impact of decentralisation on forests will be positive or negative. (DK)Book489p.enCIFOR Head Quarter429BOConsideraciones ecologicas sobre la regeneracion natural aplicada al manejo forestalGuariguata, M.RCATIETurrialba, Costa Rica1998natural regenerationecologyseed dispersalseedsreproductionselective fellingforest treesBook27p.esCIFOR Head Quarter444BOProceedings of International Conference on Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management: fostering stakeholder input to advance development of scientifically-based indicators, 24-28 August 1998, Melbourne, AustraliaFlinn, D.Dolman, G.Haines, R.Karjalainen, U.Raison, J.compIUFRO, CIFOR, FAOVienna, Austria1998carbonconferencescriteriadevelopment plansforest managementindicatorssustainabilityconstraintsprotection of forestswatersoillegislationBook175p.enCIFOR Head Quarter446BOIncomes from the forest: methods for the development and conservation of forest products for local communitiesWollenberg, E.Ingles, A.edsCIFORBogor, Indonesia1998forest resourcesforest productsresource utilizationlivelihoodsincomeassessmentmethodologynature conservationIn the last two decades, there has been increasing interest in the potential of small-scale non-timber forest product collection and other low-impact uses of the forest for achieving forest conservation. Experience suggests however that such uses do not guarantee conservation and economic outcomes. This book documents and compares methods to assess options for forest-based livelihoods and their outcomes. The contributions are based on the premise that livelihood and conservation goals can be best achieved by improving information flows about changes in the environment, and the impacts of forest use. The 16 authors report on the strengths and weaknesses of methods that have been tried in the field. Their experiences and analysis should be of interest to practitioners everywhere concerned with developing livelihood options for people living in forests.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Incomes.pdfBook227p.enCIFOR Head Quarter483BOImproving smallholder farming systems in Imperata areas of Southeast Asia: alternatives to shifting cultivationMenz, K.Magcale-Macandog, D.Rusastra, I.W.edsACIARCanberra, Australia1998shifting cultivationfarming systemsmodelsimperataagroforestryThis is a report of a collaborative research project, 'Improving smallholder farming systems in Imperata areas of Southeast Asia: a bioeconomic modelling approach' sponsored by the Center for international Forestry Research and the Australian Centre for International Research. The nature of the Imperata problem and the methodology is outlined. Imperata is essentially restricted to upland areas, since it does not coexist with lowland rice farming. There is a section on bioeconomic analysis of traditional smallholder 'shifting cultivation' farming systems where the fallow is Imperata and another contains a series of case study descriptions of successful tree growing by smallholders on Imperata grasslands. The core modelling work of the project is reported. Various tree-based interventions are modelled with and without an animal component. Some of these modelled farming systems are already in place in farmers' fields. In these cases, possible management or policy interventions analysed with the models can point the way to productive and economic improvements. In other cases, the farming systems modelled are 'experimental' in nature. Imperata grows on uplands of various slopes, but some special attention is given to Imperata on steeply sloping land where soil erosion is a particular problem. Finally, two key issues in relation to tree growing on Imperata grassland, fire control and carbon sequestration, are addressed. These are viewed both from the viewpoints of the individual smallholder and of the broader society. This is an overview and compilation of studies, many of which were previously reported in a series of project papers published by Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University between 1995 and 1998.Book280p.enCIFOR Head Quarter501BODynamique de croissance dans des peuplements exploités et éclaircis de forêt dense africaine: le dispositif de M'Baïki en République Centrafricaine (1982 - 1995)Bedel, F.Durrieu de Madron, L.Dupuy, B.Favrichon, V.Maitre, H.F.Bar Hen, A.Narboni, PCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book77p.frCIFOR Head Quarter519BOCroissance et productivité en forêt dense humide: bilan des expérimentations dans le dispositif d'Irobo - Côte d'Ivoire (1978 - 1990)Durrieu de Madron, L.Favrichon, V.Dupuy, B.Bar Hen, A.Maitre, H.FCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book76p.frCIFOR Head Quarter520BOCroissance et productivité en forêt dense humide: bilan des expérimentations dans le dispositif de Mopri - Côte d'Ivoire (1978 - 1992)Durrieu de Madron, L.Favrichon, V.Dupuy, B.Bar Hen, A.Houde, L.Maitre, H.FCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book81p.frCIFOR Head Quarter521BOBases pour une sylviculture en forêt dense tropicale humide africaineDupuy, BCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book346p.frCIFOR Head Quarter522BOQuelques méthodes statistiques pour l'analyse des dispositifs forestiersBar Hen, ACIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book121p.frCIFOR Head Quarter523BOAménagement forestier en Guinée: etude de casDelorme, NCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book210p.frCIFOR Head Quarter524BOLe projet d'aménagement pilote intégré de Dimako: Cameroun (1992 - 1996)Jahiel, M. et alCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book167p.frCIFOR Head Quarter525BOL'idenfication des finages villageois en zone forestière au Cameroun: justification, analyse et guide méthodologiquePénelon, A.Mendouga, L.Karsenty, ACIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book31p.frCIFOR Head Quarter526BOEstimation de la qualité des arbres sur piedFournier-Djimbi, M.Fouquet, DCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book25p.frCIFOR Head Quarter527BOLes GPS: de l'acquisition des relevés à leur intégration dans un SIGFreycon, V.Fauvet, NCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book69p.frCIFOR Head Quarter528BOSynthèse sur les caractéristiques technologiques de référence des principaux bois commerciaux africainsGerard, J.Kouassi, A. E.Daigremont, C.Detienne, P.Fouquet, D.Vernay, MCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book187p.frCIFOR Head Quarter529BOLes cartes, la télédétection et les S.I.G., des outils pour la gestion et l'amenagement des foréts tropicales d'Afrique CentralePain-Orcet, M.Lo Seen, D.Fauvet, N.Trebuchon, J.F.Dipapoundji, BCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book29p.frCIFOR Head Quarter530BOLe SIG, une aide pour tracer un réseau de pistes forestières: méthode et résultatsFreycon, V.Yandji, ECIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book75p.frCIFOR Head Quarter531BOParcelles permanentes de recherche en forét dense tropicale humide: eléments pour une méthodologie d'analyse des donnéesFavrichon, V.Gourlet-Fleury, S.Bar Hen, A.Dessard, HCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book69p.frCIFOR Head Quarter532BOL'analyse de cernes: applications aux études de croissance de quelques essences en peuplements naturels de forét dense africaineDetienne, P.Oyono, F.Durrieu de Madron, L.Demarquez, B.Nasi, RCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998forest managementgrowth ringsanalysisdiameterforest treesincrementmethodologyKnowledge of wood production, and particularly of diameter increment of trees, is central to forest management. This is one of the parameters contributing to determination of the length of the felling cycle as well as the maximum allowable cut without impoverishment of forest stands. Two techniques can be used to assess diameter increment of trees: analysis of growth rings and periodical measurements of circumference over a given period. The results obtained with several designs, in which trees have been periodically measured for more than ten years (Mopi, Irobo and La Téné in Cote de Ivoire, Mbaiki in Central African Republic and Oyane in Gabon), provide increments for each species. In the same way, several growth ring counts were carried out for species with visible annual growth rings, especially in Cameroon, Central African Republic and Gabon. This report describes the methodology used for growth ring analysis, the application of such analysis for each tree species, as well as a synthesis of the results obtained for the main species exploited in Central and West Africa. The following species are included: Ayous/Samba (Triplochiton sideroxylon), Sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum), Limba/Fraké (Terminalia superba), Sipo (Entandrophragma utile), Tali (Erythrophleum ivorense), Tiama (Entandrophragma angolensis), Kosipo (Entandrophragma candollei), Okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana) and Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma). It appears that the mean diameter increment of Meliaceae (Sapelli, Sipo, Kosipo and Tiama - Entandrophragma spp.) and Iroko (Milicia excelsa) is 4-5 mm/year. The increment is 2-3 mm/year for slow-growing species, such as Bossé clair (Guarea cedrata) and Kotibé (Nesogordonia papaverifera), while mean annual increment of Okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana) is slightly under 10 mm/year for trees with diameters from 20 to 100 cm.Book39p.frCIFOR Head Quarter533BODynamique et croissance de l'Okoumé en zone côtière du GabonFuhr, M.Delegue, M.-A.Nasi, R.Minkoue, J.MCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Aucoumea Klaineanaforest treesthinninggrowthmonitoringMonitoring permanent plots established in pure natural stands of Okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana) in the coastal zone of Gabon from 1987 to 1997 allows reconstitution of the development pattern of such stands from their establishment to the so-called exploitable stage (around 60 years), and assessment of the impact of selective thinning from above (killing of standing trees) and traditional logging on the dynamics of such stands. Even-aged stands derive from recolonisation of agricultural clearings, and were identified from aerial photographs. They are distinguished from Okoumé-rich stands by the strong dominance of the species, which makes up at least 60% of the standing trees and 80% of the basal area in 20-60 year-old stands. Three successional stages are identified by the evolution of floristic composition through which pioneer species accompanying Okoumé in young stands are gradually replaced by species characteristic of the surrounding forest from the age of 5-10 years, young stands show a growth differential between Okoumé and all other species to the advantage of Okoumé, in both height increment (>1 m/year) and diameter increment (>1.5 m/year). At an age of about 15-20 years, the stands are vertically structured (overstorey and understorey). The evolution of their density is mainly due to natural mortality of understorey trees. Some equilibrium is reached at about 45 years, when some 100 dominant Okoumé trees per hectare make up 68% of the stands' total basal area (45 m2). The diameter growth of dominant Okoumé trees reaches a maximum between 5 and 15 years (>1.5 cm/year), and remains steady for at least 60 years (0.7 cm/year). Thinning carried out in 1989 removed an average of 36% of the basal area in young stands (15-30 years), and 21% in older stands (35-50 years). Over 80% of the volume removed was surplus overstorey Okoumé trees. Eight years later, both stands show a positive response. Stimulation of the diameter growth of individual Okoumé trees is quicker and marked in younger stands and the individual trees are smaller. However, the response of overstorey Okoumé trees is at present too limited to make up for loss of standing timber due to removal of trees, and appropriateness of the operation is being discussed. It is too soon to assess the impact of the logging operations on the growth of the stands, although preliminary results show that, despite an exceptionally high thinning intensity (15-20 trees/ha, representing a marketable volume of up to 100 m3/ha), a high number of overstorey and promising understorey trees are left standing. Post-logging regeneration, for the time being, only appears favourable to Okoumé in the most intensively logged plot.Book71p.frCIFOR Head Quarter534GALes techniques d'exploitation à faible impact en forét dense humide camerounaiseDurrieu de Madron, L.Forni, E.Mekok, MCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998Book30p.frCIFOR Head Quarter535GAGestion des ecosystemes forestiers denses d'Afrique tropicale humide: 1. GabonDupuy, B.Gerard, C.Maitre, H.-F.Marti, A.Nasi, RCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1998forest resourcesecosystemstropical forestssustainabilityreviewsbibliographiesThis publication compiles and synthesises information on forest ecosystems with a view to transferring this knowledge to professionals and institutions involved in research and training. The chosen references provide an up-to-date picture of achievements in sustainable management of forest resources in Gabon. There is particular concern in this region of French-speaking Africa about problems linked to sustainable management of forest resources. Programmes dealing with the sustainable management of tropical forests must take into account environment, (soils, climate as well as biodiversity), economics, sociology, interaction with wild fauna, etc. The vegetation and flora of this area, ecology, environmental problems, and pilot management programmes have given rise to an array of research aimed at better knowledge and rational utilisation of the potential of forest resources. This research includes such aspects as transport of timber, non-timber forest products and the wild fauna. This review of the literature does not aim to be exhaustive, especially in the field of silviculture and forest management. This mass of information provides a base for further work, and brings to the attention of all actors work published in specialised journals, proceedings of international fora and selected reports in grey literature. The chosen references include real experiences or reflections directly derived from the field and mission reports describing the situation over a limited period in a particular geographical area. Other documents deal with field research carried out by students, consulting firms, research centres, financing institutions, and are in the form of unpublished papers, reports of activity, synthesis, etc. For example, documents prepared by the Gabon component of ECOPAC Project are included in the review.Book207p.frCIFOR Head Quarter545GACIFOR's management information system: from concept to implementationIbach, M.OCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999information systemsdesigndata processingmanagementprojectsCIFORThis study describes the concept of a management information system (MIS) developed for the Center for International Forestry Research. A definition of MIS and the institutional background are given, followed by a description of the organisational structure, definition of MIS requirements and the procedures and results of an information requirements survey. The core of the study is the design of the MIS which focuses on outputs, inputs, processing, storage and personnel as key elements of the system. Issues related to implementation and maintenance of the proposed system are discussed and key databases described. Emphasis is given to personnel, soft- and hardware requirements, system architecture, training and procedural aspects. The study concludes with a discussion of project management requirements, critical success factors, monitoring and evaluation procedures, and the potential generalisation of the concept.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/MIS-CIFOR99.pdf979-8764-28-5Book80p.enCIFOR Head Quarter551GAEcology and management of tropical secondary forest: science, people and policy: proceedings of a conference held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 10-12, 1997Guariguata, M.R.Finegan, B.edsCATIE, IUFRO, CIFOR, WWF, GTZTurrialba, Costa Rica1998conferencesforest treesland usepolicysilvicultureforest ecologysecondary forestssuccessioncarbon dioxideThe disturbance and destruction of the old-growth forests of the tropics continue to monopolize attention in international fora and the popular media, but a steadily growing land area is covered by secondary forest developing on sites which have been deforested and then abandoned by their owners. The natural process of secondary forest succession offers hope that the unique combination of goods and services provided by the original old-growth forests may be at least partially recovered. An enormous number of questions concerning secondary tropical forests and their potential role in sustainable land management and biodiversity conservation remain to be answered, however. Many of these questions are biological and ecological: What are the factors that bring about successional change in vegetation? How does biodiversity change during succession, does its similarity to the biodiversity of old-growth forests increase over time and why, or why not? How might secondary forests be manipulated to optimize their value for a given set of management objectives? Many more questions nevertheless concern people and their actions: what factors bring about land abandonment? How are secondary forests perceived and utilized by rural people? What market or policy changes may contribute to a more profitable and sustainable use of secondary forests? This volume contains 16 papers presented at a conference which brought together researchers concerned with biological, ecological, social/organizational, financial/economic and political aspects of secondary forests and their management with a strictly neo tropical focus. Although the biophysical side of secondary forest research dominated this conference, it is becoming clear that sound management of this resource will depend on interdisciplinary approaches.Book233p.enCIFOR Head Quarter561GAManagement of secondary and logged-over forests in Indonesia: selected proceedings of an international workshop, 17-19 November, 1997Sist, P.Sabogal, C.edsCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999biodiversityconferencesecologyforest managementloggingmeasurementmedicinal plantsmonitoringnature conservationsecondary forestssilviculturevegetationSecondary and logged-over tropical forests cover more than 600 million hectares. An international workshop held in Bogor (Indonesia) in November 1997 provided a forum of discussion on the research priorities for the sustainable management of secondary forests in Indonesia and more generally in South East Asia. Secondary forests were defined as: "woody vegetation regrowing on land whose previous forest cover was destroyed by at least 90 % by human activities or natural disaster". In these proceedings five papers focus on the use and manipulation of secondary forests as part of smallholders’ resource management strategies, six papers refer to management aspects of logged-over forests for timber production, mainly focusing on the application of silviculture (e.g. conditions for natural regeneration and enrichment techniques). There is also an analysis of the socio-economic consequences of forest changes in relation to the future economic development of two Indonesian provinces. The workshop concluded that secondary and logged-over forests are complex ecosystems providing a large range of timber and forest products and environmental values but a clear typology of these very different forests is not yet defined. Secondary forests are quite different from logged-over forests in both structure and species composition and there is a need to develop new silvicultural concepts for their management and silvicultural interventions favouring non-timber forest products. Indonesian forest policy and regulations and their implications for logged-over forests were debated. Socio-economic aspects were also recognised as an important feature, which should retain more attention in forest regulations than in the past. The potential of the Indonesian Selective Logging System (TPTI) in achieving and promoting forest management is now questionable. New rules based on research results from various research and development projects must be defined within TPTI regulations which, with adequate enforcement, have potential to attain many of the criteria associated with sustainable forest management. Logged-over forests will be the main suppliers of the timber industry for the next felling cycle (35 years) so achievement of sustainable forest management in the remaining production forests is both an environmental concern and an important economic issue for Indonesia.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/SdForest.pdfBook113p.enCIFOR Head Quarter618IDGBA guia básico de avaliação do bem-estar humano.Colfer, C.J.P.Brocklesby, M.A.Diaw, C.Etuge, P.Günter, M.Harwell, E.McDougall, C.Porro, N.M.Porro, R.Prabhu, R.Salim, A.Sardjono, M.A.Tchikangwa, B.Tiani, A.M.Wadley, R.L.Woelfel, J.Wollenberg, ECIFORBogor, Indonesia2000assessmentguidelinesforest managementselection criteriaindicatorssocial welfaremethodologyqualitative techniquesquantitative analysisdata collectionscoringAlso available in English, French and IndonesianThe BAG focuses on the social criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management, a topic that has been the subject of considerable controversy and uncertainty. It is designed for people interested in assessing sustainable forest management, but who do not have a high degree of expertise in social sciences. This manual describes six simple methods designed for use by biophysical scientists with a college education. These methods can also be used by assessors with higher levels of expertise in social sciences, but they are presented in a 'cookbook' format. 'The Scoring and Analysis Guide', to be used with 'the BAG', provides additional help in making assessments of human well being, including a specific scoring method. It also provides increasingly detailed levels of guidance in analysis.979-8764-47-1Book79p.ptCIFOR Head Quarter644IDOs acessórios: métodos suplementares para avaliar o bem-estar humanoColfer, C.J.P.Brocklesby, M.A.Diaw, C.Etuge, P.Günter, M.Harwell, E.McDougall, C.Porro, N.M.Porro, R.Prabhu, R.Salim, A.Sardjono, M.A.Tchikangwa, B.Tiani, A.M.Wadley, R.L.Woelfel, J.Wollenberg, ECIFORBogor, Indonesia2000assessmentsocial welfareforest managementloggingmethodologyscoringanalysisAlso avaiable in English, French and Indonesian'The Grab Bag' is designed to complement 'the BAG' and for use by social scientists who may find 'the BAG' overly prescriptive. The eight methods presented are either more difficult for non-social scientists to use or, in a couple of cases, can substitute for one or more method presented in 'the BAG'. 'The Scoring and Analysis Guide' provides the user with help in making an actual assessment of the social C&I, based on the results of these methods.979-8764-46-XBook64p.ptCIFOR Head Quarter645IDQuem é mais importante? A avaliação do bem-estar humano no manejo florestal sustentávelColfer, C.J.P.Prabhu, R.Günter, M.McDougall, C.Porro, N.M.Porro, RCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000social welfareassessmentforest managementquality of lifepeopletropical forestsWho counts most? Assessing human well being in sustainable forest management presents a tool, 'the Who Counts Matrix', for differentiating 'forest actors', or people whose well-being and forest management are intimately intertwined, from other stakeholders. The authors argue for focusing formal attention on forest actors in efforts to develop sustainable forest management. They suggest seven dimensions by which forest actors can be differentiated from other stakeholders, and a simple scoring technique for use by formal managers in determining whose well being must form an integral part of sustainable forest management in a given locale. Building on the work carried out by the Center for International Forestry Research on criteria and indicators, they present three illustrative sets of stakeholders, from Indonesia, Côte d'Ivoire and the United States, and Who Counts Matrices from seven trials, in an appendix.Book62p.ptCIFOR Head Quarter646IDGuia de pontuação e análise para avaliar o bem-estar humanoSalim, A.Colfer, C.J.P.McDougall, CCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000scoringquantitative analysisstatistical analysisguidelinesassessmentcriteriaindicatorsforest managementsocial welfareAlso available English, in French, Indonesian, SpanishThis is designed to supplement 'the BAG' and 'the Grab Bag'. It provides a scoring method that can be used with the two manuals, to come to a decision about particular criteria and indicators in particular forest and human settings. Following the section on scoring is a section on analysis. It begins very simply, leading the user through the steps of making a spreadsheet, and concluding with more complex statistical analyses that may be desirable in some circumstances. Different teams have different requirements for quantitative and statistical sophistication in their analyses. This manual responds to these differing needs.979-8764-49-8Book142p.ptCIFOR Head Quarter648IDCriteria and indicators of sustainability in community managed forest landscape: an introductory guideRitchie, BMcDougall, C.Haggith, M.Burford de Oliveira, NCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000community forestryforest managementhandbooksmonitoringparticipationassessmentCommunity managed forest systems embody a considerable portion of the wisdom, knowledge, and practical skills and management necessary for the sustainability of forest resources globally. These systems, however, are under threat in many ways, including from the rapid rate of change of their political, socio-economic, and biophysical contexts. Adapting forest management sufficiently quickly and effectively to meet these changes is both urgent and very challenging. This Guide introduces criteria and indicators of sustainability for community managed forest landscapes (CMF C&I) as a potential learning and communication tool that can help meet that challenge. It draws on CIFOR's collaborative research on CMF C&I in Brazil, Indonesia, and Cameroon to propose a flexible step-by-step approach to developing and implementing self or collaborative forest monitoring systems, and gives examples of C&I developed by communities in these countries. The approach is targeted to communities and their partners in forest management, such as NGOs, government, or development projects, who are seeking strategies to improve local well-being and forest sustainability through more effective learning, collaboration, and decision-making in local forest management.979-8764-43-9Book104p.enCIFOR Head Quarter653IDRegional strategy for implementing the code of practice for forest harvesting in Asia-PacificCIFOR. Asia Pacific Forestry CommissionCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000code of practiceloggingdevelopment plansThis document provides suggestions for an overall strategic framework to achieve implementation of the Code of Practice for Forest Harvesting in Asia-Pacific. Once implemented the Code will optimise the benefits offered by the region's natural production forests and contribute to their sustainable management for the continuing benefit of the community as a whole. The goals and objectives of this Regional Strategy are expressed as eight strategies for implementation. (1) Encourage appropriate public and political support for implementation of the Code. (2) Develop awareness and support for the Code at the regional and national policy- making levels by stakeholders. (3) Development of a forest sector that is educated and trained in Code implementation. (4) Encourage the development and implementation of national codes based on the Asia-Pacific Code. (5) Establishment of demonstration and training forests. (6) Implementation of monitoring and auditing systems. (7) Collation of past and present research results allowing development of appropriate research activities and directions in support of sustainable forest management. (8) Further development and implementation of sustainable forest management practices in Asia-Pacific. A time frame for implementation of the Regional Implementation Strategy has also been detailed. This includes target groups who may be able to take responsibility for components of the implementation program over the projected 10-year time horizon.Book31p.enCIFOR Head Quarter655IDCIFOR’s medium term plan 2000-2002CIFOR2000CIFORhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/docs/_ref/aboutcifor/mtp2002-2004/index.htmBookenCIFOR Head Quarter1388IDManejo del bosque natural latifoliado en el Tropico Americano: bibliographiaCATIECIFOR1997natural forestsComo una manera de contribuir a una mayor diseminacíon y utilización de la informacíon disponible en la Región, el Centro para la Investigacíon Forestal Internacitonal - CIFOR y el Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - CATIE decidieron unir esfuerzos para iniciar la compilación de una bibliografia anotada sobre temas relacionados con el manejo de bosques naturales América Tropical. Después de más de año y medio de arduo trabajo divulgativo, de compilación, procesamiento y revisión, tenemos la satisfacción de entregar la presente obra, disponible en forma impresa y en disquete, como un primer resultado de la iniciativa de ambas instituciones. La cobertura geográfica se limita a América Tropical; esto es, desde el sureste de México hasta el norte de Argentina, abarcando de esta manera los bosques neotropicales de zonas climáticas tropicales y subtropicales. Sin embargo, la obra tiene también estudios a nivel pantropical, pero que hacen menciíon a los bosques neotropicales. Se han incluido referencias de libros, artículos científicos y técnicos, ponencias en reuniones, artículos en revistas no científicas, informes finales de proyectos, bibliografias y audiovisuales. El periodo de revisión abarca principalmente desde 1950 hasta aproximadamente mediados de 1996. En total, contiene 1292 referencias, en su mayoría correspondientes a literature gris.Bookincludes 1 diskette of the databaseesCIFOR Head Quarter252IDFLORES: a model to evaluate land-use options at the forest frontier, proceedings of a Conference on Advances in Methodology and Software for Decision Support Systems, 5-7 September 1997, Laxenburg, AustriaVanclay, J.K1997modelsland useevaluationconferencesSee http://www.iiasa.ac.at/~marek/ftppub/Pubs/dss97/vanclay.pdfPolicy issues are central to natural resource management, but the consequences of well-intended policies are not always obvious, especially for land use in frontier areas. A model is proposed to predict the behaviour of individuals in forest communities near the forest frontier, and the resulting impacts on, and response by the ecosystem. The underlying assumption is that individuals behave rationally to maximize their utility, and that their behaviour under various scenarios can thus be predicted. The model, FLORES (Forest Land Oriented Resource Envisioning System), will be spatially explicit, allowing strong empirical tests. Initially, the model will test hypotheses proposed by fellow researchers, and will help identify gaps and deficiencies in existing knowledge. Ultimately, it should help policy-makers and planners better understand consequences of their proposals, and may be implemented as an educational game (cf. SimCity, SimIsle, etc.).BookenCIFOR Head Quarter276IDSmallholder timber production and marketing: the case of Gmelina arborea in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, PhilipinesMagcale-Macandog, D.Menz, K.Rocamora, P.Predo, C1997timbersproductionmarketingcase studiesGmelinaBookenCIFOR Head Quarter290PHFire as an economic disincentive to smallholder rubber planting in imperata areas of IndonesiaMenz, K.M.Conroy, C.Gunawan, A.Ellis, K.Grist, P.Bagnall-Oaklely, H1997firerubberimperataBookenCIFOR Head Quarter292IDMultipurpose trees as an improved fallow: modelling the role of cattleGrist, P.Menz, K.Nelson, R1997multipurpose treesfallowcattlemodelsBookenCIFOR Head Quarter293IDA cost-benefit analysis of a gmelina hedgerow improved fallow system in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, PhilippinesMagcale-Macandog, D.Rocamora, P1997cost benefit analysisGmelinahedgerow treesfallowBookenCIFOR Head Quarter294PHCircular labor migration and subsistence agriculture: a case of the Iban in West Kalimantan, IndonesiaWadley, R.L1997labour mobilitysubsistence farmingmigrant labourIbanthesesPhD dissertationThis dissertation is an analysis of circular labor migration and its effect on subsistence agriculture among the Iban of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Based on lengthy field research, it focuses on the intersection of Iban economy, demography, and social organization, including the nature of male labor migration, household composition, the labor exchange system, the role of women in farming and in Iban society generally, and the nature of forest-fallow farming. In this remote area of Indonesian Borneo, Iban subsistence revolves around the cultivation of rice in hill, floodplain, and swamp swiddens. Hill swiddens, cut from long-fallowed forest, are particularly important. In addition, cash cropping, especially of rubber, supplements subsistence farming. However, the lack of good prices and local markets for cash crops results in high frequencies of male wage-labor migration. Circular labor migration refers to a pattern in which people seek work away from home but return after months or years. Among these Iban men, it is largely international, to jobs they find across the border in Malaysia and Brunei. There the wages are higher and the currencies more stable, and men’s earnings can be quite substantial by Indonesian standards. Wages are used to pay for consumer goods, subsistence foods when crops fail, and schooling for children and younger siblings. Chronic male absence negatively affects the home community in a number of ways, including increased workloads on women in farming and domestic activities. However, as this study shows, women are more involved in agriculture regardless of the presence of men, and the absence of men does not negatively affect a household’s ability to produce sufficient rice for itself. Likewise, male absence does not lead to male-poor households farming shorter (and less labor-demanding) fallows, which have been assumed to result in poorer yields. Factors that account for this situation include the widespread use of chainsaws in felling forest for farming, a functioning labor exchange system, household structure and composition, and women’s control of their reproduction.BookenCIFOR Head Quarter314IDAntropología del clima en el mundo hispanoamericanoGoloubinoff, M.Katz, E.Lammel, A. (eds.)1997community forestrygovernanceLa relación entre el hombre y el clima tiene una large historia. Sin embargo ha sido poco estudiada desde el punto de vista de las ciencias humanas. Por lo regular, los factores climáticos y la relación hombre-clima se describen brevemente en los estudios etnográficos, pero a este tema se han dedicado muy pocos trabajos. La finalidad de la presente obra es amplificar, como campo de investigación, la antropología del clima, que definiremos como el estudio de la interacción entre los factores climáticos y las culturas humanas. No setrata únicamente de la acción de los factores climáticos sobre los seres humanos, sino más bien de una interacción bidireccional, ya que la influencia de las actividades humanas sobre el clima no deja ya ninguna duda desde el punto de vista de las ciencias exactas. En efecto, el enfoque antropológico es el que predomina en este libro. La antropología no puede, sin embargo, abordar este tema sin la coparticipacíon con otras disciplinas; de ahí que en esta obra hayan contribuido geógrafos, historiadores, arqueólogos, sociólogos, arquitectos, biólogos, hidrólogos y meteorólogos. Esta obra se ocupa de la relación hombre-clima en América Latina y en España. Se inicia con artículos de orden más general que plantean preguntas teóricas y metodológicas a propósito de la antropología del clima y continúa con estudios de caso en sociedades pasadas y presentes.Book2 vols (315p., 292p.)esCIFOR Head Quarter349IDEl proceso social de formulacion de la ley forestal de Bolivia de 1996Lizarraga, I. P.Helbingen, A. BCIFOR, Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario, Teller de Iniciativas en Estudios Rurales y Reforma Agraria, Bolivia Sustainable Forest Management ProjectLa Paz, Bolivia1998forestry lawdemocracypoliticsThis work presents, for first time, an opportunity of knowing the process of the formulation of the new Forestry Law in Bolivia, approved in July 1996. The formulation of this law was a long and difficult social process, full of conflicts between the different actors involved and delays. The book shows the politics as it is, with all its alliances of convenience, small tragedies and surprises and the powerful interests behind it, but it also demonstrates that democracy can work and that there are still possibilities to conciliate all these interests in the forestry sector. This study is included in a CIFOR initiative to look at the process of formulation of new forestry laws in Bolivia, Cameron, Costa Rica and Indonesia.Book153p.esCIFOR Head Quarter431BOGestion des ecosystemes forestiers denses d'Afrique tropicale humide: 2. CongoDupuy, B.Loumeto, J.Amsallem, I.Gerard, C.Nasi, RCIRAD-ForetMontpellier, France1999conservationeconomicsforest inventoriesforest policysilviculturetropical forestsbibliographiesvegetationenvironmentforest productsfaunaThis bibliography for the Republic of Congo is a sequel to the one on Gabon. It comprises 312 annotated references on thematic areas: fauna, flora, vegetation, ecology, conservation, silviculture, forest inventory, forest management, forest policy and economy, non-timber forest products, etc.; and a 20-page presentation of the country and its forests.Book145p.frCIFOR Head Quarter613CGModelo genérico de critérios e indicadores do CIFORCIFOR C&I TeamCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999forest managementcriteriaindicatorsCIFORBook53p.esCIFOR Head Quarter642CGEconomic instruments for tropical forests: the Congo basin baseKarsenty, AIIED, CIFOR, CIRADLondon, UK2000tropical forestsincentivesforest policyhumid zonesforest managementeconomicsThe likely impact of a number of economic instruments on changing current practices in the management and logging of humid tropical forests particularly in Congo Basin where there are large areas forested with high quality timber, is examined. Some potential instruments are discussed, such as a performance bond incentive system or markets for tradable emission permits. A view of the forestry policy issues in relation to the new aspects of tropical forest management at the crossroads of economics and ecology is provided.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/psf_Economics_Instruments.pdfBook98p.enCIFOR Head Quarter647CGCurso-taller sobre metodologias de investigacion en bosques secundarios, 10-20 de Febrero de 1998, Pucallpa, Peru: memoriasCIFORCIFOR and CATIETurrialba, Costa Rica1998conferencesmethodologyresearchbiophysicsforest managementsecondary forestsThis document summarises participants' reports based on field-oriented problems aimed at testing research methodologies from both the biophysical and socioeconomic components of secondary forest management. This 10-day workshop was held in Eastern Amazonia (Pucallpa, Perú) with the participation of professionals from Perú, Nicaragua, Brazil, and Bolivia.Book46p.esCIFOR Head Quarter542CGMemoria del Simposio Internacional sobre Posibilidades de Manejo Forestal Sostenible en America Tropical, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, 15-20 de Julio de 1997BOLFORBOLFORSanta Cruz, Bolivia1998conferencesforest managementsustainabilityBook370p.esCIFOR Head Quarter543CGThe saga of participatory forest management in IndiaSaxena, N.CCIFORBogor, Indonesia1997forest managementforest policycommunity involvementparticipationconstraintsforest managementgovernment policyinstitutionssocial forestryAfter about a hundred years of exclusive government control, forests in India are now being increasingly managed with people’s participation. Almost all states in India have passed enabling resolutions to facilitate what is now popularly called the Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme. However, its implementation has so far been uneven. Field officers are often loath to share power and authority with the people, while expecting them to protect forests without wages. It is also not very well known under what conditions JFM succeeds, and whether these conditions are internal or more influenced by governmental policies. Based on the author’s repeated visits to JFM villages in several Indian states, this book provides a critique of the past and current forest policies, reviews the implementation of participatory forest management in five Indian states, explains why communal action is sustained over time, and places its conclusions in the wider theory of property regimes. The book attempts a synthesis of diverse experiences in participation and links hypotheses of collective action with empirical evidence. One of the first source books on Joint Forest Management, it will be of value to donor agencies, state governments, policy makers and researchers on participatory development programmeshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/SPubs/SP-Saga.zip979-8674-15-3Bookxiii, 214 p.enCIFOR Head Quarter90INManagement of soil, nutrients and water in tropical plantation forestsNambiar, E.K.S.Brown, A.GACIARCanberra, Australia1997forest plantationstropicssoilwaterforest managementBookenCIFOR Head Quarter180INPrivate and social benefits from the use of clonal rubberGrist, P.Menz, K.Amarasinghe, A.K1997social benefitsusesrubberclonesBookenCIFOR Head Quarter289INAlley cropping farming systems in Indonesia: a reviewSusilawati, S.H.Budhi, G.S.Rusastra, I.W1997alley croppingfarming systemsBookenCIFOR Head Quarter295IDMultipurpose trees as improved fallow: an economic assessmentGrist, P.Menz, K.Nelson, R1997multipurpose treesfalloweconomic analysisBookenCIFOR Head Quarter296IDNapier grass strips and livestock: a bioeconomic analysisMagcale-Macandog, D.Predo, C.Menz, K.Calub, A1997economic analysislivestock farmingBookenCIFOR Head Quarter297IDThe opportunity cost approach. In two approaches for estimating the on-site costs of soil erosion in the Philippines. Improving smallholder farming systems in Imperata areas of Southeast AsiaRañola, R.F.Predo, C1997costsBookenCIFOR Head Quarter317IDRecent developments in acacia planting: proceedings of an international workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam, 27-30 October 1997Turnbull, J.W.Crompton, H.R.Pinyopusarerk, K. (eds.)ACIARCanberra, Australia1998Acaciasgenetic resourcessilvicultureplant diseasesplant pestsconferencesplantingThe 1300 species of the genus Acacia extend around the globe, from Australia through Asia to Africa and the Americas. These nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs grow in a range of environments and fill an important niche in natural ecosystems. They have also been planted as exotics in over 70 countries for land rehabilitation, shade and shelter, and to produce a range of wood and non-wood products including firewood, charcoal, building poles, tannins and fodder. In recent years extensive plantations have been established in Asia to provide wood pulp for paper and textile manufacture. This book contains 52 papers and 7 short communications on recent developments in planting tropical and subtropical acacias presented at a workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam, 27-30 October 1997. It brings together the research results and experiences of scientists involved in developing new technologies for acacia planting in Asia and Australia and forest managers facing practical problems growing acacias in the region. Many papers refer to well-known species, such as Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium and A. mearnsii, but others report the results of testing lesser-known species in a range of environments. The 57 participants at the workshop reviewed the major issues arising from the meeting, identified gaps in knowledge and made recommendations for future research. The key areas were: genetic resources and tree improvement, silviculture and site management, pests and diseases, physiology (including soil symbionts), social, economic and utilisation issues, and mechanisms to foster future collaboration.Book383p.enCIFOR Head Quarter409IDSeminario Internacional de Capacitacion en Investigacion Sobre Aprovechamiento Forestal de Impacto Reducido y Manejo de Bosques Naturales: Resultudos, Conception, 1-12 de Julio de 1997, Santa Cruz, BoliviaPutz F.E.Romero, C.Heinrich, R.Merlo, F.eds1997conferencesnatural forestsBook149p.esCIFOR Head Quarter422IDWorld heritage forests: the world heritage convention as a mechanism for conserving tropical forest biodiversityCIFORUNESCOCIFOR and UNESCO. World Heritage CentreBogor, Indonesia1999international agreementsbiodiversitytropical forestsThe future of the biodiversity of the world's tropical forests is intensely debated in a number of international processes. A broad consensus is emerging from these processes that the threat to forest biodiversity is one of the major environmental challenges the world faces and action is required immediately to conserve vital forest areas, especially in the tropics. The Berastagi (Indonesia) policy dialogue brought together people interested in international programmes to conserve biodiversity to discuss how the World Heritage Convention might facilitate international efforts to conserve the world's most richly biodiverse forests. The World Heritage Convention has been ratified by over 160 countries, and 33 of the world's most biodiverse forests have already been inscribed on the World Heritage List. A number of broad objectives were established, and meeting participants agreed to work through their own organisations toward these goals. A tentative list of candidate World Heritage sites was developed from which additions to the present list might be drawn. Brief papers analysing the following issues were prepared during the meeting and are included in this volume: (1) how much human modification of forests is consistent with World Heritage status, especially to dispel the myth that conservation objectives are best met by excluding people; (2) how to reconcile the interests of local people with the maintenance of the global values of the sites; and (3) how to establish scientifically defensible methods for detecting changes in the biodiversity of tropical forest sites to provide indicators for triggering adaptive management responses. The meeting concluded that the World Heritage Convention is a potentially very valuable mechanism for achieving significant medium-term targets for the conservation of forest biodiversity.979-8764-23-4Book54p.enCIFOR Head Quarter515IDEl papel de los gobiernos municipales en la gestion de los recursos naturales: villanueva: los recursos naturales en un municipio empobrecidoMendoza, R.Martinez, TInstituto de Investigacion y Desarrollo de la Universidad Centroamericana (NITLAPAN-UCA), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), PROTIERRA-IniformManagua, Nicaragua1999case studieslocal governmentproductivityfuelwoodenvironmentgovernanceThis is one of ten case studies of the role of municipal governments in forest related issues in the departments of Chinandega, Leon, and Rio San Juan in Nicaragua. It first characterizes the municipality, its agricultural production and mining, and the type of environmental problems it faces. Then it looks at the local institutions that exist and the projects that have been implemented there. Finally, it focuses specifically on the role of the municipal governments. Villanueva is a poor municipality that depends heavily on low productivity agriculture and mining. Fuelwood is more important than timber.Book83p.esCIFOR Head Quarter641NIPanduan untuk pengembangan, pengujian dan pemilihan kriteria dan indikator untuk pengelolaan hutan lestariPrabhu, R.Colfer, C.J.P.Dudley, R.GCIFORBogor, Indonesia2000assessmentevaluationselection criteriaindicatorsforest managementsustainabilityhandbookstropical forestscase studiestestingplanningAlso available in English, French and PortugueseThis manual provides methods for the development and evaluation of criteria and indicators (C&I) which can then be used to assess the sustainability of forest management. The manual is written primarily for researchers, people or groups interested in evaluating C&I for assessments of forests in new areas, or as a reference for readers wanting to know how CIFOR's Generic Template was produced. The methods presented are aimed at the development of sets of C&I for natural forest at the forest management unit level, especially in the tropics. Following an introductory chapter focusing on the overall purpose, specific objectives, and the C&I development process, three chapters explain how to prepare for C&I testing, how to conduct a test, and how to analyse the results. Subsequent chapters explain the conceptual basis of C&I development, with three case studies offered as examples, and suggested additional reading materials. Specific forms and tools that have been used in the course of CIFOR's testing are also presented, with examples of ways to present the results. The final chapter provides possible baseline sets of C&I, available to users for evaluation and testing in their own contexts.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/CI/C&IToolBox_Ina1.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/CI/C&IToolBox_Ina1.pdf979-8764-35-8Book193p.idCIFOR Head Quarter638NIGuidelines for developing, testing and selecting criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management: a C & I developer's referencePrabhu, R.Colfer, C.J.P.Dudley, R.GCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999assessmentevaluationselection criteriaindicatorsforest managementsustainabilityhandbooksCIFORtropical forestscase studiestestingplanningThis manual provides methods for the development and evaluation of criteria and indicators (C&I) which can then be used to assess the sustainability of forest management. The manual is written primarily for researchers, people or groups interested in evaluating C&I for assessments of forests in new areas, or as a reference for readers wanting to know how CIFOR’s Generic Template was produced. The methods presented are aimed at the development of sets of C&I for natural forest at the forest management unit (FMU) level, especially in the tropics. Following an introductory chapter focusing on the overall purpose, specific objectives, and the C&I development process, three chapters (2-4) explain how to prepare for C&I testing, how to conduct a test, and how to analyse the results. Subsequent chapters (5-7) explain the conceptual basis of C&I development, with three case studies offered as examples, and suggested additional reading materials. Specific forms and tools that have been used in the course of CIFOR’s testing are also presented (Chapter 8), with examples of ways to present the results. The final chapter (9) provides possible baseline sets of C&I, available to users for evaluation and testing in their own contexts.BookenCIFOR Head Quarter762NIBeyond slash and burn: building on indigenous knowledge in managing Borneo’s tropical rain forestsColfer, C.J.P.Peluso, N.L.Ching See ChungNew York Botanical Garden PressBronx, NY, USA1997tropical forestsindigenous knowledgeresource managementforest managementagroforestrycommunity forestrynature conservationtraditional societysocial customsThis book contains contributions from a variety of authors including forest dwellers themselves, describes the natural resource management system of the Uma’ Jalan Kenyah people of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Colfer and her co-authors seek to present the knowledge of the local people about their surrounding forest and its sustainable management in a way that trained scientists will understand and use. The people and their knowledge of the forest are seen as an integral part of the biodiversity of the forest. The rapid loss and degradation of humid tropical rain forests over recent years has meant that the unique ways of life of those people who live in and from these forests are threatened. The urban and agricultural settings that usually succeed forest clearing are not conducive to preserving the knowledge and cultures that have developed over centuries. By introducing the ways in which the Uma’ Jalan perceive their natural resources, then focussing on their agroforestry system from this viewpoint, the subsistence base of these forest dwellers is explored. The role of money in such a system is defined and options available to the people for survival described. In the final chapter the ramifications of these findings for forest management in the tropics is discussed with emphasis on how Uma’ Jalan customs might be adapted to preserve at least part of the forest environment for conservation, for biodiversity, improved subsistence for small populations and sustainable timber extraction.Book158p.enCIFOR Head Quarter92NIProductos no maderables del bosque en Baja Talamanca, Costa RicaOcampo, R.Villalobos, R.Cifuentes, M.edsCATIETurrialba, Costa Rica1997non-timber forest productsspeciesdescriptions9977-57-292-5Bookvii, 118p.esCIFOR Head Quarter343CR