Hands off, hands on: communities and the management of national parks in IndonesiaMoeliono, MCambridge University PressCambridge, UK2008Chapteren978-0-521-87021-4CIFOR Head Quarter2780Sodhi, N.S. , Acciaioli, G., Erb, M., Khee-Jin Tan, A. Biodiversity and human livelihood in potected areas: case studies from the Malay ArchipelagoIDPromoting Good Governance in Managing Danau Sentarum National Park through Adaptive Collaborative Management ApproachYuliani, L.Indriatmoko, Y.Heri, V.Ernawati, S.Prasetyo, L.B.Zulkiflie, M.SEU funded Gemconbio projectThessaloniki - Perea, Greece2008conservationlivelihoodsinterventioncapacity buildingChapteren878-960-243-647-9CIFOR Head Quarter2751Manos, B. Governance and Ecosystem Management for the Conservation of BiodiversityIDCommunity-based Forest Management Programmes in Nepal: An Overview of Contexts, Policies, Practices and IssuesOjha, H.Timinsa, N.P.Kumar, C.Belcher, B.Banjade, M.R.Chhetri, R.Nightingale, AAdroitNew Delhi2008community forestrygovernancepolicyCopy of publication is not available in repositoryChapteren8187392843CIFOR Head Quarter2731Ojha, H.R., Timinsa, N.P., Kumar, C. Banjade, M.R., and Belcher, B.M. (eds.). Communities, forests and governance: policy and institutional innovations from NepalNPConclusionArora-jonsson, S.Ballard, H.L.Buruchara, R.Casolo, J.Classen, LDeHose, J.Emretsson, M.Fortmann, L.Halvarsson, A.L.Halvarsson, E.Humphries, S.Long, J.W.Murphree, M.W.Nemarundwe, N.Olssen, A.Rhee, S.Ryen, A.Wilmsen, C.Wollenberg, EEarthscanLondon, UK2008case studiesparticipatory rural appraisalresearch projectsChapteren978-1-4051-7679CIFOR Head Quarter2730Fortmann, L. (ed.) Participation research in conservation and rural livelihood: doing science togetherNPDesentralisasi: persoalan, pelajaran dan refleksiCapistrano, D.Colfer, C.J.PCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006decentralizationdemocracyforest managementgovernancenatural resources managementpolicypolitical systemsChapterid979-24-4637-0CIFOR Head Quarter2726Colfer, C.J.P. Politik desentralisasi: hutan, kekuasaan dan rakyatNPDesentralisasi pengelolaan hutan di Bolivia: siapa yang memperoleh manfaat dan mengapaPacheco, PCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006decentralizationforest managementnatural resources managementgovernanceChapterid979-24-4637-0CIFOR Head Quarter2725Colfer, C.J.P. Politik desentralisasi: hutan, kekuasaan dan rakyatBODesentralisasi demokratis dalam sektor kehutanan: Pelajaran dari Afrika, Asia, dan Amerika LatinLarson, A.MEarthscan2006democracydecentralizationdecision makingforest managementChapterid979-24-4637-0CIFOR Head Quarter2724Colfer, C.J.P. Politik desentralisasi: hutan, kekuasaan dan rakyatBOMalinau villagers’ relationship with CIFOR: high hopes, unmet expectations and trusted confidanceIwan, R.Rhee, SWiley-BlackwellNew York, USA2008participatory rural appraisalresearchChapteren978-1-4051-7679-8CIFOR Head Quarter2723Fortmann, L. (ed) Participatory Research in Conservation and Rural LivelihoodsBOFrom participation to partnership: devolution, forest communities and CIFOR in Malinau, IndonesiaWollenberg, E.Iwan, R.Limberg, G.Moeliono, M.Sudana, I.M.Uluk, A.Anau, N.van Heist, MWiley-BlackwellNew York, USA2008participationpartnershipsparticipatory rural appraisalcommunity involvementcommunity forestryChapteren978-1-4051-7679-8CIFOR Head Quarter2722Fortmann, L. (ed) Participatory research in conservation and rural livelihoods: doing science togetherBOIntroductionColfer, C.J.PEarthscanLondon, UK2008Chapteren9781844075324CIFOR Head Quarter2712Colfer, C.J.P. Human health and forests: a global overview of issues, practice and policy.BOBalancing development and conservation?: An assessment of livelihood and environmental outcomes of nontimber forest product trade in Asia, Africa, and Latin AmericaKusters, K.Achdiawan, R.Belcher, B.Ruiz Perez, MIcfai University PressHyderabad, India2008conservationlivelihoodsassessmentnon-timber forest productsChapteren9788131415283CIFOR Head Quarter2708Hussain, A. Managing Non-Timber Forest Products: Global Perspectives.BOFrom National to Local Scales: The Uma’ Jalan in Temporal ContextColfer, C.J.P.Limberg, G.Resosudarmo, I. A. P.Dennis, R.ABorneo Research Council, Inc.Phillips, US2008shifting cultivationnatural resources managementforest managementsocial changegovernanceChapteren1-929900-10-4CIFOR Head Quarter2706Colfer, C.J.P. The longhouse of the tarsier: changing landscapes, gender and well being in BorneoBOA comparative analysis of adaptive natural resources management in ZimbabweMandondo, A.Matose, FCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008natural resources managementcomparisonscommunity involvementChapteren978-979-14-1264-3CIFOR Head Quarter2698Mandondo, A.; Coping amidst chaos: Studies on Adaptive Collaborative Management from ZimbabweZWA weighted decision and tenurial niche approach to analyzing adaptive learning in the social forests of northeastern ZimbabweChahweta, C.Mandondo, ACenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008tenure systemscommunity involvementsocial forestryChapteren978-979-14-1264-3CIFOR Head Quarter2697Mandondo, A. Coping amidst chaos: Studies on Adaptive Collaborative Management from ZimbabweZWAction planning and adaptive management of natural resources in semiarid environments: Experiences from Chivi District, ZimbabweNemarundwe, N.Mutamba, MCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008natural resources managementaction planscommunity involvementChapteren978-979-14-1264-3CIFOR Head Quarter2696Mandondo, A. Coping amidst chaos: Studies on Adaptive Collaborative Management from ZimbabweZWFacilitating adaptive collaborative management in forested landscapes: the Mafungautsi case studyMutimukuru, T.Prabhu, R.Matose, F.Nyirenda, R.Kozanayi, WCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008community forestryforest managementconflictparticipationlocal authority areaslocal communityChapteren978-979-14-1264-3CIFOR Head Quarter2695Mandondo, A. Coping amidst chaos: Studies on Adaptive Collaborative Management from ZimbabweZWAdversity and the adaptive possibility of local communities: Setting the scenePrabhu, R.Matose, FCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008community forestrydeforestationdegradationlocal authority areaslocal communitiesChapteren978-979-14-1264-3CIFOR Head Quarter2694Mandondo, A. Coping amidst chaos: studies on Adaptive Collaborative Management from ZimbabweZWAssociation of Forest Communities of the Petén (ACOFOP Asociación de Comunidades Forestales de Petén).Taylor, P.L.Cronkleton, P.Barry, DEarthscan PublicationsLondon2008natural resources managementdevelopmentecologybiodiversityconservationChapteren9781844076369CIFOR Head Quarter2692Linking conservation and poverty reduction: landscapes, people and powerZWDevelopment Strategies for Green Tourism in Mountain Villages.Jeon, Jun-HeonYoo, Byoung IlKim, Jong-HoSeong-il, KimOh, Sun HwaLee, Duk-Jae2008tourismforest managementChapteren978-89-8176-466-1CIFOR Head Quarter2686Korea Forest Research Institute’s Research ReportZWEstrategias de acompanamiento al manejo forestal comunitarioPokorny, B.Johnson, B.Medina, G.Nalvarte, J.Cayres, G.Gatter, S.Romero, M.Olschewski, RCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Belem, Brazil2008community forestryChapteres978-979-1412-73-5CIFOR Head Quarter2679Sabogal, C. Manejo Forestal Comunitario en América Latina: Experiencias, lecciones aprendidas y retos para el futuroZWPolíticas públicas que afectan el manejo forestal comunitarioPacheco, P.Ibarra, E.Cronkleton, P.Amaral, PCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Belem, Brazil2008community forestrypoliticslocal governmentChapteres978-979-1412-73-5CIFOR Head Quarter2678Sabogal, C. Manejo Forestal Comunitario en América Latina: Experiencias, lecciones aprendidas y retos para el futuroZWCapacidades organizativas para el manejo forestal comunitario frente a las demandas y expectativas oficialesPorro, N.M.Germana, C.Lopez, C.Medina, G.Ramirez, Y.Amaral, MAmaral, PCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Belem, Brazil2008community forestryChapteres978-979-1412-73-5CIFOR Head Quarter2677Sabogalm C. Manejo Forestal Comunitario en América Latina: Experiencias, lecciones aprendidas y retos para el futuroZWCapacidades tecnicas y desafios del manejo forestal comunitarioLouman, B.Garcia-Fernandez, C.Sabogal, C.Ehringhaus, C.Salazar, M.Villacres, DCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Belem, Brazil2008community forestryconcessionsChapteres978-9791412-73-5CIFOR Head Quarter2676Sabogal, C. Manejo Forestal Comunitario en América Latina: experiencias, lecciones aprendidas y retos para el futuroZWAntecedentes, realidad y oportunidades del manejo forestal comunitario en America Latinade Jong, W.Pokorny, B.Sabogal, C.Louman, B.Stoian, DCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Belem, Brazil2008community forestrycommunity involvementChapteres978-979-1412-73-5CIFOR Head Quarter2675Manejo forestal comunitario en America Latina: experiencias, lecciones aprendidas y retos para el futuroZWUpaya-upaya Baru Membentuk Interaksi Pemerintah dan MasyarakatMoeliono, M.Limberg, GCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008local governmentconservationsustainabilityChapterid978-979-1412-85-8CIFOR Head Quarter2672Moeliono, M. Desentralisasi tata kelola hutan: politik, ekonomi dan perjuangan untuk menguasai hutan di Kalimantan, IndonesiaZWTane' Olen sebagai Alternatif pengelolaan hutan: perkembangan lanjutan di Desa Setulang, Kalimantan TimurIwan, R.Limberg, GCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008conservationcommunity actioncommunity involvementChapteren978-979-1412-85-8CIFOR Head Quarter2669Moeliono, M. Desentralisasi Tata Kelola Hutan: Politik, Ekonomi dan Perjuangan untuk Menguasai Hutan di Kalimantan, Indonesia.ZWHow do we ensure permanence and assign liability?Dutschke, M.Angelsen, ACenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008carbonreductionREDDpayment basisChapteren978-979-1412-76-6CIFOR Head Quarter2668Angelsen. A. Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and ImplicationsZWHow do we set the reference levels for REDD payments?Angelsen, ACenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008carbonpayment basisREDDreductionChapteren978-979-1412-76-6CIFOR Head Quarter2667Angelsen. A Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and ImplicationsZWHow should we deal with leakage?Wunder, SCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008carboncarbonemissionREDDreductionChapteren978-979-1412-76-6CIFOR Head Quarter2666Angelsen. A. Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and ImplicationsZWWhat is the right scale for REDD?Angelsen, A.Streck, C.Peskett, L.Brown, J.Luttrell, CCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008climatic changeefficiencyREDDcarbonChapteren978-979-1412-76-6CIFOR Head Quarter2665Angelsen. A. Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and ImplicationsZWWhat are the key design issues for REDD and the criteria for assessing options?Angelsen, A.Wertz-Kanounnikoff, SCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008climatic changeREDDassessmentChapteren978-979-1412-76-6CIFOR Head Quarter2664Angelsen. A. Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and ImplicationsZWHow do we achieve REDD co-benefits and avoid doing harm?Brown, D.Seymour, F.Peskett, LCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008deforestationdegradationclimatic changepoverty alleviationREDDbiodiversityChapteren978-979-1412-76-6CIFOR Head Quarter2663Angelsen. A. Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and ImplicationsZWHow do we measure and monitor forest degradation?Murdiyarso, D.Skutsch, MGuariguata, M.R.Kanninen, M.Luttrell, C.Verweij, P.Martins, O.SCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008degraded forestsmonitoringREDDgreenhouse gasesChapteren978-979-1412-76-6CIFOR Head Quarter2662Angelsen. A. Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and ImplicationsZWHow can we monitor, report and verify carbon emissions from forests?Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S.Verchot, L.V.Kanninen, M.Murdiyarso, DCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008climatic changeREDDcarbonChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2661Angelsen. A. Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and Implications.ZWTropical forest and climate change adaptationGuariguata, M.RITTOYokohama, Japan2008climatic changetropical forestsChapteren4-902045-40-0CIFOR Head Quarter2660Tropical forests and climate change: report of the international expert meeting on addressing climate change yhrough sustainable management of tropical forest.ZWIncreasing and sustaining productivity in subtropical and tropical plantation forests: Making a difference through research partnershipNambiar, E.K.S.Kallio, M.HCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008tropical rain forestssustainabilityconservation areasforest managementplantationsThis research project was initiated in 1995 to address some concerns of many people, including scientists, who were questioning the prospects of tropical plantations established in short-rotation forestry as a sustainable natural resource. It is an international partnership of public and private organisations coordinated by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). It is based on the proposition that productivity is the foundation of successful plantation forestry managed for wood production and/or ecosystem services. The main aim was to examine critically effects of site management on productivity of successive rotations of plantations and on soils. The project has 16 experimental sites (10 eucalypt, 4 acacia and 2 conifers) in Australia, Brazil, Congo, China, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Vietnam. From results gathered for a decade in plantations, with growth rates from 6 to 46 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in a range of environments and forest management conditions, we conclude that subtropical and tropical plantations can be managed to increase and sustain productivity. Conserving site resources (organic matter and nutrients) to maintain production is very important. No major risks to soils were identified that cannot be managed by scientifically-based practices. One site had a problem with a fungal pathogen and no insect problems were observed at any site. The capacity of the individuals and organisations to explore new opportunities for sustainable management has been greatly strengthened through capacity building, mutual learning and sharing of information with complete transparency. The project has made significant impacts on forest management in partner organisations and developed options for improving plantation productivity of their plantations. Impacts are extending beyond the boundaries of partners’ plantation areas. Questions of long-term sustainable production can not be resolved from experiments of one rotation at a few sites so there is a compelling case to continue and build on this research programme to support plantation forestry in the tropics.Chapteren978-979-1412-58-2CIFOR Head Quarter2659Nambiar, E.K.S. Site Management and Productivity in tropical Plantation forests. Proceedings of Workshop in Piracicaba (Brazil) 22-26 November 2004 and Bogor (Indonesia) 6-9 November 2006.ZWRiding the rapids: Synthesis and conclusionWollenberg, E.Moeliono, M.Limberg, GEarthscanLondon, UK2008governancedecentralizationforest managementforest policyimpactChapteren978-1-84407-586-7CIFOR Head Quarter2618Moeliono, M. The decentralization of forest governance: politics, economics, and the fight for control of forest in Indonesian BorneoZWNew experiments shaping government and society interactionMoeliono, M.Limberg, GEarthscanLondon, UK2008loggingharvestinggovernanceforest managementforest policyChapteren978-1-84407-586-7CIFOR Head Quarter2617Moeliono, M. The decentralization of forest governance: politics, economics, and the fight for control of forests in Indonesian BorneoZWTenure and adat in MalinauMoeliono, M.Limberg, G2008tenure systemsproperty rightsgovernancedecentralizationChapteren978-1-84407-586-7CIFOR Head Quarter2616Moeliono, M The decentralization of forest governance: politics, economics, and the fight for control of forest in Indonesian BorneoZWTane'Olen as an alternative for forest management: further developments in Setulang village, East KalimantanIwan, R.Limberg, G2008conservationcommunity actionChapteren978-1-84407-586-7CIFOR Head Quarter2615The decentralization of forest governance: politics, economics and the fight for control of forest in Indonesian BorneoZWA comparison of damage due to logging under different forms of resource access in East Kalimantan, IndonesiaIskandar, H.Snook, L.K.Toma, T.MacDicken, K.G.Kanninen, M2008logging effectsharvestingforest managementChapteren978-1-84407-586-7CIFOR Head Quarter2614Moeliono, M The decentralization of forest governance: politics, economics and the fight for control of forest in Indonesian BorneoZWImpact of small timber harvest permits on villages in the Malinau watershedLimberg, G2008loggingsocial impactsocial learningforest managementChapteren978-1-84407-586-7CIFOR Head Quarter2613Moeliono, M. The decentralization of forest governance: politics, economics and the fight for control of forests in Indonesian BorneoZWBiodiversity, landscapes and livelihoods: a local perspectiveSheil, D.van Heist, M.Liswanti, N.Basuki, I.Wan, M2008biodiversityconservationforest managementChapteren978-1-84407-586-7CIFOR Head Quarter2612Moeliono, M The decentralization of forest governance: politics, economics and the fight for control of forest in Indonesian BorneoZWThe Geography of MalinauMoeliono, MEarthscanLondon, UK2008geographyChapteren978-1-84407-586-7CIFOR Head Quarter2611Moeliono, M The decentralization of forest governance: politics, economics, and the fight for control of forest in Indonesia BorneoZWBetween State and society: Decentralization in IndonesiaWollenberg, E.Moeliono, M.Limberg, GEarthscanLondon, UK2008decentralizationdemocracyparticipationgovernment policyChapteren978-1-84407-586-7CIFOR Head Quarter2610Moeliono, M. The decentralization of forest governance: politics, economics and the fight for control of forest in Indonesia borneoZWAn outlook for Asian forest in the new climate regimeMurdiyarso, D.Kanninen, MCivic ExchangeHongkong2008climatic changeforest managementforest policyREDDcapacity buildinghttp://www.civic-exchange.org/eng/upload/files/200810_ClimateBook(1).pdfChapteren988-98192-2-8CIFOR Head Quarter2593Loh, C. Climate change negotiation: can Asia change the gameZWPreguntas frecuentes sobre impactos socioeconómicos y ambientales en proyectos forestales MDLLocatelli, B.Salinas, ZCATIETurrialba, Costa Rica2008socioeconomicsenvironmental impactforest managementChapteres978-9977-57-461-5CIFOR Head Quarter2582Salinas, Z. Guia para el diseño de proyectos MDL forestales y de bioenergiaZWPreguntas frecuentes sobre adicionalidad en proyectos forestales MDLLocatelli, B.Schroeder, MCATIETurrialba, Costa Rica2008Forest Carbonforest managementbioenergyChapteres978-9977-57-461-5CIFOR Head Quarter2581Salinas, Z. Guia para el diseño de proyectos MDL forestales y de bioenergiaZWLa experiencia colombiana de pagos por servicios ambientalesBlanco, J.T.Wunder, S.Navarrete, F2008biodiversityconservationhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BWunder0801.pdfChapteres978-958-98634-1-1CIFOR Head Quarter2580Ministerio de Ambiente Reconocimiento de los Servicios Ambientales: Una Oportunidad para la Gestión de los Recursos Naturales en ColombiaZWCostos del aprovechamiento forestal para seis empresas concesionarias en la región Ucayali, Amazonía PeruanaColan, V.Catpo, J.Pokorny, B.Sabogal, CCIFOR and INRENAPucallpa, Peru2007forest managementconcessionstimberscostsharvestingChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter2574Sabogal, C. Monitoreo de Operaciones de Manejo Forestal en Concesiones con Fines Maderables de la Amazonía PeruanaZWManual de monitoreo de producción y costos de operaciones en concesiones forestales con fines maderables en la Amazonía PeruanaColan, V.Pokorny, B.Catpo, J.Sabogal, CCIFOR and INRENAPucallpa, Peru2007forest managementconcessionstimbersharvestingcostsChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter2573Sabogal, C. Monitoreo de Operaciones de Manejo Forestal en Concesiones con Fines Maderables de la Amazonía PeruanaZWEvaluación de daños y residuos resultantes de las operaciones de aprovechamiento en seis concesiones forestales en la Región Ucayali, Amazonía PeruanaColan, V.Catpo, J.Sabogal, CCIFOR and INRENAPucallpa, Peru2007timber productionharvestingimpactassessmentforest managementHarvesting operations in timber concessions have traditionally followed strategies related to enterprises' capacity in terms of available equipment and financing, industrial integration, commercialization of more species, physical accessibility to the concession, and quality of human resources, among others. Some more traditional forest enterprises interested in maximizing their production have began activities to monitor the performance of their personnel in each harvesting operation, and identify the environmental impact these cause in the residual forest. This is not a practice that can be generalized to the concessions operating in the Ucayali Region where most small to medium enterprises do not have enough knowledge about the utility of monitoring their operations. In this article we present information gathered in six timber concessions of theUcayali Region to assess the damage caused by their harvesting operations in the vegetation, soil and watercourses, as well as the harvesting residues. The impact in the vegetation resulted to be more intense with manual operations than with mechanized harvesting. The impact in the soil caused by mechanized operations was low in areas affected by gaps but highly variable in conditions such as roads and skid trails. Watercourses in general reflect poor planning of road infrastructure in the concessions. Harvesting residues were found without justification in logging gaps and along roads. It is concluded, among other points, that damage caused by harvesting operations can be minimized with adequate planning of harvesting operations, increased training of personnel for teamwork, and in general by adopting reduced impact harvesting techniques.ChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter2572C. Sabogal Monitoreo de Operaciones de Manejo Forestal en Concesiones con Fines Maderables de la Amazonía PeruanaZWManual de campo para la evaluación del impacto de las operaciones de aprovechamiento en concesiones forestales con fines maderables en la Amazonía PeruanaColan, V.Sabogal, C.Catpo, JCIFOR and INRENAPucallpa, Peru2007forest managementtimbersconcessionsimpactassessmentharvestingChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter2571Sabogal, C. Monitoreo de operaciones de manejo forestal en concesiones con fines maderables de la Amazonía PeruanaZWDevelopment Strategies for Green Tourism in Mountain VillagesJeon, Jun-HeonYoo, Byoung IlKim, Jong-HoSeong-il, KimOh, Sun HwaLee, Duk-JaeKorea Forest Research Institute2008Corresponding author: Duk-Jae Lee, Dept. of Forest Science, Sangji University, Kangwon 220-702, Korea, Tel.: +82-33-730- 0525, E-mail: dukjlee@sangji.ac.krChapter185p.en978-89-8176-466-1CIFOR Head Quarter2556ZWKorea Forest Research Institute’s Research ReportDesign issues in clean development mechanism forestry projectsLocatelli, B.Pedroni, L.Salinas, ZRoyal Institute for International AffairsLondon, UK2008climatic changeforest managementChapteren978-0815781929CIFOR Head Quarter2552Streck, C. Climate change and forests: emerging policy and market opportunitiesZWBiodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods in tropical forest landscapesPfund, J.-L.Koponen, P.O'Connor, T.Boffa, J-Mvan Noordwjik, M.Sorg, J-PSpringer-Verlag2008sustainabilityChapteren978-1-4020-8503-1CIFOR Head Quarter2549Lafortezza, R. Patterns and processes in forest landscapes: multiple use and sustainable managementZWProduction dans les forêts de conservation, conservation dans les forêts de production: vers des forêts tropicales durables, à partir du cas de l'Afrique centraleBilland, A.Nasi, R2008natural resources managementChapteren978-2845869677CIFOR Head Quarter2535Méral, P. La gestion concertée des ressources naturelles : L'épreuve du tempsZWForest enterprise development in Meghalaya: lessons learned from SMESAlbano, ANorth Eastern Region Community Resource Management Project for Upland Areas (NERCORMP)Shillong, India2008poverty alleviationsmall businessesforest products industrieseconomic policyChapteren978-81-904940-69CIFOR Head Quarter2528Darlong, V. Livelihoods from forestry in Northeast IndiaINLocating social choice in forest comanagement and local governance: the politics of public decision making and interestWollenberg, E.Iwan, R.Limberg, G.Moeliono, MEarthscanLondon, UK2008natural resources managementgovernment policyChapter16p.en978-1-84407-525-6CIFOR Head Quarter2527Sikor, T. (ed.) Public and private in natural resource governance: a false dichotomy?IDWatershed management to counter farming system decline: towards a demand driven system oriented research agendaGerman, L.Kidane, B.Mekonnen, KIcfai University PressHyderabad, India2008watershed managementnatural resources managementparticipationlandscapeChapteren978-81-314-1943-4CIFOR Head Quarter2507Menon, S, Pillai, P.A. (eds.) Watershed management: concepts and experiencesIDUnderstanding local perceptions of landscapes and natural resources: an interdisciplinary approach with possible application to fire managementBasuki, I.Sheil, DAshoka Trust for Research in Ecology and Environment (ATREE)Bangalore, India2007researchmethodologyinterdisciplinary researchcommunity involvementperceptionnatural resources managementlandscapeA workshop held in Pillar Human Resource Development Centre, Madurai, India, February 19th to 23rd, 2007ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2495Schmerbeck, J., Hiremath, A., Ravichandran, C. Forest fires in India: workshop proceedingsIDDecentralization and forest governance in Asia and the Pacific: trends, lessons and continuing challengesCapistrano, DEarthscanLondon, UK2008forest managementdecentralizationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2494Colfer, C.J.P., Dahal, G.R., Capistrano, D. (eds.) Lessons from forest decentralization: money, justice and the quest for good governance in Asia-PacificIDConsultative planning for effective forest governance: case studies from Malaysia and IndonesiaEfransjahGunarso, P.Hassan, Che HashimSantosa, K.DEarthscanLondon, UK2008forest managementresource managementdecentralizationplanningcentral governmentlocal governmentdevelopment projectsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2493Colfer, C.J.P., Dahal, G.R., Capistrano , D. (eds.) Lessons from forest decentralization: money, justice and the quest for good governance in Asia-PacificIDForest fire management and autonomy in the Republic of KoreaYoo, Byoung IlEarthscanLondon, UK2008forest managementdecentralizationcentral governmentlocal governmentfire managementfire controlfire preventionforest policyeconomic impactChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2492Colfer, C.J.P., Dahal, G.R., Capistrano, D. (eds.) Lessons from forest decentralization: money, justice and the quest for good governance in Asia-PacificIDCommunity forestry in Nepal: decentralized forest governanceDahal, G.R.Chapagain, AEarthscanLondon, UK2008community forestrycommunity developmentforestry lawforest policydecentralizationinstitutionsgovernment policyforest managementgovernanceChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2491Colfer, C.J.P., Dahal, G.R., Capistrano, D. (eds.) Lessons from forest decentralization: money, justice and the quest for good governance in Asia-PacificNPSetting the stage: money and justice in Asian and Pacific forestsColfer, C.J.P.Dahal, G.R.Moeliono, MEarthscanLondon, UK2008forest managementgovernancedecentralizationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2490Colfer, C.J.P., Dahal, G.R., Capistrano, D. (eds.) Lessons from forest decentralization: money, justice and the quest for good governance in Asia-PacificNPParticipatory forest management, equity and local governance – keynote addressColfer, C.J.P.Komarudin, H.German, L.Nyangas, S.Siagian, Y.Tanui, JMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia with other stakeholdersAddis Ababa, Ethiopia2007action researchcommunity involvementparticipationforest managementgovernanceadaptationconferencesThis paper briefly reviews CIFOR’s experience using participatory action research working with communities, user groups within communities, and with governments at various levels, in Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Ghana, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar, Malawi, Nepal, Philippines, and Zimbabwe. The most dramatic changes that took place early on included increases in knowledge about social and ecological systems and improved skills in conflict management, negotiation, and facilitation. Longer term evaluation will be necessary to confirm actual ecological improvement, and the institutionalization of adaptive mechanisms (planning, implementing monitoring, revising plans). Emphasis is placed on the most recent findings, in second stage work, from CAPRi (Collective Action and Property Rights) research in Asia and Africa. This paper examines some of the successes and difficulties faced working with governmental stakeholders. Successes were most apparent in attitudinal changes, increased capacity for reflection and analysis, improvements in proposal writing and networking at larger scales. Difficulties included frequent personnel shifts, traditional bureaucratic concerns about 'turf', and budgetary inflexibilities. The paper concludes by proposing some important areas for future concentration of effort, including better attention to the various groups that exist within communities, more attention to the links between communities and other stakeholders, and training or awareness raising for government officials on methods for working more effectively and equitably with communities.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2481Kelbessa, E. and De Stoop, C. (eds.) Participatory forest management (PFM), biodiversity and livelihoods in Africa: proceedings of the International Conference 19-21 March 2007, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaNPIs decentralization in natural resource management leading to livelihoods improvement and sustainability?: evidence from Central AfricaOyono, P.RMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia with other stakeholdersAddis Ababa, Ethiopia2007decentralizationforest managementpolicychangelivelihoodsimprovementconferencesSince 1990, Central African States have made profound natural resource policy reforms. One of the main orientations of these reforms is known today as the ‘decentralization’ of forest management processes within a long lasting context of ‘complex political ecology’. This essay examines the effects of this policy change on livelihoods and forest sustainability. It shows that contrary to what was planned by policy-makers and what was expounded by several theorists, decentralization in forest management and related financial benefits is not yet synonymous with the improvement of livelihoods, poverty reduction, and environmental sustainability. On the ground, there are, by and large, very few positive socio-economic outcomes. In conclusion, the author proposes some enabling conditions for an effective link between decentralization and improved livelihood.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2482Kelbessa, E. and De Stoop, C. (eds.) Participatory forest management (PFM), biodiversity and livelihoods in Africa: proceedings of the International Conference 19-21 March 2007, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaNPCIFOR. The sustainability of forest management: assessing the impact of CIFOR criteria and indicators researchSpilsbury, M.JCAB International and FAOWallingford, Oxon, UK2007forest managementnatural resourcesresearchimpactcriteria and indicatorsCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2468Waibel, Herman, Zilberman, David (eds.) International research on natural resources management: advances in impact assessmentNPAssessing the impact of climate change on the water balance in semi-arid West Africa: a SWAT applicationVerbeeten, E.Barendregt, AIfGIprintsMu¨nster, Germany2007climatic changeimpactwaterassessmenttoolsconferencesThis paper discusses the application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in the evaluation of the impacts of climate change on hydrological services provided by dry forests and savannah ecosystems in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Preliminary results demonstrate that erratic and intensive rainfall leads to higher peaks of discharge in the rainy season. This results in a decline of water availability and less groundwater recharge. Under such climatic conditions the sediment load also increases, affecting the water quality. Although general trends are clear, the quantitative impact of climate change yet has to be established. An evaluation of uncertainty and sensitivity of input parameters is now undertaken. Then the most sensitive and uncertain input datasets will be revised to improve the accuracy of predicted outputs. However, the first results are promising. SWAT seems to be an appropriate tool for evaluation of climate change impacts on the water balance.Chapteren978-3-936616-48-4CIFOR Head Quarter2442Probst, F., Keßler, C. (eds.) GI-Days 2007 - Young Researchers Forum proceedings of the 5th Geographic Information Days, 10 - 12. September 2007NPConclusions and ways forwardColfer, C.J.PEarthscanLondon, UK2008Chapter374p.enCIFOR Head Quarter2439Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) Human health and forests: a global overview of issues, practice and policyNPHuman health and forests: a global overview of issues, practice and policySociocultural dimensions of diet and health in forest-dwellers' systemsDounias, E.Colfer, C.J.PEarthscanLondon, UK2008ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2438Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) Human health and forests: a global overview of issues, practice and policyNPHuman health and forests: a global overview of issues, practice and policyThe gender agenda and tropical forest diseasesAllotey, P.Gyapong, M.Colfer, C.J.PEarthscanLondon, UK2008ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2437Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) Human health and forests: a global overview of issues, practice and policyNPForest women, health and childbearingColfer, C.J.P.Dudley, R.G.Gardner, REarthscanLondon, UK2008ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2436Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) Human health and forests: a global overview of issues, practice and policyNPHuman health and forests: a global overview of issues, practice and policyHealth, habitats and medicinal plant useCunningham, A.B.Shanley, P.Laird, S.AEarthscanLondon, UK2008Chapter374p.en978-1-84407-532-4CIFOR Head Quarter2435Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) Human health and forests: a global overview of issues, practice and policyNPHuman health and forests: a global overview of issues, practice and policyTowards sustainable forest management and improved livelihoods in tropical forests: lessons and conclusionsGunarso, P.Santosa, K.D.Shackleton, C.Sunderland, T.C.H.Campbell, B.M.Priyadi, H.Levang, P.Sheil, D.Dounias, ECenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2432Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaNPBack to the trees? Diet and health as indicators of adaptive responses to environmental change: the case of the Punan Tubu in the Malinau research forestDounias, E.Selzner, A.Kishi, M.Kurniawan, I.Siregar, RCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2431Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaNPWildlife conservation in Bornean timber concessionsMeijaard, E.Sheil, DCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007wildlife conservationconcessionsTechnical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2430Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaNPThe use of wood waste for community-level income-generation initiativesIskandar, H.Santosa, K.D.Kanninen, M.Gunarso, PCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2429Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaNPCommunity-based forestry and management planningLimberg, G.Iwan, R.Moeliono, M.Sudana, I.M.Wollenberg, ECenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2428Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaNPReduced impact logging: benefits and constraintsPriyadi, H.Sist, P.Gunarso, P.Kanninen, M.Kartawinata, KSheil, D.Setyawati, T.Dwiprabowo, H.Siswoyo, H.Silooy, G.Siregar, C.A.Dharmawan, W.SCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2427Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaNPInteractive land-use planning in Indonesia rainforest landscapes: reconnecting plans to practiceWollenberg, EBasuki, I.Campbell, B.M.Meijaard, E.Moeliono, M.Sheil, D.Gunarso, P.Dounias, ECenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2426Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaID1708-3087Facilitating cooperation during times of chaos: spontaneous orders and muddling through in Malinau district, IndonesiaWollenberg, EIwan, R.Limberg, G.Moeliono, M.Rhee, S.Sudana, I.MCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2425Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaIDWill forests remain in the face of oil palm expansion? A simulation model for Malinau, IndonesiaSuwarno, A.Sandker, M.Campbell, B.MCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2424Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaIDExamining the conservation significance of local peoples’ perceptions and uses of different forested landscapesSheil, D.Padmanaba, M.van Heist, M.Basuki, I.Liswanti, N.Wan, M.Puri, R.K.RukmiyatiRachmatika, I.Samsoedin, ICenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2423Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaIDTrade-offs and alternative livelihoods of the forest-dependent people in the Malinau research forestLevang, P.Sitorus, S.Abot, D.Mamung, DCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2422Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaIDIntroduction: the Malinau research forest: an overviewGunarso, PCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2421Gunarso, P., Setyawati, T., Sunderland, T.C.H., Shackleton, C. (eds) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaIDDiscussion and conclusionsMcDougall, C.Prabhu, R.Fisher, RCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007research projectsforest managementsocial learningChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2417Fisher, R., Prabhu, R., McDougall, C. Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia: experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the PhilippinesPHFacilitating change from the inside: adaptive collaborative management in the PhilippinesHartanto, HCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007research projectsforest managementforest policycommunity forestryinstitutionsconflictfacilitationdecision makingsocial changeparticipationsocial learningadaptationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2416Fisher, R., Prabhu, R., McDougall, C. Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia: experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the PhilippinesPHMuddling towards cooperation: spontaneous orders and shared learning in Malinau district, IndonesiaWollenberg, EIwan, R.Limberg, G.Moeliono, M.Rhee, S.Sudana, I.MCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007research projectsforest managementdecentralizationlocal governmentcommunity forestryrural communitiesethnic groupsinstitutionsdecision makingland use planningparticipationsocial learningadaptationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2415Fisher, R., Prabhu, R., McDougall, C. Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia: experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the PhilippinesPHShaping opportunities for improving forest quality and community livelihoods in Central Sumatra and East Kalimantan, IndonesiaKusumanto, YCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007research projectsforest managementforest policycommunity forestryrural communitieslivelihoodsdecentralizationaction researchfacilitationdecision makingsocial changeparticipationsocial learningadaptationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2414Fisher, R., Prabhu, R., McDougall, C. Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia: experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the PhilippinesPHEnhancing adaptiveness and collaboration in community forestry in Nepal: reflections from participatory action researchMcDougall, C.Ojha, H.Pandey, R.K.Banjade, M.R.Pandit, B.HCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007research projectsforest managementcommunity forestrysocial interactioncollaborationparticipationsocial learningcommunicationadaptationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2413Fisher, R., Prabhu, R., McDougall, C. Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia: experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the PhilippinesNPAdaptive collaborative management: a conceptual modelPrabhu, R.McDougall, C.Fisher, RCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007research projectsmodelstheoryforest managementcollaborationparticipationsocial learningcommunicationadaptationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2412Fisher, R., Prabhu, R., McDougall, C. Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia: experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the PhilippinesNPIntroduction: people, forests and the need for adaptationFisher, R.Prabhu, R.McDougall, CCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2007research projectscase studiesforest managementcollaborationparticipationsocial learningadaptationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2411Fisher, R., Prabhu, R., McDougall, C. Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia: experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the PhilippinesNPMeasuring and monitoring the flow of forest ecosystem servicesGuariguata, M.RNorwegian Directorate for Nature ManagementTrondheim, Norway2008ecosystemsservicestropical forestsland usedecision makingresearchbiophysicsconferencesThe fulltext proceedings is availbale [online] URL: http://www.trondheimconference.org/ChapterenE-version 978-82-7072-725-4CIFOR Head Quarter2410Sandlund, O.T, Saksgard, L. (eds) Proceedings of the Norway/UN Conference on Ecosystem and People-Biodiversity for development - The road to 2010 and beyond, Trondheim, Norway, 29 October - 2 Novemebr 2007NPFrom understanding to action: building on anthropological approaches to influence policymakingColfer, C.J.PAltaMira PressLanham, MD, USA2008rural developmentanthropologycollaborationadaptationnatural resources managementpolicyChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2397Walters, B., McCay, B. J., West, P., Lees, S. (eds.) Against the grain: the Vayda tradition in human ecology and ecological anthropologyNPFeasibility of community-based forestry management in partnership with a forestry district agency (case studies: Sumbawa and Bima, West Nusa Tenggara)Nawir, A.A.Hakim, M.R.JulmansyahAhyar, H.M.A.Trison, SACIARCanberra, Australia2007ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2396Djoeroemana, S., Myers, B., Russell-Smith, J., Blyth, M., Salean, I.E.T. (eds) Integrated rural development in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Proceedings of a workshop to identify sustainable rural livelihoods, held in Kupang, Indonesia, 5-7 April, 2006.IDAksi kolektif penguatan hak masyarakat atas lahanSiagian, Y.NeldysavrinoCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008ChapteridCIFOR Head Quarter2388Adnan, H., Tadjudin, D., Yuliani, E.L., Komarudin, H., Lopulalan, D., Siagian, Y.L., Munggoro, D.W. (eds.) Belajar dari Bungo: mengelola sumberdaya alam di Era desentralisasiIDAdaptasi kelembagaan dan aksi kolektif masyarakat terhadap program transmigrasiAdnan, H.NeldysavrinoCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008ChapteridCIFOR Head Quarter2387Adnan, H., Tadjudin, D., Yuliani, E.L., Komarudin, H., Lopulalan, D., Siagian, Y.L., Munggoro, D.W. (eds.) Belajar dari Bungo: mengelola sumberdaya alam di Era desentralisasiIDKolaborasi untuk kelestarian hutan dan kesejahteraan masyarakatKusumanto, TCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008ChapteridCIFOR Head Quarter2386Adnan, H., Tadjudin, D., Yuliani, E.L., Komarudin, H., Lopulalan, D., Siagian, Y.L., Munggoro, D.W. (eds.) Belajar dari Bungo: mengelola sumberdaya alam di Era desentralisasiIDKekayaan hutan bukit SiketanYuliani, L.AngganaNovasyurahatiCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008ChapteridCIFOR Head Quarter2385Adnan, H., Tadjudin, D., Yuliani, E.L., Komarudin, H., Lopulalan, D., Siagian, Y.L., Munggoro, D.W. (eds.) Belajar dari Bungo: mengelola sumberdaya alam di Era desentralisasiIDPenataan ruang untuk memperkuat hak properti masyarakatIrawan, D.Hasan, U.Komarudin, HCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008ChapteridCIFOR Head Quarter2384Adnan, H., Tadjudin, D., Yuliani, E.L., Komarudin, H., Lopulalan, D., Siagian, Y.L., Munggoro, D.W. (eds.) Belajar dari Bungo: mengelola sumberdaya alam di Era desentralisasiIDRio: modal sosial sistem pemerintah desaHasan, U.Irawan, D.Komarudin, HCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008ChapteridCIFOR Head Quarter2382Adnan, H., Tadjudin, D., Yuliani, E.L., Komarudin, H., Lopulalan, D., Siagian, Y.L., Munggoro, D.W. (eds.) Belajar dari Bungo: mengelola sumberdaya alam di Era desentralisasiIDKebijakan kehutanan, aksi kolektif dan hak properti: sebuah pelajaran dari BungoHadi, M.Komarudin, H.Schagen, MCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2008ChapteridCIFOR Head Quarter2383Adnan, H., Tadjudin, D., Yuliani, E.L., Komarudin, H., Lopulalan, D., Siagian, Y.L., Munggoro, D.W. (eds.) Belajar dari Bungo: mengelola sumberdaya alam di Era desentralisasiIDIncreasing the efficiency of conservation spending: the case of payments for environmental services in Costa RicaEngel, S.Wunscher, T.Wunder, SVerlag KesselRemagen, Germany2007environmental servicespayment basisStefanie Engel- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zürich; e-mail: stefanie.engel@env.ethz.chPayments for environmental services (PES) are an increasingly used instrument both for financing and implementing conservation. The Costa Rican national PES scheme is often considered as a leading model in this regard. We find that improved targeting could substantially increase the efficiency of the program, in the sense that total environmental services achieved with a given budget were found to nearly double when environmental benefits, threat, and participation costs are considered in site selection. The results have implications for an upscaling of PES or the selection among potential conservation projects more generally. Nevertheless, targeting involves implementation costs and faces scientific, administrative and political challenges. Promising approaches for overcoming these challenges include: development of simple targeting tools; improved data availability; implementing targeting from the very start of a program; and using auctions to elicit participation costs.Chapteren3-935638-90-6CIFOR Head Quarter2375Schmitt, C.B., Pistorius, T., Winkel, G. (eds.) A global network of forest protected areas under the CBD: opportunities and challenges. Proceedings of an international expert workshop held in Freiburg, Germany, May 9-11, 2007.CRHow important is the trade in woodland products for livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa?: evidence from four case studiesShackleton, S.Campbell, B.MDepartment of Water Affairs and ForestryPretoria, South Africa2007non-timber forest productstradewood carvingfurniturebroomsmatsbeersincomelivelihoodspoverty alleviationcase studiesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2369Bester, J.J., Seydack, A.H.W., Vorster, T., Van Der Merwe, I.J., Dzivhani, S. (eds.) Multiple use management of natural forests and woodlands: policy refinements and scientific progressZALes paiements des services environnementauxWertz-Kanounnikoff, S.Wunder, SPresses de Sciences PoParis, France2007environmental servicespayment basisChapterfr978-2-7246-1043-7CIFOR Head Quarter2363Laurence Tubiana, Pierre Jacquet Regards sur la Terre 2008. L'annuel du developpement durable: biodiversite, nature et developpementCRLearning to monitor political processes for fairness in Jambi, IndonesiaKusumanto, TResources For the FutureWashington, D.C., USA2007forest managementcollaborationcommunity forestrynon-governmental organizationsmonitoringlegal rightsgovernancelearningconstraintscase studiesaction researchsocial participationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2329Guijt, Irene (ed.) Negotiated learning: collaborative monitoring in forest resources managementIDInitiating a dynamic process for monitoring in Mafungautsi state forest, ZimbabweMutimukuru, T.Kozanayi, W.Nyirenda, RResources For the FutureWashington, D.C., USA2007forest managementcollaborationadaptationcommunity forestrystakeholderslocal governmentmonitoringconstraintscase studiesaction researchsocial participationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2328Guijt, Irene (ed.) Negotiated learning: collaborative monitoring in forest resources managementZWMonitoring to ease forest management conflicts in CameroonOyono, P.R.Diaw, C.Efoua, S.Mala, W.A.Assembe Mvondo, SResources For the FutureWashington, D.C., USA2007forest managementconflictmonitoringcollaborationcommunity forestrystakeholderscase studiesaction researchsocial participationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2327Guijt, Irene (ed.) Negotiated learning: collaborative monitoring in forest resources managementCMUsing monitoring as leverage for equal opportunity in NepalMcDoughal, C.Khadka, C.Dangol, SResources For the FutureWashington, D.C., USA2007forest managementcollaborationadaptationcommunity forestrystakeholderscommunity actionaction plansmonitoringconstraintscase studiesaction researchsocial participationsocial differentiationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2326Guijt, Irene (ed.) Negotiated learning: collaborative monitoring in forest resources managementNPMonitoring with strong interests and weak incentives in Palawan, the PhilippinesHartanto, HResources For the FutureWashington, D.C., USA2007forest managementcollaborationadaptationcommunity forestrycooperativesstakeholdersmonitoringconstraintscase studiesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2325Guijt, Irene (ed.) Negotiated learning: collaborative monitoring in forest resources managementPHTesting the limits of criteria and indicators in the Brazilian AmazonPokorny, B.Cayres, G.Nunes, WResources For the FutureWashington, D.C., USA2007criteria and indicatorsnatural resources managementrural communitiesparticipationconstraintsassessmentCayres, G., Nunes, W, .Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2324Guijt, Irene (ed.) Negotiated learning: collaborative monitoring in forest resources managementBRPoverty alleviation and tropical forests: what scope for synergies? (extract)Wunder, SFAORome, Italy2007povertytropical forestscausesforestryconservationenvironmentThis extract paper has been reprinted from World Development 29(11), 2001: 1817-1833 and the full paper is available in the CD-ROM accompanied by the booklet Facility digest.This is an exptract of a paper explores the "state of the art" of the two-way causal links between poverty alleviation and natural tropical forests. Microimpacts of rising poverty can increase or slow forest loss. At the macrolevel, poverty also has an ambiguous effect, but it is probable that higher income stimulates forest loss by raising demand for agricultural land. The second question is what potential forest-led development has to alleviate a country's poverty, in terms of producer benefits, consumer benefits and economy-wide employment. Natural forests widely serve as "safety nets" for the rural poor, but it proves difficult to raise producer benefits significantly. Urban consumer benefits from forest, an important target for pro-poor agricultural innovation, are limited and seldom favor the poor. Absorption of (poor) unskilled labor is low in forestry, which tends to be capital-intensive. Natural forets may thus lack comparative advantage for poverty alleviation. There are few "win-win" synergies between natural forests and national poverty reduction, which may help to explain why the loss of tropical forests is ongoing. This may have important implications for our understanding of "sustainable forest development" and for the design of both conservation and poverty-alleviation strategies.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2222FAO Forests and poverty reduction: facility digestBRThe feasibility of rattan cultivation within shifting cultivation systems: the role of policy and market institutionsBelcher, BResources For the FutureWashington, D.C., USA2007canes and rattansshifting cultivationfallow systemsmarketscost benefit analysispolicyChapteren978-1-891853-92-0CIFOR Head Quarter2317Cairns, Malcom Voices from the forest: integrating indigenous knowledge into sustainable upland farmingBRHerbaceous species responses to long-term effects of prescribed fire, grazing and selective tree cutting in the savanna-woodlands of West AfricaSavadogo, P.Tiveau, D.Sawadogo, L.Tigabu, MSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmea, Sweden2007Chapteren978-91-576-7363-3CIFOR Head Quarter2305Savadogo, P. Dynamics of Sudanian savanna-woodland ecosystem in response to disturbancesBFLong-term effects of prescribed early fire, grazing and selective tree cutting on seedling population in the Sudanian savanna of Burkina FasoZida, D.Tigabu, M.Sawadogo, L.Tiveau, D.Oden, P.CSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmea, Sweden2007Chapteren978-91-576-7365-7CIFOR Head Quarter2307Zida, D. Impact of forest management regimes on ligneous regeneration in the Sudanian savanna of Burkina FasoBFFuel and fire characteristics in a savanna-woodland of West Africa in relation to grazing and dominant grass typeSavadogo, P.Zida, D.Sawadogo, L.Tiveau, D.Tigabu, M.Oden, P.CSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmea, Sweden2007Chapteren978-91-576-7363-3CIFOR Head Quarter2304Savadogo, P. Dynamics of Sudanian savanna-woodland ecosystem in response to disturbancesBFCross-sectoral tropical forest cover impacts: what matters?Wunder, S.Dermawan, AFAO and CAB InternationalRome, Italy2007macroeconomicsdeforestationcausesland useagriculturepetroleumroad constructionforest policydevelopment policyChapteren978-1-84593-250-3CIFOR Head Quarter2303Dube, Yves C. and Schmithusen, Franz (eds.) Cross-sectoral policy developments in forestryBFSoutheast Asian fire regimes and land development policyMurdiyarso, D.Lebel, LSpringerBerlin, Germany2007fireforest firesland managementdevelopment plansgovernanceinternational cooperationdevelopment aiddevelopment projectslivelihoodsland use changeecosystemsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2246J.G. Canadell, D.E. Pataki, and L.F. Pitelka (eds.) Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing worldBFCentral Africa’s protected areas and the purported displacement of people: a first critical review of existing dataMaisels, S.Sunderland, T.C.H.Curran, B.von Loebenstein, K.Oates, J.Usongo, L.Dunn, A.Asaha, S.Balinga, M.Defo, L.Telfer, PWildlife Conservation Society InstituteNew York, USA2007protected areasnational parksbiodiversitynature conservationrural communitiesdisplacementresettlementcase studiesreviewsThis paper examines the validity of data from the 12 case studies in six Central African parks cited by Cernea and Schmidt-Soltau (2003, 2006) and Schmidt-Soltau (2003). The same data are used for multiple papers to support the authors’ arguments relating to the human welfare costs of protected area establishment, which is, in turn, being uncritically cited by others also questioning whether such trade-offs are acceptable (e.g., Hutton et al. 2005; Tiani and Diaw 2006). All the data were collected by Schmidt-Soltau alone. To avoid multiple citations of the same data in the various publications, the authors refer to the data source as “Schmidt-Soltau.” The sites concerned range from protected areas established in colonial times to new ones established in the last five years. These papers provide an overview of the surface areas of the different countries, area of original forest cover, rate and extent of tropical forest loss, and the extent of protected areas in each country. The data on the specific sites presented include: 1) park area, 2) whether there is a resettlement policy, 3) the population in or around the parks, 4) whether people were expelled from parks or denied access to previously used land, 5) whether there is a compensation strategy, and 6) whether there was any demonstrable “success.”1. The authors echo the call of Wilkie et al. (2006) for the use of sound science to examine these issues, as the perceived conflict of poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation is creating polarized viewpoints that are, at times, based more in the halls of academia than in real-life village and park situations. The presentation of detailed and accurate data is essential when constructing and testing hypotheses about cause and effect. In this paper the accuracy of the data presented in the Schmidt-Soltau articles is examined and found wanting in various ways; more precise data are offered instead to demonstrate a more accurate picture of what is happening on the ground, and in the communities around these protected areas in Central Africa.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2237Redford, Kent H., Fearn, Eva (eds.) Protected areas and human displacement: a conservation perspectiveBFTransforming subsistence products to propellers of sustainable rural development: non-timber forest products (NTFPs) production and trade in CameroonTieguhong, J.C.Ndoye, OLit VerlagBerlin, Germany2006non-timber forest productscommercializationtradeproductioncocoaagroforestrypolicyrural economypovertyrural developmentThis paper makes a desk review of the role of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in the rural economy of Cameroon either as a safety net or as a subsector that can propel sustainable rural development and poverty alleviation. NTFPs are materials derived from forests, excluding timber and related wood products but including bark, roots, tubers, corms, leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, sap, resins, honey, fungi, and animal products. They are collected from a wide range of ecotypes such as high forest, farm fallow, otherwise disturbed forest, and farmland for use as food, medicine, and trade. In some cases, they are the only means for local forest dwellers to participate in the cash economy (Sunderland et al, 2002: 1), especially with the collapse of the market prices of Cameroon’s primary export commodities such as cocoa and coffee. Recently, some NTFPs have emerged as non-conventional export commodities from Cameroon and the Central African region at large. Examples of such products include “Gnetum spp.”, “Irvingia spp.”, “Ricinodendron heudelotti”, and “Dacryodes edulis”. These products had a total import value of 8,648,000 FF (US$ 1,729,600) to Paris (France) alone in 1999 (Tabuna, 2000: 163). This paper explores the importance and potentials of NTFPs in poverty alleviation in the humid forest zone of Cameroon as well as highlights policy, technological, research and institutional weaknesses that may be strengthened for maximum benefits in rural areas. These development interventions may propel local economic growth that can be geared at strengthening rural communities’ capacity to better contribute to the millennium development goal of poverty alleviation.Chapteren3-8258-7842-2CIFOR Head Quarter2236Wohlmuth, K., Burger, P., Gutowski, A., Hussain, M.N., Kneduk, T., Meyn, M (eds.) Africa - escaping the primary commodities dilemmaCMForest certification in IndonesiaMuhtaman, D.R.Prasetyo, F.AYale Publishing Services CenterNew Haven, CT, USA2006certificationassessmentincentivesinstitutionsgovernmentnon-governmental organizationsTropical deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia is a serious concern of many stakeholders. About 16 million hectares of forestland in concessions is degraded. In addition, the lack of clarity of land tenure rights and ownership has given rise to significant conflict, which also contributes to unsustainable forest management. In response, domestic and international organizations have put considerable pressure on Indonesia to improve forest management policies and practices. In 1990, the first ever developing country certification was carried out in Indonesia, when SmartWood certified Perum Perhutani’s teak forest operation on the island of Java. In response to this and other NGO pressure, the Government of Indonesia established its own forest certification scheme – Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia – in 1993. In 1998, LEI was officially established as a foundation and since then has conducted several certification assessments. LEI and FSC have also developed a Joint Certification Protocol (JCP) that obliges FSC to use both LEI and FSC criteria and indicators when conducting an assessment of a forest management operation. Despite its early arrival, poor forest practices, ineffective government policies, and forest-related conflicts over indigenous peoples’ land rights have hindered certification’s development in Indonesia. While many challenges remain, a few positive effects of certification have been noted. These include the establishment of a government incentive for companies to pass LEI certification, an increased willingness of companies to engage in public consultation, and the opening up of political space for NGOs and communities to express their concerns.Chapter25-32en0-9707882-5-8CIFOR Head Quarter2233Benjamin Cashore, Fred Gale, Errol Meidinger, and Deanna Newsom (eds.) Confronting sustainability: forest certification in developing and transitioning countriesIDForest certification in the Asia-Pacific regionMcDermott, C.Maynard, B.Gale, F.Prasetyo, F.A.Bewang, I.Bun, Y.Muhtaman, D.R.Shahwahid H.O., M.Wairiu, MYale Publishing Services CenterNew Haven, CT, USA2006certificationforestscase studiesPacific IslandsChapteren0-9707882-5-8CIFOR Head Quarter2232Benjamin Cashore, Fred Gale, Errol Meidinger, and Deanna Newsom (eds.) Confronting sustainability: forest certification in developing and transitioning countriesIDPulp industry and plantation development in Indonesia: experiences and potential lessons for ChinaCossalter, CChina Land Publishing HouseBeijing2006forest plantationspulp and paper industryinvestmentsupply balancesubsidiesrisktenure systemsconferencesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2231Dai Guangcui, White, A., Barr, C. (eds.) Proceedings of international forum on investment and finance in China's forestry sector: China and forest trade in the Asia-Pacific Region: implications for forest and livelihoodsIDDoes China have a comparative advantage for growing pulpwood?: the case of coastal Southern ChinaCossalter, CChina Land Publishing HouseBeijing2006pulpwoodsupply balancetimber supplyforest plantationspulp and paper industryproduction costsconferencesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2229Dai Guangcui, White, A., Barr, C. (eds.) Proceedings of international forum on investment and finance in China's forestry sector: China and forest trade in the Asia-Pacific Region: implications for forest and livelihoodsCNPulp mill finance - an appraisal of risk management and social and environmental safeguard procedures, with implications for China's industry transformationSpek, MChina Land Publishing HouseBeijing2006pulpwoodsupply balancetimber supplyforest plantationspulp and paper industryproduction costsconferencesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2230Dai Guangcui, White, A., Barr, C. (eds.) Proceedings of international forum on investment and finance in China's forestry sector: China and forest trade in the Asia-Pacific Region: implications for forest and livelihoodsCNForest law enforcement and rural livelihoodsKaimowitz, DEarthscanLondon2007forestry lawillicit loggingrural communitiesinternational agreementsinternational cooperationInternational concern about illegal forestry activities has grown markedly. Asian, African, and European governments have held high-level regional conferences on Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG). Indonesia has signed path-breaking Memoranda of Understanding on illegal logging with the United Kingdom, China, and Norway. The Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Forum on Forests, the International Tropical Timber Organisation, and the G8 have all issued forceful statements, and incorporated the issue in their work plans. The European Commission has committed itself to formulating a European FLEG Action Plan. Japan and Indonesia have initiated an Asian Forest Partnership, with a major focus on illegal logging. Global Witness, the Environmental Investigation Agency, Transparency International, Greenpeace, Global Forest Watch, and Friends of the Earth have raised public awareness about the problem.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2218Tacconi, Luca (ed.) Illegal logging: law enforcement, livelihoods and the timber tradeCNIllegal logging, collusive corruption and fragmented governments in Kalimantan, IndonesiaSmith, J.Obidzinski, K.Subarudi, S.Suramenggala, IEarthscanLondon2007illicit loggingcorruptiongovernanceforestryThe paper distinguishes between collusive and non-collusive corruption in the forestry sector and analyses their interaction with the political/institutional environment. While non-collusive corruption increases costs for the private sector, collusive corruption reduces costs for the bribee, therefore it is more persistent. Data from confidential interviews in Indonesia show that illegal logging, supported by collusive corruption, became widespread after the fall of President Suharto. While economic liberalisation and competition among government officials may lower non-collusive corruption, they exacerbate collusive corruption. During political transitions, countries are particularly vulnerable to collusive corruption because governments are often weak and fragmented, with underdeveloped institutions. Sustained wider reform and institutional strengthening to speed up the transition to a true democracy is needed to fight collusive corruption. For Indonesia greater accountability of government, legal and judicial reform and encouragement of public oversight could be useful corner stones for combating illegal logging and corruption.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2217Tacconi, Luca (ed.) Illegal logging: law enforcement, livelihoods and the timber tradeIDFrom new order to regional autonomy: shifting dynamics of illegal logging in Kalimantan, IndonesiaCasson, A.Obidzinski, KEarthscanLondon2007loggingillicit fellingdecentralizationregional governmentrural communitiescommunity forestryeconomic impactforestry lawsocial impactChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2216Tacconi, Luca (ed.) Illegal logging: law enforcement, livelihoods and the timber tradeIDUnderstanding forests-people links: the voice of social scientistsColfer, C.J.P.Dounias, E.Goloubinoff, M.Lopez, C.Sunderlin, W.DCABI PublishingWallingford, Oxon, UK2006case studiescommunity forestrycommunity involvementdecentralizationdeforestationforest policyforest managementindicatorsnon-timber forest productsorganization of researchresearch institutesresearch projectssocioeconomicssociologysustainabilityThis chapter uses an historical case study approach to convey some sense of the kinds of research social scientists do at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). It describes CIFOR's work in developing criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management, which led to the creation of the programme entitled 'Local People, Devolution, and Adaptive Collaborative Management of Forests'. The experience of two other CIFOR programmes are discussed: 'Underlying Causes of Deforestation' (UCD) and 'Forest Products and People' (FPP, previously 'Nontimber Forest Products'). UCD focuses on policy issues, with a nearly exclusive socioeconomic orientation. FPP's central orientation is on economic and, to a lesser extent, ecological concerns, but it too includes a considerable amount of social science. The chapter ends with a discussion on some organizational aspects of CIFOR.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2206Cernea, M.M., Kassam, A.H. (eds.) Researching the culture in agri-culture:social research for international developmentIDConnecting through culture: communication strategies to enhance forest research and extension in the Brazilian AmazonShanley, P.Medina, GIUFRO. Working Party S6.06-03 Extension[Rome, Italy]2006extensioncommunicationresearchforest managementnon-timber forest productsmultiple useChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2204IUFRO Communication strategies for multiple partner involvement in forestry extension: proceedings of the 7th Extension Working Party Symposium, 27 September - 1 October 2004, Orvieto and Rome, ItalyBRConfronting conflict timberPrice, S.Donovan, D.de Jong, WSpringerDordrecht, Netherlands2007tropical forestsconflicttimbersnatural resourcesinstitutionsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2202De Jong, W., Donovan, D., Ken-Ichi Abe (eds.) Extreme conflict and tropical forestsBRGreed or grievance in West African's forest wars?de Koning, R.GSpringerDordrecht, Netherlands2007tropical forestsconflictwarnatural resourceseconomicssocial impactChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2200De Jong, W., Donovan, D., Ken-Ichi Abe (eds.) Extreme conflict and tropical forestsBRNicaragua's frontier: the Bosawas biosphere reserveStaver, A.C.de Jong, W.Kaimowitz, DSpringerDordrecht, Netherlands2007tropical forestsconflictwarnatural resourcesfrontier areassettlementreserved areasChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2201De Jong, W., Donovan, D., Ken-Ichi Abe (eds.) Extreme conflict and tropical forestsNITropical forests and extreme conflictDonovan, D.de Jong, W.Ken-Ichi AbeSpringerDordrecht, Netherlands2007tropical forestsconflictwarenvironmental impactsocial impactIntroduction to the content of the book and relations of contents of the 10 book chapters.Chapteren978-1-4020-5461-7CIFOR Head Quarter2199De Jong, W., Donovan, D., Ken-Ichi Abe (eds.) Extreme conflict and tropical forestsKHA historia do uso do solo e da cobertura florestalWunder, SGaramond and EDUERJRio de Janeiro, Brazil2006forestsland usehistoryChapterpt85-7617-113-9CIFOR Head Quarter2196Prado, R. M. (ed.) Ilha Grande: do sambaqui ao turismoBRModelos de turismo, florestas e rendas locaisWunder, SGaramond and EDUERJRio de Janeiro, Brazil2006nature tourismforestsincomemodelsChapterpt85-7617-113-9CIFOR Head Quarter2197Prado, R.M. (ed.) Ilha Grande: do sambaqui ao turismoBRGovernance and the capacity to manage resilience in regional social-ecological systemsLebel, L.Anderies, J.M.Campbell, B.M.Folke, C.Hatfield-Dodds, S.Hughes, T.P.Wilson, JCSIRO PublishingCanberra, Australia2006regional developmentchangegovernanceinstitutionsflexibilityadaptationcapacityparticipationIt is a print version of the same paper published in an online journal Ecology and Society 2006, 11(1): 19.The sustainability of regional development can be usefully explored through several different lenses. In situations in which uncertainties and change are key features of the ecological landscape and social organization, critical factors for sustainability are resilience, the capacity to cope and adapt, and the conservation of sources of innovation and renewal. However, interventions in social-ecological systems with the aim of altering resilience immediately confront issues of governance. Who decides what should be made resilient to what? For whom is resilience to be managed, and for what purpose? In this paper we draw on the insights from a diverse set of case studies from around the world in which members of the Resilience Alliance have observed or engaged with sustainability problems at regional scales. Our central question is: How do certain attributes of governance function in society to enhance the capacity to manage resilience? Three specific propositions were explored: (1) participation builds trust, and deliberation leads to the shared understanding needed to mobilize and self-organize; (2) polycentric and multilayered institutions improve the fit between knowledge, action, and social-ecological contexts in ways that allow societies to respond more adaptively at appropriate levels; and (3) accountable authorities that also pursue just distributions of benefits and involuntary risks enhance the adaptive capacity of vulnerable groups and society as a whole. Some support was found for parts of all three propositions. In exploring the sustainability of regional social-ecological systems, we are usually faced with a set of ecosystem goods and services that interact with a collection of users with different technologies, interests, and levels of power. In this situation in our roles as analysts, facilitators, change agents, or stakeholders, we not only need to ask: The resilience of what, to what? We must also ask: For whom?ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2182Walker, B.H., Anderies, J.M., Kinzig, A.P., Ryan, P. (eds.) Exploring resilience in social-ecological systems: comparative studies and theory developmentBRCase studies in resilience: fifteen social-ecological systems across continents and societies: Malinau region, BorneoCampbell, B.MCSIRO PublishingCanberra, Australia2006It is a print version of the same paper published in an online journal Ecology and Society 2006, 11(1): 19.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2183Walker, B.H., Anderies, J.M., Kinzig, A.P., Ryan, P. (eds.) Exploring resilience in social-ecological systems: comparative studies and theory developmentBRIntroductionReid, W.V.Berkes, F.Wilbanks, T.J.Capistrano, DIsland PressWashington, D.C., USA2006ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2180Walter V. Reid, Fikret Berkes, Thomas J. Wilbanks, and Doris Capistrano (eds.) Bridging scales and knowledge systems: concepts and applications in ecosystem assessmentBRConclusions: bridging scales and knowledge systemsBerkes, F.Reid, W.V.Wilbanks, T.J.Capistrano, DIsland PressWashington, D.C., USA2006ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2181Walter V. Reid, Fikret Berkes, Thomas J. Wilbanks, and Doris Capistrano (eds.) Bridging scales and knowledge systems: concepts and applications in ecosystem assessmentBRLe role de l'etat dans le developpement recent des plantations forestieres en IndonesieGuizol, P.Aruan, A.L.PL'HarmattanParis2006forest plantationsChapterfrCIFOR Head Quarter2172Alain Bertrand, Pierre Montagne, Alain Karsenty (eds.) Forets tropicales et mondialisation: les mutations des politiques forestieres en Afrique et a MadagascarIDL'exploitation forestiere au Cameroun: un laboratoire institutionnel de la sous-region?De Blas, D.E.Mertens, B.Ruiz Perez, M.Cerutti, P.O.N'Gono, GL'HarmattanParis2006ChapterfrCIFOR Head Quarter2170Robert Nasi, Jean Claude Nguinguiri, Driss Ezzine de Blas (eds.) Exploitation et gestation durable des forets en Afrique CentraleIDExploitation industrielle du bois, amenagement forestier et impacts environnementauxNasi, R.Forni, EL'HarmattanParis2006tropical forestsresource utilizationenvironmental impactforest products industriesChapterfrCIFOR Head Quarter2168Robert Nasi, Jean Claude Nguinguiri, Driss Ezzine de Blas (eds.) Exploitation et gestation durable des forets en Afrique CentraleIDLes capacites de recherche forestiere en Afrique CentraleSassen, M.Ndoye, OL'HarmattanParis2006tropical forestsresearchresearch institutescapacityChapterfrCIFOR Head Quarter2169Robert Nasi, Jean Claude Nguinguiri, Driss Ezzine de Blas (eds.) Exploitation et gestation durable des forets en Afrique CentraleIDLes reformes forestieres et les nouvelles frontieres de la gestion locale au Cameroun: la crise des compromis?Oyono, P.R.Diaw, C.Sangkwa, FL'HarmattanParis2006tropical forestsChapterfrCIFOR Head Quarter2171Robert Nasi, Jean Claude Nguinguiri, Driss Ezzine de Blas (eds.) Exploitation et gestation durable des forets en Afrique CentraleIDOrang asli, land security and response to the dominant society: a case study of the Tanjung Rambai TemuanIndriatmoko, YNipon Foundation-Asian Public Intellectuals ProgramTokyo, Japan2006ethnic groupssocial changenatural resourcesresource utilizationland ownershiphistorylegal rightsconflictgovernment policyChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2166Asian Public Intellectual Program Power, purpose, process, and practice in Asia: the work of the 2003/2004 API feloowsMYModeling the dynamics of landscapes and livelihoods in Malinau District, IndonesiaSuwarno, A.Campbell, B.MModelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand[Melbourne?]2005participationforestsnature conservationsimulation modelscomputer softwarelandscapelivelihoodsdynamicsforest plantationsincomelocal governmentland use changeThe congress theme: Advances and applications for management and decision making - http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim05/index.htm (viewed January 10, 2007)The complex dynamic interactions between land resources and society have to be taken into account when planning land use and managing land resources. Simulation models and participatory modeling can be ideal tools to improve our understanding of these complex interactions. For several decades, land use in Malinau district was dictated by the central government through the allocation of land to agriculture, timber concessions and mining companies. Now, with a policy of decentralization in place, district governments have a greater say in the allocation of land use. As a part of the district government development programs to increase district revenue, several forest areas are likely to be allocated for plantation production, but the proposed creation of a “conservation district” will require some level of forest protection. Using a combination of empirical data and stakeholder’s participation, a computer model using STELLA software was developed to investigate long term land use, district revenue and livelihood dynamics. Indonesian forests are globally important biodiversity hotspots. However, we hypothesize that land use changes, in which forests are converted to plantation and other intensive land uses, are to the benefit of most key stakeholders that can drive these changes. The modeling results show that the imperative for large-scale development (i.e. plantation and other intensive land use systems) is enormous, as such systems will yield significant benefits to local authorities and local people. While there will undoubtedly be losers with such development (e.g. hunter-gatherers relying on non-timber forest products; those who are displaced by plantation expansion; the conservation lobby), the current incentives are likely to drive forest conversion. http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim05/papers/suwarno.pdfChapteren0-9758400-2-9CIFOR Head Quarter2152Zerger, Andre and Argent, Robert M. (eds.) Proceedings of MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation of the Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, Melbourne, 12-15 December 2005IDAre direct payments for environmental services spelling doom for sustainable forest management in the tropics?Wunder, SIcfai University PressHyderabad, India2008tropicsenvironmental servicespayment basisforest managementrural communitiesnature conservationlivelihoodseconomicsincentivesOver the past several decades, significant donor funding has been directed to sustainable forest management in the tropics, in the hope of combining forest conservation with economic gains through sustainable use. To date, this approach has produced only modest results in terms of changed silvicultural and land-use practices in this area. Direct payments for environmental services (PES) have been suggested as a promising alternative but still remain widely untested in the tropics. This paper first provides a conceptual assessment of PES, comparing the main features of this practice with those of other conservation instruments. Second, the paper discusses a series of critical questions that have been raised about both the environmental and livelihood impacts of PES. It is concluded that some ex ante judgments about the effects of PES may have been overly critical, and that, based on preliminary assessments, there is good reason to continue experimental PES implementation for purposes of consolidating our knowledge.Chapteren978-81-314-1521-4CIFOR Head Quarter2575Bhatnagar, M. Payment for environmental services: some concepts and experiencesIDIt's not fair, where is our share?: the implications of small-scale logging for communities' access to forests in IndonesiaLimberg, GYayasan KemalaJakarta, Indonesia2005loggingcommunitiesforestsvillagesincentivesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2102Tanah masih di langit: penyelesaian masalah penguasaan dan kekayaan alam di Indonesia yang tak kunjung tuntas di era reformasiIDBiar miskin asalkan punya hutan: kasus penolakan IPPKIwan, RYayasan KemalaJakarta, Indonesia2005loggingcompaniescommunitiesforestsvillagesincentivesconflictChapteridCIFOR Head Quarter2103Tanah masih di langit: penyelesaian masalah penguasaan dan kekayaan alam di Indonesia yang tak kunjung tuntas di era reformasiIDPerempuan dan lahan: studi kasus pada desa Baru Pelepat, Bungo-JambiSari, E.P.Adnan, H.Colfer, C.J.PYayasan KemalaJakarta, Indonesia2005womenland managementland ownershipforestsvillagesproperty rightsdecision makingChapteridCIFOR Head Quarter2104Tanah masih di langit: penyelesaian masalah penguasaan dan kekayaan alam di Indonesia yang tak kunjung tuntas di era reformasiIDIllegal logging and the fate of Indonesia's forests in times of regional autonomyObidzinski, KYayasan KemalaJakarta, Indonesia2005illicit fellingloggingdecentralizationforestsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2099Tanah masih di langit: penyelesaian masalah penguasaan dan kekayaan alam di Indonesia yang tak kunjung tuntas di era reformasiIDPoverty and inequality: economic growth is better than its reputationAngelsen, A.Wunder, SFagbokforlagetBergen, Norway2006povertyeconomic growthlivelihoodsincome distributiontheoryreviewsThis chapter first clarifies the definitions of the three key words in its title--poverty, inequality and economic growth. In particular, the evolution of the concept of poverty is discussed followed by a section on the mechanical and empirical links between income poverty, inequality and growth. The concept of "pro-poor growth" is introduced thereafter and defined as growth which raises the income relatively more for the poor than the better-off groups, i.e., growth with improvements in the income distribution. The authors argue that the prospects for pro-poor growth depend both on the initial conditions and on the type of growth, i.e., in which sectors growth occurs and its degree of labour intensity.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2082Dan Banik (ed.) Poverty, politics and development: interdisciplinary perspectives.IDReduced-impact logging (RIL) research and development in Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan: a challenge of RIL adoptionPriyadi, H.Gunarso, P.Sist, P.Dwiprabowo, HITTO and Center for Forestry Education and Training, Ministry of Forestry, IndonesiaBogor, Indonesia2006loggingreduced impact loggingDipterocarpaceaemixed forestsimprovement fellingsforest managementsustainabilitycapacity buildingconferencesResearch and trainings related to reduced-impact logging have been conducted in CIFOR Malinau Research Forest (MRF), East Kalimantan since 1998. Indonesian selective logging and planting system (called TPTI: Tebang Pilih Tanam Indonesia) is a current silvicultural system in Indonesia. It is stipulated that all dipterocarps (i.e timber trees in family Dipterocarpaceae) with a diameter at 1.3 m in dbh (diameter at breast height) over 50 or 60 cm can be harvested with a polycyclic felling schedule of 35 years. However sustainable forest management in Indonesia is still long way to go. Harvesting intensity in Indonesian dipterocarps forest exceed 100 m3/ha and more than 10 trees/ha. Conventional logging generally damages more than 50% of the original stand. Several experiments in mixed dipterocarps forests have demonstrated that RIL techniques can reduce damage by at least 30-50% compared with normal operation, also called conventional logging. Training, close supervision and proper planning are among others required by RIL technique. Based on RIL results studies in Borneo, some silvicultural rules are suggested: (1) there is a need for simple and practical prescriptions which limit the densities of trees harvested to 8 per hectare, (2) a minimum spacing distance between harvested trees (35-40 m), (3) single tree gap formation from harvesting using directional felling, (4) a maximum (as well as a minimum) dbh limit for harvesting (60 – 100 cm dbh). Considering these results, Ministry of Forestry has issued a decree, SK No. 274/VI-PHA/2001 that all timber company in Indonesia should implement RIL in their concession. This is an example of impact from the field/local to the national policy. However, detail technique guide should be more described following this decree. Also rewards and punishment to the logging company should be well implemented. http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Articles/APriyadi0601.pdfChapteren979-25-8370-XCIFOR Head Quarter2080I Gusti Made Tantra, Elias, Supriyanto (eds.) Proceedings ITTO-MoF Regional Workshop on RIL Implementation in Indonesia with Reference to Asia-Pacific Region: Review and ExperiencesIDMaking sustainability work for complex forests: towards adaptive forest yield regulationPurnomo, H.Rusolono, T.MuhdinTiryana, T.Suhendang, ECenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006forestssustainabilitycriteria and indicatorsselection criteriagrowthyield regulationadaptationforest managementconferencesCriteria and indicators (C&I) have been worldwide accepted as a way to conceptualize and measure sustainability of forest management. Various C&I sets or standards were formulated by different organizations and processes such as ITTO, CIFOR, FSC, ATO and Montréal Process. These standards, particularly in the production aspect, underline the sustained forest yield principle and the importance of using permanent sample plot data to regulate forest yield. This principle can only be achieved when the forest yield is regulated according to its dynamics and growth which is unique for each site and unlikely to be completely known. As a result, no single yield regulation can be implemented across areas and dynamic complex interaction between forest and people. Any yield regulation practice has to be considered as a hypothesis. This hypothesis then is to be tested in the real world and to be learned for better practice in the future. This is what we call 'adaptive yield regulation’. Some simulation studies proved that this adaptive yield regulation concept meet up with the need for yield regulation schemes for small-scale forest management. In the broader sense the concept and practice of adaptive yield regulation is enfolded in adaptive management, which considers continuous and conscious learning as the only way to manage the complex forests. ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2067Priyadi, H., Gunarso, P., Kanninen, M. (eds.) Permanent sample plots: more than just forest data. Proceedings of International Workshop on Promoting Permanent Sample Plots in Asia and the Pacific Region, Bogor, Indonesia, 3-5 August 2005IDIndonesian natural tropical forests would not be sustainable under the current silvicultural guidelines – TPTI: a simulation studySianturi, P.Kanninen, MCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006logginglogging effectsselective fellingresiduesreduced impact loggingtimberscuttingconferencesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2068Priyadi, H., Gunarso, P., Kanninen, M. (eds.) Permanent sample plots: more than just forest data. Proceedings of International Workshop on Promoting Permanent Sample Plots in Asia and the Pacific Region, Bogor, Indonesia, 3-5 August 2005IDTree growth and forest regeneration under different logging treatments in permanent sample plots of a hill mixed dipterocarps forest, Malinau Research Forest, Malinau, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaPriyadi, H.Sheil, D.Kartawinata, KSist, P.Gunarso, P.Kanninen, MCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006sample plot techniquemixed forestsforest treesgrowthdiameterincrementselective fellinglogging effectsdamageregenerationDipterocarpaceaeconferencesPermanent sample plots (PSP) are an important tool in monitoring forest dynamics and change. In Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan, 24 PSPs of 1 ha each were established and all trees with dbh = 20 cm were identified and their diameters were measured in 1998 prior to logging operations and were re-assessed in 2000 and 2004. Two logging systems were implemented during that period: reduced-impact logging (RIL) and conventional logging (CNV). A total of 705 tree species with diameter at breast height (dbh) = 20 cm were recorded from the permanent sample plots, of which 67 (9.5%) were dipterocarp species. Among the most common Dipterocarpaceae included Dipterocarpus lowii, D. stellatus, Shorea beccariana, S. brunescens, S. exelliptica, S. macroptera, S.maxwelliana, S. multiflora, S. parvifolia, S. rubra and S. venulosa. Measurement of diameter increment and forest regeneration were undertaken in 2000 and 2004. In 2000, the mean sapling density calculated from 12 plots (of 5 x 100 m2 each) was 4,600 stem ha-1 both treatments. In the RIL plots, the mean annual increment of dipterocarp species assessed on a per plot basis varied with logging intensity from 0.35 to 0.52 cm/ yr, while in CNV plots, it ranged from 0.42 to 0.62 cm year-1. A group of selected non-dipterocarps were also assessed. The relationship between growth (cm year-1) and felling intensity (FI in total number trees ha-1) Tree growth and forest regeneration under different logging treatments in permanent sample plots of a hill mixed dipterocarps forest, Malinau Research Forest, Malinau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia 48 Tree growth and forest regeneration for dipterocarps and non-dipterocarps showed positive linear regressions: DiptRIL = 0.242 yr-1 + 0.0850 FI (R2=70.4%) and Non-DiptRIL = 0.190 + 0.0683 FI (R2=54.3%). The mean growth rate is less than the growth rate of 1 cm year-1 assumed by the Indonesian Selective Cutting and Replanting System or TPTI. A longer cutting cycle is needed for sustainable forest management. ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2069Priyadi, H., Gunarso, P., Kanninen, M. (eds.) Permanent sample plots: more than just forest data. Proceedings of International Workshop on Promoting Permanent Sample Plots in Asia and the Pacific Region, Bogor, Indonesia, 3-5 August 2005IDIllegal logging in Indonesia: myth and realityObidzinski, KResources For the FutureWashington, DC2006illicit logginglawloggingforest products industriesdeforestationChapteren1-933115-25-4CIFOR Head Quarter2065Budy P. Resosudarmo (ed.) The politics and economics of Indonesia’s natural resourcesIDScales in conservation theories: another clash of civilizations?Diaw, CHungarian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Ecology and BotanyVacratot, Hungary2005ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2064Young, J., Baldi, A., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Bergamini, A., Hiscock, K., van den Hove, S., Koetz, T., van Ierland, E., Lanyi, A., Pataki, G., Scheidegger, C., Torok, K. and Watt, A.D. (eds). Landscape scale biodiversity assessment: the problem of scaling. Report of an electronic conference March 2005IDWomen's place is not in the forest: gender issues in a timber management project in BoliviaBolanos, O.Schmink, MResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter2059Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementBODiversity in living gender: two cases from the Brazilian AmazonPorro, N.M.Stone, SResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter2060Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementBRIntrahousehold differences in natural resource management in Peru and BrazilCampbell, C.Chicchon, A.Schmink, M.Piland, RResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter2061Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementBRParticipation and decision making in NepalDangol, SResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter2062Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementNPThe push-me, pull-you of forest devolution in ScotlandRitchie, B.Haggith, MEarthscanLondon, UK2005ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2057Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Doris Capistrano (eds.) The politics of decentralization: forests, people and powerNPDecentralizing protected area management at Mount KitangladSaway, A.L.D.M.Mirasol, F.S., JrEarthscanLondon, UK2005ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2058Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Doris Capistrano (eds.) The politics of decentralization: forests, people and powerNPSilvia: a flexible system for integrated plantation managementVallejo, A.Kanninen, M.Montero, M.Viquez, EScientific Publishers (India)Jodhpur, India2006forest managementforest plantationsgrowth modelsfinanceanalysiscomputer softwareexpert systemsSilvia-Forest Management System is a computer application designed to help managers and technicians in the sustainable management of forest plantations. Silvia version 2 includes a plantations database, an equations database, and modules to simulate future grwoth and yield, process inventory data, and carry out financial analyses. Map layers in several GIS formats can be linked to Silvia to render several types thematic maps. Simulations can be run with sets of equations provided by Silvia or by the user based on growth studies. Silvia can be used for projects of different sizes, from small farms to multinational forest companies without any limitation regarding the number of stands, species, or geographical units included in the project.Chapteren81-7233-429-9CIFOR Head Quarter2054V.P. Tewari, R.L. Srivastava (eds.) Multipurpose trees in the tropics: management and improvement strategiesNPBottlenecks and recommended actions: stakeholder perspectives from Regions III, VII and XILasco, R.D.Carandang, A.P.Chokkalingam, U.Pulhin, J.M.Razal, R.A.Acosta, R.T.Natividad, M.Q.Peras, R.J.JCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006rehabilitationdegraded forestshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Bchokkalingam0605-04.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Bchokkalingam0605.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2041Unna Chokkalingam, Antonio P. Carandang, Juan M. Pulhin, Rodel D. Lasco, Rose Jane J. Peras, Takeshi Toma (eds.) One century of forest rehabilitation in the Philippines: approaches, outcomes and lessonsPHConclusions and recommendationsChokkalingam, U.Pulhin, J.M.Carandang, A.P.Lasco, R.DCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006rehabilitationdegraded forestshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Bchokkalingam0605-05.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Bchokkalingam0605.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2042Unna Chokkalingam, Antonio P. Carandang, Juan M. Pulhin, Rodel D. Lasco, Rose Jane J. Peras, Takeshi Toma (eds.) One century of forest rehabilitation in the Philippines: approaches, outcomes and lessonsPHOutcomes and sustainability: lessons from the groundChokkalingam, U.Pulhin, J.M.Carandang, A.P.Peras, R.J.J.Lasco, R.D.Natividad, M.QCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006rehabilitationdegraded forestshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Bchokkalingam0605-03.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Bchokkalingam0605.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2040Unna Chokkalingam, Antonio P. Carandang, Juan M. Pulhin, Rodel D. Lasco, Rose Jane J. Peras, Takeshi Toma (eds.) One century of forest rehabilitation in the Philippines: approaches, outcomes and lessonsPHHistorical overviewPulhin, J.M.Chokkalingam, U.Peras, R.J.J.Acosta, R.T.Carandang, A.P.Natividad, M.Q.Lasco, R.D.Razal, R.ACenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006rehabilitationdegraded forestshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Bchokkalingam0605-02.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Bchokkalingam0605.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2039Unna Chokkalingam, Antonio P. Carandang, Juan M. Pulhin, Rodel D. Lasco, Rose Jane J. Peras, Takeshi Toma (eds.) One century of forest rehabilitation in the Philippines: approaches, outcomes and lessonsPHIntroductionChokkalingam, U.Carandang, A.P.Pulhin, J.M.Lasco, R.DCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006rehabilitationdegraded forestshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Bchokkalingam0605-01.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Bchokkalingam0605.pdfChapter1-5enCIFOR Head Quarter2038Unna Chokkalingam, Antonio P. Carandang, Juan M. Pulhin, Rodel D. Lasco, Rose Jane J. Peras, Takeshi Toma (eds.) One century of forest rehabilitation in the Philippines: approaches, outcomes and lessonsPHIntroductionChokkalingam, U.Wang ChunfengZhou ZaichiCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006rehabilitationdegraded forestshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0603-01.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0603.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0701c-01.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2247Unna Chokkalingam, Zhou Zaizhi, Wang Chunfeng, Takeshi Toma (eds.) Learning lessons from China's forest rehabilitation efforts: national level review and special focus on Guangdong ProvinceCNNational overviewWang ChunfengChokkalingam, UCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006rehabilitationdegraded forestshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0603-02.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0603.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0701c-02.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2248Unna Chokkalingam, Zhou Zaizhi, Wang Chunfeng, Takeshi Toma (eds.) Learning lessons from China's forest rehabilitation efforts: national level review and special focus on Guangdong ProvinceCNSuccess and sustainability: lessons from Guangdong ProvinceZhou ZaichiChokkalingam, UCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006rehabilitationdegraded forestshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0603-03.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0603.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0701c-03.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2249Unna Chokkalingam, Zhou Zaizhi, Wang Chunfeng, Takeshi Toma (eds.) Learning lessons from China's forest rehabilitation efforts: national level review and special focus on Guangdong ProvinceCNStakeholder perspectives on constraints and lessons learned from Guangdong ProvinceZhou ZaichiChokkalingam, UCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006rehabilitationdegraded forestshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0603-04.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0603.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0701c-04.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2250Unna Chokkalingam, Zhou Zaizhi, Wang Chunfeng, Takeshi Toma (eds.) Learning lessons from China's forest rehabilitation efforts: national level review and special focus on Guangdong ProvinceCNConclusions and recommendationsChokkalingam, U.Zhou ZaichiWang ChunfengCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Bogor, Indonesia2006rehabilitationdegraded forestsreviewshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0603-05.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0603.pdfhttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BChokkalingam0701c-05.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter2251Unna Chokkalingam, Zhou Zaizhi, Wang Chunfeng, Takeshi Toma (eds.) Learning lessons from China's forest rehabilitation efforts: national level review and special focus on Guangdong ProvinceCNSpatial shifts and migration time scales among the Baka Pygmies of Cameroon and the Punan of BorneoDounias, E.Lecrerc, CKyoto University Press and Trans Pacific Press (Melbourne, Australia)Kyoto, Japan2006ethnic groupscommunity forestryforest managementmigrationhistoryChapteren1-920901-10-8CIFOR Head Quarter2027De Jong, W., Tuck-Po, L., Ken-ichi, A. (eds.) Social ecology of tropical forests: migration, populations and frontiersCMO manejo de capoeiras pode render bons frutosFerreira, S.Mattos, M.M.Sabogal, CCIFOR and IMAZONBelem, Brazil2005non-timber forest productsChapteres85-88808-02-1CIFOR Head Quarter1984Shanley, Patricia, Medina, Gabriel Frutiferas e plantas uteis na Vida AmazonicaCMICT and social issuesThomson, A.Colfer, C.J.PIUFROVienna, Austria2005information technologycommunicationsocial impactsocial changecultural changeChapter172-196enCIFOR Head Quarter1981Hetemaki, L., Nilsson, S. (eds.) Information technology and the forest sectorCMModern economic theory and the challenge of embedded tenure institutions: African attempts to reform local forest policiesDiaw, CSpringerAmsterdam, Netherlands2005tenure systemsproperty rightsforest policysocial changeeconomicstheorylocal governmentanthropologyCuatomary tenure, mingled with state law and occasional private titling, continue predominantly to govern African rural and forest lands. This is in spite of evolutionist theories that predicted its demise and colonial and post-colonial policies that tried actively to accelerate it. The chapter develops an anthropological conceptualization of the institutions of embedded tenure. With examples from Africa and various part of the world, the authors highlight the factors that account for the flexibility, adaptibility and resilience of this type of system. Embedded tenure has been able to cope with economic stress and hostile policies because of the unique way in which it nests private entitlements into the commons, and both of them into collective property and long-lasting social institutions. Two philosophical principles giving rise to three constitutional rights and four appropriations regimes make up its structure, while dynamic access and transformation rules govern the interlocking and transmutations of appropriation regimes across space and time. This opens three specific paths of agricultural change as well profuse right delegation and land transaction procedures. These have helped the system adapt to changing economic, demographic and social conditions since at least the 19th century. Reductionist economic analyses of non-market systems, includingn property rights, kinship, common property and non-wage systems contributed to relegating the most innovative aspects of these systems in the limbo of imperfect markets. More interested in "crafted" institutions, the CPR literature also failed to see or emphasize the theoritical and policy implications of the nesting of appropriation regimes in embedded tenure. Other analyses have tended to overemphasize the controversial role of traditional authority at the expense of a deeper institutional analysis of the embedded system. The chapter highlights the numerous policy mistakes that can derive from these forms of reductions. The authors conclude that to disentangle African forest policies from the social costs and inefficiencies of the past, it is necessary to integrate the complexity and validity of embedded tenure institutions and their demonstrated ability to adapt to legal pluralism and commodity markets.Chapteren1-4020-3479-2CIFOR Head Quarter1976Kant, Shashi; Berry, R. Albert (eds.) Sustainability, institutions and natural resources: institutions for sustainable forest managementCMLes acteurs de l'exploitation forestière au CamerounOyono, P.RPresses de l'UCAC (Central Africa Catholic University Press)Yaounde, Cameroon2005ChapterfrCIFOR Head Quarter1975P.Bigombe Logo (ed.) 'Le retournement de l'Etat forestier: l'endroit et l'envers des processus de gestion forestière au CamerounCMThe social and organizational roots of ecological uncertainties in Cameroon's forest management modelOyono, P.RRoutledgeLondon2005ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1973J.C. Ribot and A.M. Larson (eds.) Democratic decentralisation through a natural resource lensCMManejo forestal comunitario en la Amazonia: lecciones y demandas de un proceso colaborativo: memoria del taller internacional, Pucallpa del 22 al 25 de Noviembre del 2005SNVINRENAAIDERWWFDEDCIFOR2006community forestryforest managementconferencesChapter70p. + 1 CD-ROM.es979-24-4624-9CIFOR Head Quarter2262CMMultiscale assessments: integrated assessments at multiple scalesCapistrano, D.Lee, M.J.Raudsepp-Hearne, C.Samper, CIsland PressWashington, D.C., USA2005human ecologyecosystemsenvironmental managementassessmentMillenium Ecosystem Assessment (Program)Chapteren1-55963-387-5CIFOR Head Quarter1967Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Our human planet: summary of decision-makersCMWood, fuelwood, and non-wood forest productsSizer, N.Bass, S.Mayers, J.Arnold, J.E.M.Auckland, L.Belcher, B.Bird, N.Campbell, B.M.Carle, J.Cleary, D.Counsell, S.Enters, T.Fernando, K.Gullison, T.Hudson, J.Kellison, B.Klingberg, T.Owen, C.N.Sampson, N.Vermeulen, S.Wollenberg, E.Shackleton, S.Edmunds, DIsland PressWashington, D.C., USA2005forest productswoodfuelwoodnon-timber forest productsecosystemsenvironmental managementforest policylocal communitiesrural communitiesassessmentMillenium Ecosystem Assessment (Program)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1970Chopra, K., Leeman, R., Kumar, P., Simon, H. (eds.) Ecosystems and human well-beingpolicy responsesCMOverview of the MA sub-global assessmentsCapistrano, D.Samper, C.Lee, M.JIsland PressWashington, D.C., USA2005human ecologyecosystemsenvironmental managementbiodiversitysocial welfarelivelihoodsassessmentMillenium Ecosystem Assessment (Program). Sub-global Assessments Working GroupChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1949D. Capistrano, C. Samper, M.J. Lee, C. Raudsepp-Hearne (eds.) Ecosystems and human well-being: multiscale assessments: findings of the Sub-global Assessments Working Group of the Millenium Ecosystem AssessmentCMReflections and lessons learnedCapistrano, D.Samper, CIsland PressWashington, D.C., USA2005human ecologyecosystemsenvironmental managementbiodiversitysocial welfarelivelihoodsassessmentMillenium Ecosystem Assessment (Program). Sub-global Assessments Working GroupChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1950D. Capistrano, C. Samper, M.J. Lee, C. Raudsepp-Hearne (eds.) Ecosystems and human well-being: multiscale assessments: findings of the Sub-global Assessments Working Group of the Millenium Ecosystem AssessmentCMBalancing agricultural development and environmental objectives: assessing tradeoffs in the humid tropicsTomich, T.P.Cattaneo, A.Chater, S.Geist, H.J.Gockowski, J.Kaimowitz, D.Lambin, E.F.Lewis, J.Ndoye, O.Palm, C.A.Stolle, F.Sunderlin, W.D.Valentim, J.F.van Noordwijk, M.Vosti, S.AColumbia University PressNew York, USA2005shifting cultivationenvironmental impactenvironmental factorsdeforestationChapteren0-231-13451-7CIFOR Head Quarter1933Palm, Cheryl A., Vosti, Stephen A., Sanchez, Pedro A. and Ericksen, Polly J. (eds.) Slash-and-burn agriculture: the search for alternativesCMModeling multi-stakeholder forest management: the case of forest plantations in SabahGuizol, P.Purnomo, HInternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI)Los Banos, Philippines2005forest managementforest plantationssimulation modelsforest products industriesinterest groupsparticipationThis paper proposes a framework to link social, economic, and biophysical dynamics using multi-agent simulation to explore scenarios of collaboration for forest plantation management. The modeling is based on decision theories. The purpose of this modeling is to produce shared knowledge about dynamics to facilitate coordination among stakeholders; its learning tool about forest management. The main hypothesis is that stakeholders, by creating a virtual world with researchers, will leran about the effects that their own decisions might have on themselves, others, and the environment. In the case of Sabah, it is at the stage of the first loop of learning, and scenarios need to be further tested with the stakeholders themselves. This forest plantation simulation suggests that the development of sawmills adapted to plantation wood might offer a promising pathway for increasing added value and the benefits of many stakeholders, including local communities.Chapteren971-22-0208-9CIFOR Head Quarter1913Bousquet, F., Trebuil, G., Hardy, B. (eds.). Companion modeling and multi-agent systems for integrated natural resource management in AsiaMYMethods and procedures for defining best silvicultural practices and management regimes for fast-growing tree plantationsKanninen, M.Perez, DScientific Publishers (India)Jodhpur, India2006Tectona grandiscompetitionwood propertiesstand densityintensive silvicultureconferencesFast grwoing tree species have been used in many tropical countries for a variety of production purposes, including timber wood (as monoculture and as mixture of various species), silvopastoril (combined with cattle), agroforestry (combined with coffee culture mainly), and with other purposes such as soil enrichment, livingfences (wind breakers), erosion mitigation, etc. Several studies have been carried out on native and excotic multipurpose species, including adaptability tests, nursery production - genetic improvement, plantation management, stand growth and yield etc. Procedures for developing and evaluating stand density indicators, competition indices, merchantable volume equations, prunning and thinning methodologies, among others, are discussed on this paper, aiming at facilitating silvicultural management tools for the intensive culture of fast growing tree species. Experiences developing management guidelines for Tectona grandis, Bombacopsis quianta, and Terminalia amazonia under different scenarios are discussed in this paper, based on several case studies carried out during the last 10 years on private farms and companies of small (10 ha) and large (3000 ha) size in different regions of Costa Rica.Chapteren81-7233-424-9CIFOR Head Quarter1910V.P. Tewari and R.L. Srivastava (eds.) Multipurpose trees in the tropics: management & improvement strategies. Proceedings of the International Conference on “Multipurpose Trees in the Tropics: Assessment, Growth and Management”, Jodhpur, India, 22-25 November, 2004CRApplying a stakeholder approach in FLRKusumanto, TITTOTokyo, Japan2005forestslandscapelandscape ecologyrehabilitationinterest groupssocial participationmethodologyThis chapter looks at how forest landscape restoration (FLR) initiatives use a stakeholder approach to identify, understand and address the interests and concerns of key stakeholder groups. This kind of approach is important in FLR for two reasons. First, the success of FLR initiatives will depend on the willingness of stakeholder groups to cooperate with each other and with the FLR efforts. Second, since some stakeholders will be affected by the FLR activities, they need to be involved in decisions regarding the goods, services and processes of the landscape that are to be restored. Thus, a stakeholder approach will help achieve the goal of equitable benefit-sharing among the key stakeholder groups. Despite the importance of stakeholder approaches to FLR, caution is required when using them.Chapteren4-902045-23-0CIFOR Head Quarter1904International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Restoring forest landscapes: an introduction to the art and science of forest landscape restorationCRSite-level restoration strategies for degraded primary forestSabogal, CITTOTokyo, Japan2005forestslandscapelandscape ecologyrehabilitationsilviculturetropical rain foreststechniquesmethodologyThis chapter sets out the site-level strategies and their associated silvicultural techniques for restoring degraded primary forest, managing secondary forest and rehabilitating degraded forest land within the context of an forest landscape restoration (FLR) program. It is intended to provide an overview of the different strategies and methods, along with basic practical information on their use and guidance as to which methods are most appropriate in different situations. References are provided to point readers to more detailed technical guidelines. Table 9.1 summarizes the restoration objectives and methods most suited for different types of degraded forest and other lands. This chapter outlines the main strategies and silvicultural options available for the restoration of degraded primary forests, with particular emphasis on tropical rainforests. It provides some basic advice on how to choose the most appropriate methods and suggests further reading for more detailed practical guidance on undertaking the different techniques.Chapteren4-902045-23-0CIFOR Head Quarter1905International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Restoring forest landscapes: an introduction to the art and science of forest landscape restorationCRSite-level strategies for managing secondary forestsSabogal, CITTOTokyo, Japan2005secondary forestslandscapelandscape ecologyrehabilitationfallow systemsconservationterminologyplanningThis chapter sets out the possible management objectives and technical options for managing secondary forests as part of an forest landscape rehabilitation (FLR) program. The two main alternative strategies – managing improved fallows without compromising agricultural production, and managing forests for production or conservation purposes – are discussed, together with the types of conditions that favour one above the other. There is considerable ambiguity and confusion in the current use of the term ‘secondary forest’ both in the literature and in people’s perceptions. The term has been applied to numerous types of forests with different characteristics and arising from many different processes. ITTO (2002) defines it as: woody vegetation regrowing on land that was largely cleared of its original forest cover (ie carried less than 10% of the original forest cover).http://www.itto.or.jp/live/Live_Server/1064/ts23e.pdfChapteren4-902045-23-0CIFOR Head Quarter1906International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Restoring forest landscapes: an introduction to the art and science of forest landscape restorationCRSite-level rehabilitation strategies for degraded forest landsSabogal, CITTOTokyo, Japan2005tropical rain forestsdegraded landdegraded forestslandscape ecologyrehabilitationweedserosionwater erosionnatural regenerationplantingterminologyplanningThe persistent physical, chemical and biological limitations found in degraded forest lands create barriers to natural forest regeneration; an accurate assessment of these factors is key in determining which rehabilitation interventions will be necessary, based on the objectives of the intervention, the landscape context and the available resources. This chapter focuses primarily on open or denuded forest lands which have been invaded by weeds, and also covers degraded areas affected by soil and water erosion.The prioritization of degraded forest lands for rehabilitation should take into account the location and condition of these lands, the interests of the stakeholders concerned, and the availability of resources for the restoration work. Priority areas comprise degraded areas that are affecting local people’s livelihoods, are important for biodiversity, and/or are causing environmental problems such as a decline in ecological functions. Thus, degraded areas on farmlands, areas of special ecological value, or areas that have been subjected to intensive extractive uses (such as mining) would all constitute priority areas for restoration. This chapter describes four strategies for the rehabilitation of degraded forest lands: protective measures; measures to accelerate natural recovery; measures to assist natural regeneration; and tree-planting. In addition, the application of agroforestry may be considered a fifth strategy for these areas. This strategy is dealt with in Chapter 12.Chapteren4-902045-23-0CIFOR Head Quarter1907International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Restoring forest landscapes: an introduction to the art and science of forest landscape restorationCRUnderstanding forest landscape dynamicsde Jong, WITTOTokyo, Japan2005forestslandscapelandscape ecologychangerehabilitationdynamic modelsThis chapter is based on the premise that the forest landscape we want to manage and restore is the product of dynamic forces operating as direct or indirect causes of change. The chapter highlights the importance of understanding and addressing the forces responsible for landscape change to ensure that restoration efforts are successful. Essentially, landscape dynamics include changes in the composition of the landscape (that is, the make-up of the various landscape components such as forest land, agricultural land, or housing) and changes in the condition of individual components (such as conversion of agricultural land from grazing to crop production).http://www.itto.or.jp/live/Live_Server/1064/ts23e.pdfChapteren4-902045-23-0CIFOR Head Quarter1903International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Restoring forest landscapes: an introduction to the art and science of forest landscape restorationCRLinkages between mitigation and adaptation in land-use change and forestry activitiesMurdiyarso, D.Robledo, C.Brown, S.Coto, O.Drexhage, J.Forner, C.Kanninen, M.Lipper, L.North, N.Rondon, MCIFORBogor, Indonesia2005climatic changecarbon sequestrationland useadaptationprojectspolicyThis chapter explores the opportunities for linking mitigation activities with efforts to increase adaptive capacity. Because the issue involves two separate objectives, each with multiple stakeholders and scales of analysis, win-win situations are emphasised. Criteria and indicators for monitoring adaptation to climate change are discussed in the light of emerging standards for mitigation project development and monitoring.Chapteren979-24-4604-4CIFOR Head Quarter1893Robledo, C., Kanninen, M., Pedroni, L. (eds.) Tropical forests and adaptation to climate change: in search of synergiesCRPresentation to the bookKanninen, M.Pedroni, L.Robledo, CCIFORBogor, Indonesia2005climatic changecarbon sequestrationland usepolicyconferencesThis chapter provides brief information on the background and aim of the workshop, the participants and the division of the workshop sessions. The last part is information on the three main parts of the content of the book.Chapteren979-24-4604-4CIFOR Head Quarter1957Robledo, C., Kanninen, M., Pedroni, L. (eds.) Tropical forests and adaptation to climate change: in search of synergiesCRConclusionsRobledo, C.Kanninen, M.Pedroni, LCIFORBogor, Indonesia2005climatic changecarbon sequestrationland usepolicyconferencesChapteren979-24-4604-4CIFOR Head Quarter1958Robledo, C., Kanninen, M., Pedroni, L. (eds.) Tropical forests and adaptation to climate change: in search of synergiesCRInformation needs for ecosystem forestrySzaro, R.C.Anglestrom, P.Sheil, DEarthscanLondon, UK2005information needsforest managementresource managementlandscape ecologydecision makingforestryChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1878Sayer, J., Maginnis, S. (eds.) Forests in landscapes: ecosystem approaches to sustainabilityCRWildlife, loggers and livelihoods in the Congo BasinSayer, J.A.Ndikumagenge, C.Campbell, B.M.Usongo, LEarthscanLondon, UK2005forest managementconservationecosystemsparticipationmodelsThis paper examines the history of forest management and conservation in the Congo Basin. It identifies some of the reasons for the limited success in applying ecosystem approaches to forest management. The lack of long-term consistent policies and programmes and the relative weakness of forest sector institutions emerge as fundamental problems. The chapter identifies one tool, participatory modelling, that can help stakeholders to get grips with the complecity of the social-ecological systems of which their forests are part. Such modelling exercises can help enable stakeholders with diverse interests to explore scenarios and negotiations outcomes that are consistent with ecosystem approaches to sustainable forest management.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1879Jeffrey Sayer, Stewart Maginis (eds.) Forests in landscapes: ecosystem approaches to sustainabilityCGRestoring overlogged tropical forestsSabogal, C.Nasi, RSpringerNew York, USA2005degraded foreststropical forestslogging effectsrehabilitationOverlogged forests are degraded but nevertheless important. They may continue to be a source of timber and supply an important amount of forest products, particularly for local people who livelihoods depend on their extraction. One aspect of restoration would be to prevent adding more overlogged areas by implementing sound logging, silvicultural, and management practices. There is an urgent need to appropriately disseminate the existing strategies, approaches, and techniques that are most appropriate for forest restoration of overlogged forests.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1854Stephanie Mansourian, Daniel Vallauri, Nigel Dudley (eds.) Fores restoration in landscapes: beyond planting treesCGLocal participation, livelihood needs, and institutional arrangements: three keys to sustainable rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest landsChokkalingam, U.Sabogal C.Almeida, E.Carandang, A.P.Gumartini, T.de Jong, W.Brienza, S., Jr.Meza Lopez, A.MurniatiNawir, A.A.Wibowo, L.R.Toma, T.Wollenberg, E.Zhou ZaichiSpringerNew York, USA2005degraded foreststropical forestsparticipationcommunity forestrycommunitiesinstitutionsrehabilitationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1855Stephanie Mansourian, Daniel Vallauri, Nigel Dudley (eds.) Fores restoration in landscapes: beyond planting treesCGLivelihoods, carving and conservationBelcher, B.Cunningham, A.B.Campbell, B.MEarthscanLondon, UK2005wood carvingforest products industriesnon-timber forest productstradeinternational tradeenvironmental factorsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1844Anthony Cunningham, Bruce Campbell and Brian Belcher (eds.) Carving out a future: forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving tradeCGFallbacks and tourist traps: carving wood in Southern ZimbabweStanda-Gunda, W.Braedt, OEarthscanLondon, UK2005wood carvingforest products industriesforest productscommon landspolicytourismtrademarketsenvironmental factorsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1845Anthony Cunningham, Bruce Campbell and Brian Belcher (eds.) Carving out a future: forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving tradeZWGetting out of the woods: learning from a comparison of casesBelcher, B.Achdiawan, REarthscanLondon, UK2005wood carvingforest products industriesforest productscommercializationpolicycomparisonsanalysisraw materialstrademarketshouseholdseconomicsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1846Anthony Cunningham, Bruce Campbell and Brian Belcher (eds.) Carving out a future: forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving tradeZWEcological footprints: carving, sustainability and scarcityCunningham, A.B.Campbell, B.M.Belcher, B.Achdiawan, REarthscanLondon, UK2005wood carvingforest products industriesforest productscommercializationresource managementraw materialssustainabilitytradeChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1847Anthony Cunningham, Bruce Campbell and Brian Belcher (eds.) Carving out a future: forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving tradeZWCarving out a future: planning for woodcarving in the 21st centuryCampbell, B.M.Cunningham, A.B.Belcher, BEarthscanLondon, UK2005wood carvingforest products industriesforest productsmarketsresource managementhouseholdslivelihoodseconomic developmentsustainabilitytradeforest policyChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1848Anthony Cunningham, Bruce Campbell and Brian Belcher (eds.) Carving out a future: forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving tradeZWChanging paradigms in forestry: repercussions for people and natureMery, G.Alfaro, R.I.Kanninen, M.Lobovikov, MIUFROVienna, Austria2005forestsforest resourcesresource utilizationforest managementsocioeconomicsforest policyChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1828G. Mery, R. Alfaro, M. Kanninen, M. Lobovikov, (eds.) Forests in the global balance - changing paradigmsZWForests-based livelihoods and poverty reduction: paths from local to global developmentRoda, J-M.Mutamba, M.Campbell, B.M.Kowero, G.SIUFROVienna, Austria2005timber tradeenvironmental servicesforest resourcespovertyforest managementsocioeconomicsrural developmententerprisesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1829G. Mery, R. Alvaro, M. Kanninen, M. Lobovikov, (eds.) Forests in the global balance - changing paradigmsZWCapacity development for sustainable forest managementKleine, M.Appanah, S.Galloway, G.Simula, M.Spilsbury, M.J.Temu, A.BIUFROVienna, Austria2005capacity buildingforestryeducationforest managementsustainabilityforest policycommunicationdiffusion of informationpartnershipsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1830G. Mery, R. Alvaro, M. Kanninen, M. Lobovikov, (eds.) Forests in the global balance - changing paradigmsZWTraditional knowledge and human well-being in the 21st centuryColfer, C.J.P.Colchester, M.Joshi, L.Puri, R.K.Nygren, A.Lopez, CIUFROVienna, Austria2005indigenous knowledgeintellectual property rightsepistemologyheterogeneitycommunitieslivelihoodsforestsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1831G. Mery, R. Alvaro, M. Kanninen, M. Lobovikov, (eds.) Forests in the global balance - changing paradigmsZWFrom poverty to prosperity: harnessing the wealth of Africa's forestsKaterere, Y.Mohamed-Katerere, J.CIUFROVienna, Austria2005forest resourcesforestspovertyproperty rightsright of accesscommunity forestrylocal communitydeforestationgovernancecapacity buildinghuman immunodeficiency virusacquired immune deficiency syndromeChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1832G. Mery, R. Alvaro, M. Kanninen, M. Lobovikov, (eds.) Forests in the global balance - changing paradigmsZWParadigm shifts in Asian forestryCan LiuLobovikov, M.Murdiyarso, D.Oka, H.Yeo Chang YounIUFROVienna, Austria2005ecosystemsforestryenvironmental managementproperty rightsdecentralizationtradelivelihoodsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1833Gerardo Mery, Rene Alvaro, Markku Kanninen, Maxim Lobovikov (eds.) Forests in the global balance - changing paradigmsZWPublic policies to reduce inappropriate tropical deforestationKaimowitz, D.Byron, R.N.Sunderlin, W.DEarthscanLondon, UK2005forest policygovernment policydeforestationpropertyownershipcostsprofitabilityReprinted from Public policies to reduce inappropriate tropical deforestation, Kaimowitz, D., Byron, N. and Sunderlin, W. Adapted from an article that originally appeared in the World Bank Development Review, (n.d.).This paper explains the ways in which, and the extent to which, public policy measures might be used to reduce inappropriate tropical deforestation.Inappropriate deforestation is a signifanct problem: 1. deforestation generally causes negative externalities that generate cost to society not reflected in exixting prices and has long term consequences that individual producers rarely consider. 2. The relativie importance of the negative externalities tends to grow over time if an increasing proportion of deforestation occurs in areas that have only marginal value for agriculture but that sequester large amount of carbon, have fragile soils, or are high in biodiversity. The process of deforestation must be analysed at two levels: agents and causes. How certain causes can be manipulated to influence the behaviour of agents, so as to lessen the rate of inappropriate deforestation is discussed.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1823Jeffrey A. Sayer (ed.) The Earthscan reader in forestry & developmentZWAdaptive collaborative managementColfer, C.J.P.Hartanto, H.Jum, C.N.McDougall, C.Prabhu, R.Yuliani, LInternational Potato Center-Users' Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development and IDRCLaguna, Philippines2005adaptationcollaborationforest managementcommunity forestrycommunity involvementChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1819Julian Gonsalves, Thomas Becker, Ann Braun, Dindo Campilan, Chavez, Hidelisa De Elizabeth Fajber, Monica Kapiriri, Joy Rivaca-Caminade, Ronnie Vernooy Participatory research and development for sustainable agriculture and natural resource management: a sourcebookZWDecentralization of forest management in Bolivia: who benefits and why?Pacheco, PEarthscanLondon, UK2005decentralizationforest policyproperty rightslocal communitiescommunity forestryChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1816Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Doris Capistrano (eds.) The politics of decentralization: forests, power and peopleBODecentralization: issues, lessons and reflectionsCapistrano, D.Colfer, C.J.PEarthscanLondon, UK2005decentralizationforest managementgovernanceimpactbiodiversityforestsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1817Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Doris Capistrano (eds.) The politics of decentralization: forests, power and peopleBOIntroduction: background to a global exchangeBlaser, J.Kuchli, C.Colfer, C.J.P.Capistrano, DEarthscanLondon, UK2005decentralizationforest managementgovernanceimpactbiodiversityforestsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1857Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Doris Capistrano (eds.) The politics of decentralization: forests, power and peopleBODemocratic decentralization in the forestry sector: lessons learned from Africa, Asia and Latin AmericaLarson, A.MEarthscanLondon, UK2005decentralizationforest policyregulationsinstitutionsnon-governmental organizationscentral governmentlocal communitieslocal governmentLocal governments are increasingly important actors in forest management. Looking at roughly 20 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, this paper identifies common patterns and extracts lessons that will allow us to better understand decentralization successes and failures. It begins by brief discussion on conceptual issues that shape our understanding of decentralization in theory and practice. The next section presents the lessons learned regarding legal and institutional frameworks; financial management; the role of central governments; the role of third-party actors such as donors and non-governmental organizations (NGO); local peoples; local governments; the timber industry; other factors affecting forestry decentralizations; and outcomes. The final section makes some suggestions for the future.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1865Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Doris Capistrano (eds.) The politics of decentralization: forests, power and peopleBODecentralized natural resources management in the Chiredzi district of Zimbabwe: voices from the groundHlambela, S.Kozanayi, WEarthscanLondon, UK2005decentralizationforest policyproperty rightslocal communitiescommunity forestryChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1971Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Doris Capistrano (eds.) The politics of decentralization: forests, power and peopleZWParticipatory modeling and analysis of sustainable forest management: experiences and lessons learned from case studiesMendoza, G.A.Prabhu, RU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research StationPortland, OR, USA2005conferencesforest managementsustainabilityassessmentparticipationmodelstechniquesParticipatory approaches to natural resource management and development have become widely accepted as the most effective instruments for achieving sustainable resource management particularly in the developing nations. This paper presents a participatory modeling framework that is consistent with participatory method of assessing sustainable forest management. Under this participatory modeling framework, a number of techniques have been developed aimed at: 1) communicating the concept of sustainable forestry to local communities, 2) soliciting direct input and active participation of local communities in the planning and decision-making process, and 3) seeking active involvement of local stakeholders in the formulation of the models and in their implementation for generating strategies and action plans. These models include: multi-criteria analysis, cognitive mapping, qualitative, and quantitative system dynamics. The models can be stand-alone models, or they can be combined together to constitute a more robust and flexible planning framework. These models have been applied to a number of case studies in the Philippines, Indonesia, Zimbabwe, and Ontario, Canada. Experiences and lessons learned from a selected set of applications are described in the paper.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1815Bevers, Michael and Barrett, Tara M. (comps.) System analysis in forest resources: proceedings of the 2003 symposium, October 7-9, Stevenson,WA.ZWIntroduction: the struggle for equity in forest managementColfer, C.J.PResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter1858Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementZWNegotiating more than boundaries in IndonesiaAnau, N.Iwan, R.van Heist, M.Limberg, G.Sudana, M.Wollenberg, EResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter1859Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementIDDealing with overlapping access rights in IndonesiaHakim, SResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter1860Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementIDScientists in social encounters: the case for an engaged practice of scienceDiaw, C.Kusumanto, TResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter1861Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementIDFrom diversity to exclusion for forest minorities in CameroonOyono, P.RResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter1862Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementCMWomen, decisionmaking, and resource management in ZimbabweNemarundwe, NResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter1863Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementZWBecoming men in our dresses!: women's involvement in a joint forestry management project in ZimbabweSithole, BResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter1864Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementZWLearning amongst ourselves: adaptive forest management through social learning in ZimbabweMutimukuru, T.Nyirenda, R.Matose, FResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter1868Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementZWGender, participation, and the strengthening of indigenous forest management in BoliviaCronkleton, PResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter1869Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementBOImplications of adaptive collaborative management for more equitable forest managementColfer, C.J.PResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter1870Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementBOWomen in Campo-Ma'an national park: uncertainties and adaptations in CameroonTiani, A.M.Akwah, G.Nguiebouri, JResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005womennational parksChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1968Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community, and resource managementCMImproving collaboration between outsiders and communities in the AmazonPokorny, B.Cayres, G.Nunes, WResources for the Future and CIFORWashington, DC2005Chapteren1-891853-78-3CIFOR Head Quarter1972Colfer, C.J.P. (ed.) The equitable forest: diversity, community and resource managementCMSustaining local livelihoods through carbon sequestration activities: a search for practical and strategic approachMurdiyarso, DCIFORBogor, Indonesia2005case studiescarbon sequestrationKyoto Protocolprojectslivelihoodspeatlandsclean development mechanismpolicyconferencesIn many parts of the developing world carbon sequestration projects have been implemented in association with community development. This is a practical way to demonstrate environmental as well as social benefits of the projects. To some extent the projects are in line with the dual objectives of the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Knowing the immaturity of CDM market and the dynamics of the negotiations in the Conferences of Parties (COPs) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), it is timely to explore strategic and long-term approaches. This paper attempts to synthesize the lessons learned from Mexico, Colombia, Costa Rica, Philippines, Indonesia, and Timor Leste presented and discussed in the workshop to mark the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol. Most of the projects do not necessarily comply with the strict rules of CDM partly due to the fact that the current agreement only allows afforestation and reforestation activities. Conservation of carbon storage (e.g. in peatlands) is not eligible for funding under the existing rules. Strategic approaches, such as inclusion of deforestation avoidance in the next round of negotiations and subsequent commitment period, were critically reviewed. A number of loopholes that require scientifically sound justification were identified. In addition, issues related to methodologies to determine the baseline, monitor additionality, leakage and permanence remain challenging. It is generally demonstrated that local participation is very strong in all of the projects examined. It was learned that large-scale plantation projects offer few benefits for the community, whereas small-scale projects that allow the community to participate offer the possibility to earn carbon credits as well as socio-economic and cultural benefits. However, many of these projects are so small in size that they generate high transaction costs. Otherwise the projects could demonstrate financial additionality from the point of view of the hosts. It was strongly suggested that in order to sustain livelihoods the projects have to be recognized by and linked with donor and policy communities. In addition, engagement of the private sector has to be further explored.Chapteren979-3361-73-5CIFOR Head Quarter1735Murdiyarso, D. and Herawati, H. (eds.). Carbon forestry: proceedings of Workshop on Carbon Sequestration and Sustainable Livelihoods, held in Bogor on 16-17 February 2005IDShould we include avoidance of deforestation in the international response to climate change?Schlamadinger, B.Ciccarese, L.Dutschke, M.Fearnside, P.M.Brown, S.Murdiyarso, DCIFORBogor, Indonesia2005carbon sequestrationKyoto Protocolprojectslivelihoodsland useclean development mechanismassessmentclimatic changedeforestationafforestationconferencesGlobal deforestation and forest degradation rates have a significant impact on the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. The Food and Agriculture Organization estimated that during the 1990s 16.1 million hectares per year were affected by deforestation, most of them in the tropics. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) calculated that, for the same period, the contribution of land use changes to GHG accumulation into the atmosphere was 1.6±0.8 Gigatonnes of carbon per year, a quantity that corresponds to 25% of the total annual global emissions of greenhouse gases. Under the Kyoto Protoco (KP), industrialized countries can use land-based activities, such as reducing deforestation, establishing new forests (afforestation and reforestation) and other vegetation types, managing agricultural and forestlands in a way that the “carbon sink” is maximized. Annex I countries may also claim credit for carbon sequestration in developing countries by afforestation and reforestation (AR) through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), one of the Kyoto Mechanisms that allow countries to achieve reductions where it is economically efficient to do so. For the period 2008-12, forestry activities under the CDM have been restricted to afforestation and reforestation on areas that were not forested in 1990. In contrast, activities aimed at reversing or slowing deforestation in developing countries are excluded for the first commitment period of the KP (2008-2012). Recently, a new proposal to include deforestation avoidance in tropical countries, labelled “compensated reduction,” has been presented by researchers from Brazil. This paper discusses the pros and cons of the approach, and provides an assessment of the approach with respect to leakage, non-permanence, forest degradation, uncertainties of baseline estimates, incentives to improve land use, and scale of credits. The paper also presents some suggested refinements and addresses monitoring needs. According to the community, climate change is not a special phenomenon and they are not aware of it. Climate change is therefore explained by linking it to their environment, such as fish that are becoming more rare, the fact that they have further to go to get timber, changes in agriculture crop planting season, and similar things. The constraints arise perhaps because community education levels are quite low, the project has different interests than some community groups (such as the illegal loggers) and the project timeframe is too short. Some of the challenges that need to be addressed in order to achieve effective project implementation include: the need to have a multistakeholders collaboration; development should be integrated and sustainable; and field staff need to have a permanent commitment to the community regardless of the project period.Chapteren979-3361-73-5CIFOR Head Quarter1736Murdiyarso, D. and Herawati, H. (eds.). Carbon forestry: who will benefit? proceedings of Workshop on Carbon Sequestration and Sustainable Livelihoods, held in Bogor on 16-17 February 2005IDPulpwood plantations as carbon sinks in Indonesia: methodological challenge and impact on livelihoodsPirard, RCIFORBogor, Indonesia2005carbonKyoto Protocolclean development mechanismprojectsmethodologycostsforest plantationspulp and paper industrycarbon sequestrationThe Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was created under the Kyoto Protocol, in order to help industrialized countries achieve their Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction targets at a lower cost. A second objective of the CDM is to help developing countries achieve sustainable development. To become eligible these projects have to demonstrate their additionality, and have a positive impact on local communities’ livelihoods. But the methodologies that have been proposed seem unsatisfactory, and the social impacts are often debated. This paper provides new insights on these methodologies, their weaknesses and potential improvements, and explores the social impacts of an afforestation/reforestation CDM activity with a high carbon sequestration potential. We studied a large-scale pulpwood plantation in Indonesia, which is perceived as a way to sequestrate great quantities of carbon in a short time, and as an alternative to natural forest supplies for the domestic pulp industry. We collected complete data on the establishment and production costs, and the carbon sequestration potential. We also took advantage of our ongoing research on the Indonesian Pulp & Paper (P&P) sector to interpret these results, and evaluate the relevance of widely used and proposed methodologies for additionality assessment. Finally, research on site allowed us to obtain data on the plantation’s impact on the people living nearby. According to our research, fast-growing tree plantations face production costs far higher than revenues gained from the sale of carbon credits, even with a relatively important carbon sequestration. But calculations made according to usual methodologies can be misleading. We show that context analysis is more relevant, and that profitability calculations lead to wrong conclusions. From a social point of view, pulpwood plantation projects could increase livelihoods in the short term, but this depends very much on the opportunities for locals to combine employment in the plantation with land uses generating higher incomes per hectare.Chapteren979-3361-73-5CIFOR Head Quarter1737Murdiyarso, D. and Herawati, H. (eds.). Carbon forestry: who will benefit? proceedings of Workshop on Carbon Sequestration and Sustainable Livelihoods, held in Bogor on 16-17 February 2005IDForest law enforcement and rural livelihoodsKaimowitz, DEarthscanLondon, UK2005forestry lawillicit loggingrural communitiesinternational agreementsinternational cooperationReprinted from International Forestry Review 5(3), 2003: 199-210.International concern about illegal forestry activities has grown markedly. Asian, African, and European governments have held high-level regional conferences on Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG). Indonesia has signed path-breaking Memoranda of Understanding on illegal logging with the United Kingdom, China, and Norway. The Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Forum on Forests, the International Tropical Timber Organisation, and the G8 have all issued forceful statements, and incorporated the issue in their work plans. The European Commission has committed itself to formulating a European FLEG Action Plan. Japan and Indonesia have initiated an Asian Forest Partnership, with a major focus on illegal logging. Global Witness, the Environmental Investigation Agency, Transparency International, Greenpeace, Global Forest Watch, and Friends of the Earth have raised public awareness about the problem.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AKaimowitz0301.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1822Jeffrey A. Sayer (ed.) The Earthscan reader in forestry & developmentIDPoverty alleviation and tropical forests: what scope for synergies?Wunder, SEarthscanLondon, UK2005povertytropical forestscausesforestryconservationenvironmentReprinted from World Development 29(11), 2001: 1817-1833.This paper explores the "state of the art" of the two-way causal links between poverty alleviation and natural tropical forests. Microimpacts of rising poverty can increase or slow forest loss. At the macrolevel, poverty also has an ambiguous effect, but it is probable that higher income stimulates forest loss by raising demand for agricultural land. The second question is what potential forest-led development has to alleviate a country's poverty, in terms of producer benefits, consumer benefits and economy-wide employment. Natural forests widely serve as "safety nets" for the rural poor, but it proves difficult to raise producer benefits significantly. Urban consumer benefits from forest, an important target for pro-poor agricultural innovation, are limited and seldom favor the poor. Absorption of (poor) unskilled labor is low in forestry, which tends to be capital-intensive. Natural forets may thus lack comparative advantage for poverty alleviation. There are few "win-win" synergies between natural forests and national poverty reduction, which may help to explain why the loss of tropical forests is ongoing. This may have important implications for our understanding of "sustainable forest development" and for the design of both conservation and poverty-alleviation strategies.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1821Jeffrey A. Sayer (ed.) The Earthscan reader in forestry and developmentIDEcology for tropical forest managementSheil, D.van Heist, MEarthscanLondon, UK2005biodiversitynature conservationlandscape ecologysilviculturelogging effectsimprovement fellingseducationReprinted from International Forestry Review 2: 261-270.There is a considerable body of ecological information relevant to the management of tropical forests, but in practice, little of this is used. It is demonstrated how ecology helps to understand forests and forest change and argued that there is an urgent need for a wider appreciation and utilisation of current knowledge. Forest managers must take a holistic, long-term landscape-level view, and how change in itself is inevitable. Familiar concerns relating to silviculture and canopy disturbance are considered and then, the neglected biology of tree pollination and seed dispersal and the risks associated with animal loss. Increasing threats from fire, exotic species and habitat fragmentation are identified. Finally, the difficult balance between timber production and conservation related values is discussed. The ecological overview, with its mixture of common sense and more subtle insights, may be translated into beneficial actions. Considerable progress is attainable, but requires collaboration between ecologists and forest managers. Initiatives that seek to reform forest practices in the tropics require a sound ecological basis to better address the many challenges facing modern forestry in these regions - such a basis is, in large part, already available for wider use. Illustrations are given as to how management may be improved. Fundamental to these is the recognition that ecological knowledge is crucial to forestry but currently too often ignored, and that considerable and rapid progress is possible if ecologists, foresters and others can find ways to work together and address this directly.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1824Jeffrey A. Sayer The Earthscan reader in forestry & developmentIDA strategic approach to multistakeholder negotiationsEdmunds, D.Wollenberg, EEarthscanLondon, UK2005resource managementnatural resourcesforest managementnegotiationstheorycommunity actiondisadvantagedpolicyReprinted from Development and Change 32, 2001: 231-253.Environment and development practitioners increasingly are interested in identifying methods, institutional arrangements and policy environments that promote negotiations among natural resource stakeholders leading to collective action and, it is hoped, sustainable resource management. Yet the implications of negotiations for disadvantaged groups of people are seldom critically examined. We draw attention to such implications by examining different theoretical foundations for multistakeholder negotiations and linking these to practical problems for disadvantaged groups. We argue that negotiations based on an unhealthy combination of communicate rationality and liberal pluralism, which underplays or seeks to neutralize differences among stakeholders, poses considerable risks for disadvantages groups. We suggest that negotiations influenced by radical pluralist and feminist post-structuralist thought, which emphasize strategic behaviour and selective alliance-building, promise better outcomes for disadvantaged groups in most cases, particularly on the scale and in the historical contexts in which negotiations over forest management usually take place.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1825Jeffrey A. Sayer (ed.) The Earthscan reader in forestry & developmentID