Priorities for international forest researchSayer, J.A.Byron, R.N.Dykstra, D.P.Vanclay, J.KWorld Forestry Congress Organizing CommitteeAntalya, Turkey1997conferencesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1886World Forestry Congress (11th: 1997: Antalya, Turkey) Proceedings of the XI World Forestry Congress, 13-22 October 1997, Antalya, Turkey: v.5 (F-G) - Social dimensions of forestry's contribution to sustainable development; Policies, institutions and means for sustainable forestry developmentTHCriteria and indicators for sustainable forest management: a global overviewPrabhu, R1999forest managementcriteriaforest managementindicatorsconferencesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter1446Prasad, R., Raghavan, S., Phukan, B.R. and Joshi, B.(eds.) Proceedings of The National Technical Workshop (under Bhopal-India Process of SFM) on Evolving Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management in Bhopal, India, 21-23 January,1999THMechanism to identify, define and prioritize interdisciplinary forest research themes at national, regional and global levelsGlück PByron, R.NFederal Ministry of Agriculture and ForestryVienna, Austria1998forest policyinternational agreementsresearchdecision makinginformation needsconferencesThis paper describes how to sets of factors-the economic characteristics of the benefits of research, and the policy network of diverse actors and their interests-determine not only the priorities for (interdisciplinary) forest research themes but also the choice of mechanisms for the decision-making process itself. The paper extends the literature in organisation theory and political science, to propose a theoretical framework to guide the identification, definition, and prioritisation of interdisciplinary forest research themes at the global level. Such a framework seems necessary if proposals before the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests for supporting and coordinating international forestry research, are to succeed. The paper leads to the conclusion that international deliberations on forests would benefit substantially from a new kind of formal arrangement for providing scientific input. For example, a scientific advisory body could help to bridge the gap between the information needs of negotiators and policy makers and the scientific and research communityChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter547Proceedings of International Consultation on Research and Information Systems in Forestry: an Austrian and Indonesian initiative in support of the programme of work of the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests, September 11-17, 1998, Gmunden, AustriaTHForest science research needs and priorities for sustainable forest managementByron, R.N.Sayer, J.AThe Crawford FundVictoria, Australia1999changeforest managementforestryforestsresearchsustainabilityresearch supportconferencesThe world is moving towards knowledge-based societies. Economies are globalising. The global public goods value of forests is being recognised at the same time that traditional role of state forest agencies in production forestry is declining, in part being taken over by multi-national corporations. At the same time emerging technologies are greatly enhancing our ability to assess and monitor forest attributes, to process and disseminate information and to enhance forest production. All of these changes will have an impact on how forest research is organised, what is done, who does it and who pays for it. It seems inevitable that much traditional forestry research concerned with sustainability and productivity enhancement at the stand-level will be taken over by private sector. However, there is going to be a major challenge in finding resources for research in support of the public goods values of forests at local, national and global levels. There is a widely-held view that we are in the midst of a world forest crisis. It s not a crisis of declining production but one of erosion of the 'public goods' or environmental values of forests. So far, we have not seen a concerted scientific response to the crisis, although the Inter-Governmental Panel on Forests (IPF) is seeking a new vision of forest science for the 21st century.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter589Brown, A.G. (ed.) Sustainable forest management: proceedings of the Hermon Slade Workshop on Sustainable Forest Management, Melbourne, 30 November - 4 December 1998THAprovechamiento sostenido de caoba (Swietenia Macrophylla King) de las selvas de la peninsula de Yucatan Mexico: pasado, presente y futuroSnook, L.K1999ChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter1237Primack, R.B., Bray, D.B., Galletti, H.A., Ponciano, I. (eds.) La selva maya conservacion y desarrolloTHCIMAT: a knowledge-based system for developing criteria & indicators for sustainable forest managementHaggith, M.Prabhu, R.Purnomo, H.Rizal, A.Taylor, J.Yasmi, Y.Sukadri, D1999CIFORcriteriaforest managementindicatorsinformation technologyknowledgemanagementThe Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) has carried out research to develop Criteria and Indicators for sustainable forest management (C&I) in eight countries since 1994. In the CIFOR framework C&I are organised hierarchically as principles, criteria, indicators, and verifiers. Based on an analysis and synthesis of the C&I research a set of C&I has been identified that can form the starting point for developing localised sets of criteria and indicators. This set is called the "Generic Template". A Knowledge based system called CIMAT (Criteria and Indicators Modification and Adapation Tool) has now been developed to support the process of developing locally adapted C&I using the Generic Template are represented as items that can be modified by the user. The modification can only take place when users explain their reason for the change. All the reasons in the system can be made dependent upon one to another, they can be revised during modification, and they can be counter-argued by other users. The need to represent and maintain these reasons and their interdependencies is resolved through the use of a reason maintenance system (RMS). Another meta-level component of CIMAT is its ability to compare and analyze multiple knowledge bases.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter621U. Cortes, M. Sanchez-Marre Environmental decision support systems and artificial intelligence : papers from the AAAI workshopTHThe impact of disturbance on tree reproductive ecology, and some implications for regeneration and conservationGazoul J.Hutacharern C.Liston K.Boyle, T.J.B1997biodiversitydeciduous forestsDipterocarpaceaepollinationResearch on the impact of disturbance on pollination and seed predation processes in the deciduous dipterocarp forests (DDF) of Thailand had produced interesting results that relate to the conservation of deciduous forests in general, and Huay Kha Khaneg Wildlife Santuary (a World Heritage Site) in particular. The DDF's of mainland SE Asia, which have suffered various degrees of disturbance in recent decades, represent an important habitat that supports a wide range of plants and animals. Our objective is to investigate the impact of past and continuing anthropogenic disturbance on the reproductive ecology of the dominant tree species, thereby assessing the resilience of the forest community as a whole. Shorea siamensis, a widespread canopy tree, was studied at three locations of differing disturbance intensity in HKK. Disturbance pressures are primarily logging and fire. The flowers of S. siamensis are self-incompatible and pollinated by small bees. Stigma pollen load, indicative of pollinator activity, and pollen tube growth, reflecting pollen compatibility, were reduced in disturbed low density areas. Fruit set at all sites was low relative to flower number, but particularly so at the disturbed site. Damage by insects, mammals and fungi to developing fruit was evident, but did not significantly alter the pattern of viable fruit production across sites. Resources and pollen are generally considered to limit fruit set. Soil nutrient across sites at HKK were similar, and artificial cross-pollination resulted in a four-fold increase of fruit production, making resource limitation of fruit set unlikely. Initially it appears that pollen does not limit fruit set either, as most flowers at all sites receive pollen, but due to the self-incompatibility mechanism, viability of pollen is not assured. We conclude that trees in the disturbed site have reduced pollination success due to disrupted flow of compatible pollen caused by localized foraging behaviour of the small bee pollinators and exessive tree to nearest neighbour distances. Our results indicate that trees at low density receive fewer compatible pollen, thereby limiting fruit set and, potentially, population recovery. Thus S. siamensis may be subject to the Allele effect (Burgman et al. 1992), where population viability is reduced disproportionately with a decline in size (Kunin 1993; Lamont et al. 1993). Reduction of tree density beyond a critical threshold might have a run-away effect leading to local extinction, with obvious implications for biodiversity and land use.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter607B. Thaiutsa [et al.] (eds.) Tropical forestry in the 21st century: ethnobiologyTH3STREK project objectives and methodologyBertault, J-G.Sist, P.Nguyen-The, N1998methodologyprojectsOne of the objectives of the STREK project was to propose silvicultural methods able to increase forest production, especially in logged-over areas, The area RKL 1 which was logged 15 years ago was the most suitable zone to implement those trials. This study aims to describe the silvicultural treatments undertaken in RKL 1. Two different treatments were applied in addition to the control: the first treatment was a liberation thinning carried out systematically in the plot with a removal of 30% of the basal area involving the non-commercial species with dbh = 20 cm. The second silvicultural treatment was a two-fold intervention: (i) a liberation thinning focused around selected potential crop trees (PCT) characterised by an extraction of non-commercial species with dbh = 20 cm located within a circle of a constant 10 m diameter centred on the PCT; and (ii) an extraction of the same non-commercial species group with dbh = 40 cm outside the 10 m circles. The efficiency of the arboricide on the trees three years after treatment is given.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter364Bertault, J.G., Kadir, K., (eds) Silvicultural research in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan, the contribution of STREK projectTHPhenology of some dipterocarpsNguyen-The, N.Sist, P1998Dipterocarpaceaephenologyseasonalityspecies diversitymaturiyPhenological observations have been carried out on all the dipterocarps (except the genera Vatica and Hopea) recorded on 20 ha of mixed lowland dipterocarp forest in the Berau district (Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia). More particularly, a fruiting peak was observed at the end of January 1995. Although fruiting trees were observed in all diameter classes from 10 cm dbh, it turned out that the proportion of fertile trees was maximum and stable only above 50 cm dbh, which could be considered as a limit of maturity for dipterocarps. Considering only the trees above 50 cm dbh, the proportion of fruiting individuals was 66%, which is defined as a "mast fruiting" in the literature. Nevertheles, this fertility varied between genera. The genus Dipterocarpus participated at 82.3% while the genus Shorea participated at 54.5%. Within one genus, differences between species were also observedChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter365Bertault, J.G, Kadir, K., (eds) Silvicultural research in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan, the contribution of STREK projectTHResource management domains in forestry researchBooth, T.H.Turnbull, J.W1998expert systemsforest plantationsresearchresource managementcomputer softwareapplicationTo manage tree plantations or natural forests effectively requires close attention to interactive aspects of environmental, economic social and management factors. Extrapolation of results is crucial to the adoption of research findings and it is important to estimate the extent to which results from specific research sites can be applied to other areas. Resource management domains (RMDs), defined as relatively homogenous tracts of land with inherent suitability for specific uses, can assist in these and other tasks. This paper reviews the use of both intuitive and computerised analyses to define RMDs. Computerised analyses have increased the speed and ease with which alternative options can be examined and evaluated. Climatic mapping programs such as WORLD can be used to assist in the selection of tree species for growing in plantations and GROWEST to provide better agro-ecological patterns using more realistic conditions experienced by plants. A major limitation to the development of environmental domains has been the difficulty in incorporating soils data at the high resolutions often required for GIS analysis. The DOMAIN package that is linked to a GIS and a digital elevation model is well suited to applications where the site locations or environmental data are limited. It is not sensitive to highly covariate data such as climatic data and is potentially a useful tool for determining RMDs. The land system mapping by CSIRO in Australia is an example of intuitive integration of environmental and biological variables into easily defined land units. Other intuitive analyses in Brazil, Canada, South Africa and by FAO are described. The paper concludes that the concept of RMDs and their application to forestry and forestry research is well established but to maximise their value they need to be highly flexible and tailor-made for specific applications.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter539Syers, J.K., Bouma, J. (eds.) International Workshop on Resource Management Domains: proceedings of the Conference on Resource Management Domains, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26-29 August 1996THThe Australian environmentBrown, A.G.Turnbull, J.W.Booth, T.H1997environmenttreesThe volume is designed to provide a reference text for all those concerned with selecting and growing trees and shrubs in rural areas of developing countries and in the more tropical parts of Australia. The purpose of this first chapter is to provide an introduction to the main features of the Australian environment within which the trees and shrubs described in the book have evolved. Emphasis is on those factors of the environment for which data are likely to be available in field situations in other countries where Australian trees and shrubs might be used, so facilitating the initial selection of species through the use of homoclimes. Such information has much more predictive value than observed natural occurrence, which can be limited by various factors such as fire and competition, which in turn may change, and gives no indication of adaptability or plasticity of potentially useful species. As moisture availability and temperature are very important influences on the survival and growth of plants, this chapter concentrates on these factors.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter172Doran, J. C. and Turnbull , J.W. (eds.) Australian trees and shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm planting in the tropicsAUForests: maintaining the balanceSayer, J.A2000conferencesforest managementforestsmanrelationshipsmultiple usecopy availableForests are a vital and productive resource able to contribute sustainably to the quality of human life in multiple ways. Human history is intimately linked with forests and virtually all of the world's forests have been modified or managed by human societies since time immemorial. Until recently the impact of much human intervention has been to enhance or maintain forest values to people. Some 400 million people in the developing world still depend on these traditional forms of forest management. Forests are now threatened by our more inter-connected and resource hungry world. Forests contribute at least 3% - 6% of GDP in most countries, the contribution often being higher in poor countries with limited economic opportunities. In many places, however, these benefits are being captured in perverse ways by corrupt elites or squandered by unsustainable exploitation. Concern at this inequity and irretrievable loss of biological resources has provoked an environmental backlash manifested in calls to put forests off-limits. The debate on forests has become polarised between those who advocate full-blooded commercial profit maximisation and those who want to lock-up the remaining forests in museums. The way forward requires that people abandon these extreme positions. It must be recognised that people will conserve forests when it is worth their while to do so. The objective of forestry must be to achieve balance between the multiple products and services provided by forests and not to focus exclusively on narrow interests, whether short-term profit or permanent preservation. Management must not be determined either by urban lobbying groups or sawmill operators. Forest uses must balance the legitimate requirements of the full range of local and distant interested parties. Conservation agendas must be pragmatic and set by people who are in touch with the realities of both nature and society.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter616Cadman, H. ed. The food and environment tightrope: proceedings of a seminar conducted by the Crawford Fund for International Agricultural Research, Parliament House, Canberra, 24 November 1999AUForest protected areas: time is running outSayer, J.A2000protected areasprotection of forestsmanagementmultiple useecosystemsplanningCopy availableExtensive areas of forest in the tropics have been legally classified as protected areas: however, in many cases it has been difficult to achieve their conservation. This paper argues that the priority for forest conservation should not be maximising the area totally protected but rather to focus on improved management effectiveness. The keys to improved management will be greater clarity in defining objectives and a greater commitment to finding locally appropriate conservation approaches. This in return will suggest that a portfolio of different approaches to forest protection will have a higher chance of success than maximising the area allocated to arbitrary international frameworks. Practical realities will dictate that the portfolio will include a range of options from elite sites given exemplary protection to well-managed multiple-use areas where protection and use are balanced. It is argued that in tropical countries with large populations of poor people multiple-use areas will have an especially valuable role to play. An &lsquo;ecosystem approach&rsquo; to the management of these areas is proposed and practical ways to develop this approach are suggested. An ecosystem approach will require that conservation agencies move away from &lsquo;command and control&rsquo; management and adopt output-based systems on effective collaboration between all stakeholdersChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter702Rana, D.S., Edelman, L. (eds.) The design and management of forest protected areas. Papers presented at the Beyond the Trees Conference 8-11 May 2000, Bangkok, ThailandAUEmpowering communities to manage natural resources: where does the new power lie?: a case study of Duru-Haitemba, Babati, TanzaniaKajembe, G.C.Monela, G.C2000empowermentcommunitieslocal peopleinstitutionsnatural resourcesrelationshipsTanzaniaresource managementRecent approaches to community-based natural resource management appear as diverse as their varied implementing agencies and natural resource settings; yet they rest on a set of common assumptions about community, natural resources and the relationship between them. This paper focuses on power relations between local actors and how these set the framework for resource management in Duru-Haitemba. As one of the few remaining tracts of Miombo woodlands, the Duru-Haitemba had been targeted for gazzettment. However the exercise faced &lsquo;local discontent&rsquo;, originating in the &lsquo;generalized narrative&rsquo;. Before colonial powers the community lived in balanced harmony with nature, which when disrupted led to disequilibrium and hence degradation. A range of factors may account for this, including: technological change; breakdown of traditional authority; social change; urban aspirations and intrusion of inappropriate state policies. The community and environment should be brought back into harmony. This requires either the discovery and rebuilding of traditional collective resource management institutions or their replacement by new ones. At the local level the elites and the traditionalists compete for power: The primary concern of traditionalists is &lsquo;ritual&rsquo;. Elites tend to hijack community-based processes and forcefully occupy the political space opened by decentralisation. Besides power struggles at the micro level, another challenge is the government leadership at the macro level. Government officials usually have very mixed feelings about community actions but increasingly are realising that community action can be substituted for the expensive exercise of putting government officials in the field. The paper points out that community-based natural resource management is a plausible way to reduce public costs of managing resources. However, the power struggle between local communities, field agents and supervisors remains. This &lsquo;triangle&rsquo; of relationships constitutes the social arena marking out the actual &lsquo;locale&rsquo; of community based natural resource management in Duru-Haitemba.Chapteren0-7974-2113-0CIFOR Head Quarter791Shackleton, S., Campbell, B.M. (eds.) Empowering communities to manage natural resources: case studies from Southern AfricaAUExploring changing rural livelihoods, and woodland use and management in the communal areas of ZimbabweCampbell, B.M.Mukamuri, B.B.Kowero, G.S2000changecrop productionliving conditionspopulation growthstructural adjustmentwoodlandscommunesThis paper explores changes in rural livelihoods in some communal areas of Zimbabwe from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, and attempts to identify the determinants of change. There were notable increases in: use of informal credit as a main income source; growing certain cash crops; gardening as a main income source; and sales of livestock, crafts, firewood and wild fruits. Decreases were noted in cropping area and percentage of households having fallow land, and there was probably a decrease in the level of remittances. Local people perceived deterioration in the quality of natural resources. Most of the changes were already evident in 1985/86. A few only became evident in the 1990s, a period of economic reforms and severe drought. The study relates the changes of the past decade to: (1) general decline in the economy and the introduction of economic reforms; (2) trends towards modernisation and commercialisation; (3) population increase within the communal areas; and (4) drought. These drivers of change need further investigation. In general, there are no changes in woodland quality that can be exclusively ascribed to recent economic reforms. Rather, loss of woodland resources can be largely attributed to increasing populations in the communal areas and to commercialisation trends.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter697A.B. Temu, G. Lund, R.E. Malimbwi, G.S. Kowero, K. Kleinn, Y. Malende, I. Kone Off-forest tree resource of Africa: proceedings of a workshop, Arusha, Tanzania, 12-16 July 1999ZWReduced impact logging research in Malinau concession, Bulungan, East KalimantanDwiprabowo, HPacific Islands Forests and Trees Support Programme (RAS/97/330)Suva, Fiji2000loggingimpactforest managementassessmentresearch projectssocioeconomicsbiodiversityforest policysustainabilityThe project aims to achieve long-term sustainable forest management integrating social and silvicultural aspects through the achievement of the following objectives: (1) the assessment of the effect of Reduced Impact Logging on biodiversity, conservation, ecology and socio economics and (2) the assessment of rural development trends and future policy options including the effects of macro level development activities on people dependent on the forest. The research and development activities will be used to improve forest management systems and achieve sustainability. This project is therefore an important contribution to the achievement of the ITTO Year 2000 objective to bring the forest estate under sustainable forest management. The project is projected to be implemented for a 3-year period, which is regarded as a first phase. CIFOR and the government of Indonesia expect to maintain research and development activities at the site for a much longer period (10-20 years).ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter849ed. by Sairusi Bulai, Tang Hon Tat, Kanawi Pouru, Bernadette Masianini Proceedings of Regional Consultation on Implementation of Code of Logging Practice and Directions for the Future, 12-16 July, 1999, Port Vila, VanuatuZWNew arrangements for forest science to meet the needs of sustainable forest managementByron, R.N.Turnbull, J.WFORSPABangkok, Thailand1998sustainabilityforest managementThis paper reviews the type of research which sustainable forest management (SFM) will need, and asks which institutions are best equipped and most likely to provide it, especially integrative policy, social and environmental research ?. There appears to be a contradiction: just when it is being recognised that there is an expanding need for more, better and better-integrated socio-economic and public policy research in support of SFM, many of the institutions which might have done that are being dismantled. We make a distinction between new SFM research and the "old style" production-oriented forestry research-output-enhancing or cost-reducing technological innovations which can (and perhaps should) be privatised and which has many attributes similar to long-term commercial consultancy. How many goverments or companies are willing to fund public policy research, environmental protection research; research which will challenge and question their economic, environmental and institutional policies?. How can a constituency for the type of "public interest' research inherent in SFM, be fostered?. How suitable is the process of tendering and competitive bids, for such kinds of public goods research ?ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter188Enters,T., Nair, C.T.S. and Kaosa-ard, A. (eds) Emerging institutional arrangements for forestry researchZWCIFOR&rsquo;s experience with research partnership: responding to the new research challengesTurnbull, J.W.Byron, R.NFORSPABangkok, Thailand1998CIFORresearchpartnershipsThe Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) has adopted an interdisciplinary, complex-systems approach to address both scientific and capacity-building challenges in forestry. Its strategic research agenda on tropical forests is implemented primarily through collaborative partnerships. The differences between 'collaboration, 'cooperation' and coordination' is stressed with the latter generally describing lower levels of interactions between scientists and are often the precursors of collaboration. The nature and duration of the research partnerships reflect the specific research problems being addressed but include scientists from government forestry agencies, universities, non-government organisations and the private sector in both developed and developing countries. The benefits and inhibitors of collaborative research arrangements compared with competitive forestry research are discussed. CIFOR's partnership arrangements are categorised according to the degree of involvement of the CIFOR scientists and the extent of financial contributions made to partners. Examples of each of the four partnership models are given. The capacity building aspects off CIFOR's collaborative partnerships are discussed, particularly the 'learning by doing', which is the main vehicle by which training is conducted.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter189Enters,T.,Nair, C.T.S. and Kaosa-ard, A. Emerging institutional arrangements for forestry researchZWTropical acacias planted in Asia: an overviewTurnbull, J.W.Midgley, S. J.Cossalter, C1998AcaciasplantingtropicsAustralian acaias are planted in over 70 countries and cover about 2 million ha. This area is dominated by Acacia mearnsii, A saligna and A. mangium. In the past five years there has been a massive increase in the area of A. mangium plantations in Indonesia for pulpwood, and modest increases in China, India, Malaysia and Vietnam. The area now totals 600 000 ha. Recent development of plantations of tropical acacias is related to the profitability of growing acacia plantations due to the decreasing availability and higher costs of wood from natural forests, the opportunity to increase productivity of degraded sites, and the suitability of fast-grown wood for paper and reconstituted boards. Furthermore, research in genetics and breeding has identified superior provenances, developed seed orchards, and cloned fast growing hybrids. Molecular biology techniques have enabled rapid characterisation of genotypes and the detection of genetic variation. Nutrition research has demonstrated the value of phosphorus fertilisation on most sites and the benefits of inoculation with selected rhizobia and mycorrhizas. Surveys have identified potentially damaging pathogens and insects. All these have contributed greatly to reducing costs and increasing the potential returns from acacia plantations. There is an increased market acceptance of tropical acacia wood but research on wood properties and development of new products is a priority. As the large area of first-rotation plantations is harvested there is an increasing priority to develop management options to ensure minimal decline in site productivity and plantation yield in successive rotations.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter408Turnbull, J. W., Crompton, H. R. and Pinyopusarerk, K. (eds.) Recent developments in acacia planting: proceedings of an international workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam, 27 - 30 October 1997ZWDevelopment of criteria and indicators for sustainable management of tropical plantation forestsHopmans, P.Prabhu, R.Brand, D.Nambiar, E.K.S.Cossalter, C1998criteriaforest plantationsindicatorssustainabilityThis paper examines the need to develop criteria and indicators (C&I) to assess the sustainability of tropical timber plantations. It does this in the light of expectations that such plantations are going to play an increasing role in meeting the demand for forest products, environmental services and social benefits. There is a need for sustainable management of these plantations in accordance with clearly defined objectives and values. It outlines a framework for sustainability in tropical forest plantations, the key issues involved in the development of appropriate C&I and concludes by sketching a role for CIFOR and its collaborators in developing such C&I.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter411Chinese Academy of Forestry (ed.) Forestry towards the 21st century: forestry science and technology under the global strategy of sustainable development. Proceedings of the workshop for the 40th anniversary of Chinese Academy of Forestry. Beijing, P.R. China, October 26 - 31, 1998ZWThe role of non-timber forest products in conservation and developmentArnold, J.E.M.Ruiz Perez, M1998non-timber forest productsforest conservationdevelopmentThis paper discusses the assumptions underlying non-timber forest product (NTFP)-based approaches. The authors examine conservation dimensions, highlighting the differences in perceptions among different stakeholder groups about what should be conserved, and development issues, including the role of NTFPs in meeting cultural and subsistence, and in enabling people to deal with increasing integration into market systems. This is followed by an examination of the institutional frameworks that influence pursuit of both conservation and development objectives. It is suggested that more attention should be given to understanding the limitations on NTFP conservation and development, including the effects of market fluctuations and the tendency for many NTFPs to encounter boom-bust cycles. The evaluation of income generation options for forest dwellers should consider not only NTFPs but also other products, enterprises or employment opportunities. It concludes that there is a need to analyse NTFP initiatives on a case-by-case basis because of the variable conservation or development potential associated with non-timber forest products.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Incomes.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter479Wollenberg, E, and Ingles, A. (eds.) Incomes from the forest: methods for the development and conservation of forest products for local communitiesZWNon-timber forest products markets and potential degradation of the forest resource in Central Africa: the role of research in providing a balance between welfare improvement and forest conservationNdoye, O.Ruiz Perez, M.Eyebe, A1999non-timber forest productsmarketsforest resourcesresearchsocial welfarenature conservationBased on the outcome of the International Expert Meeting on Non-Wood Forest Products in Central Africa, held at the Limbe Botanic Garden, Cameroon, 10-15 May 1998.This paper investigates the importance of income generated from marketing selected NWFP in Central Africa., focuses on local markets in Cameroon and at the borders with the Central African Republic (CAR), equatorial Guinea and Gabon. The species considered are Irvingia spp. (bush mango nut), Cola acuminata (cola nut), Garcinia lucida (essock) and Garcinia kola (onie). The study found that the value of the NWFP marketed was US$753,000 in the first half of 1995 and US$499,000 in the same period of 1996. Of these amounts, the value of barks marketed (for both Garcinia lucida and Garcinia Cola) represented US$30,000 and US$23,500 in 1995 and 1996. The decline in the significance of NWFP marketed, as a result of lower supply, show thinnes of NWFP markets resulting from their dynamic and unpredictable nature, which changes the role of markets in assembling and distribution of NWFP from year to year. Future research should focus on determining the rate of bark harvest that would enable forest dweller to sustainably derive part of their livelihoods from Garcinia lucida and Garcinia kola while preserving these trees.Chapter25p.enCIFOR Head Quarter549Sunderland, T.C.H., Clark, L.E., Vantomme, P. (eds.) Current research issues and prospects for conservation and developmentZWCombining multicriteria decision making and geographic information system for assessing forest sustainabilityMendoza, G.A.Prabhu, R.Purnomo, H1999assessmentforestsgeographical information systemsindicatorsmodelssustainabilitycopy availableThis paper describes an integrated framework for assessing the sustainability og managed forests. The framework builds on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). Sustainability of forests is assessed in terms of Criteria and Indicators (C & I) as proporsed by a number of national and international inititatives. MCDM procedures are used to help: 1) identify appropriate C & I; 2) prioritize and select a set of C & I to be used for sustainability assessment; and 3) develop a technique that can be used to estimate a "sustainability index". GIS on the other hand, will be used for: 1) generating and displaying needed information for the C & I assessment; 2) serving as the platform for doing spatial analysis; and 3) acting as the modeling environment for the estimation of a geographically-specific "sustainability index value". The integrated GIS-MCDM approach is participative, transparent, systematic, and objective. Mixed data (i.e, qualitative and quantitative) can be accomodated. Various methodologies dealing with multiple criteria, multiple decision makers, and the hierarchical structure of C & I will be described. Formal models will be described; each model designed to address different issues in the C & I hierarchy. The integrated approach will be applied and tested using actual forests managed and operated by a timber company in Indonesia.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter721Laumonier, Y. King, B., Legg, C., Rennolls, K. (eds.) Data Management and Modelling using Remote Sensing and GIS for Tropical Forest Land InventoryZWIntroduction to species digestsDoran, J.C.Turnbull, J.W.Martensz, P.N.Thomson,L.A.J.Hall, N1997speciesenvironmentusesThe volume is designed to provide a reference text for all those concerned with selecting and growing trees and shrubs in rural areas of developing countries and in the more tropical parts of Australia. This introduction to the species&rsquo; digests which follow describes the criteria used to select species to be included in the digests. The species described are those judged by a group of experienced botanists and forests as having the potential to provide fuelwood, fodder, posts, poles, shade and shelter, ground cover, or other desirable products and influences, as well as some selected specifically for their human food value. Each of 112 major species is illustrated with a colour photograph, a distribution map showing its natural occurrence and is supplemented by detailed information on botanical features, natural occurrence, ecological conditions, utilisation, silvicultural features, pests and diseases, limitations and related species. An extensive table is provided which lists described species and summarises their more important characteristics and uses. Characteristics included are environment (climate and soil), tree habit and uses (timber and non-timber).ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter174Doran, J.C. and Turnbull, J.W. (Eds) Australian trees and shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm planting in the tropicsAUGetting the most out of your permanent plot dataVanclay, J.K1997growth modelsA catalogue of ideas for graphical analyses of growth data is presented, in the hope of stimulating the more imaginative analyses. Graphs can be particularly revealing, because the human eye is good at detecting patterns. Suggestions are given to make graphs more effective, and analyses more insightful.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter25Proceedings, IUFRO Conference on Growth Studies in Moist Tropical Forests in Africa, 11-15 November 1996, Kumasi, GhanaAUCase study: the potential of bamboo resources in mountainous ChinaRuiz Perez, M.Fu, MaoyiBelcher, B.Yang, Xiaosheng2000bambooseconomicsmountain areasnon-timber forest productscopy availableChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter720Price, M.F., Butt, N. (eds.) Forests in sustainable mountain development: a state of knowledge report for 2000CNOf teamwork, faith, and trust in West SumatraColfer, C.J.PWadsworth Publishing CompanyBelmont, California2000researchvillagesanthropologycopy availableThis chapter describes Colfer&rsquo;s experience doing fieldwork in the village of Pulai, in West Sumatra. She describes the early stages of her research when the community approached her with great suspicion, fearing that she was there to proselytize the Christian religion. She documents her persistent and initially unsuccessful efforts to gain the people&rsquo;s trust, culminating when she found herself confronted with a woman apparently dying in childbirth. Her ready offer of transportation and funding marked the end of the community&rsquo;s suspicion, and the beginning of a satisfying and enjoyable research experience.Chapteren1-57766-125-7CIFOR Head Quarter622deVita, P.R. Stumbling toward truth: anthropologists at workCNThe political economy of environmental policy reform in Latin AmericaKaimowitz, D2000environmental policyeconomicspoliticsReprint of article with the same title that appeared in: Development and Change. - vol. 27, #3 (July 1996), p. 433-452ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter695Frieden, J., Pastor, M. Jr., Tomz, M. (eds.) Modern political economy and Latin America: theory and policyCNEmpowering communities to manage natural resources: where does the power lie?: the case of MalawiKayambazinthu, D2000empowermentnatural resourcespolicylegal rightslocal governmentresource managementcommunitiestraditional societyStudy supported by CIFOREffective community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has been practiced for decades in Malawi where traditional leaders command much power over their subjects. Political and economic changes over the years have weakened the powers of the local leaders, and made it difficult for them to mobilise their people towards CBNRM. A multi sectoral approach by a number of players, aimed at capacity building combined with strong traditional leadership and appropriate legal framework would provide the necessary conditions to restore community confidence and commitment for successful CBNRM. This paper describes such a process.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter812Shackleton, S., Campbell, B.M. (eds.) Empowering communities to manage natural resources: case studies from South AfricaMWEmpowering communities in Zimbabwe - new configurations of powerCampbell, B.M.Sithole, B.Nemarundwe, N2000case studiescommunitiesempowermente-file availableMoves to empowering communities are now widespread in Zimbabwe. In this paper what happens to the locus of power during empowerment is discussed by drawing on case study material from three areas: Gokwe, Chivi, and Sengwe/Chikwarakwara. These areas differ in the types of resources that are important and the stakeholders involved. In Gokwe and Sengwe/Chikwarakwara the high value timber and wildlife resources, respectively, are dealt with by the rural district council (RDC) and the private entrepreneurs. Empowerment in these cases has meant rise in power of the RDC, and there are numerous examples of where the RDC is in conflict with local people. With lower value resources, the entrepreneurs are more likely to be community members, and any power struggles take place at the local level, highlighting the differences among rich and poor, traditional and modern local structures, etc. The cases illustrate that the concept of &lsquo;community-based&rsquo; is extraordinarily difficult to achieve.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Empowering.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter709Shackleton, S., Campbell, B.M. (eds.) Empowering communities to manage natural resources: case studies from Southern AfricaZWIncome from non-timber forest productsArnold, J.E.M.Ruiz Perez, M2000incomenon-timber forest productsusesmountain areasmountain forestscopy availableNTFPs can be of particular importance to people in forested mountain locations, because of their relative lack of access to alternative inputs and sources of income. Mountain forest uses centred on NTFPs can show a clearer link between conservation and development potentials due to the reduced opportunities to intensify use of natural resources and to a greater local awareness of environmental constraints. This places great importance on effective government policies, legislation and practices that establish and protect the use and management rights of those who rely on the related forest and tree resources, and equally underlines the need for interventions that support rather than impede the ability of mountain NTFP producers to appropriately respond to new or expanded market opportunities as they emerge.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter719Price, M.F., Butt, N. (eds.) Forests in sustainable mountain development: a state of knowledge report for 2000ZWForestry, deforestation and biodiversity in GhanaBenhin, J.K.Barbier, E.B2000agriculturebiodiversitydeforestationimpactland usemaizestructural adjustmentcocoalosses***Work supported by CIFORThis study seeks to examine the causes and consequences of forest loss and therefore biodiversity loss in Ghana. It examines the driving forces behind and evaluates policy options for addressing the problem of biodiversity loss. It also makes recommendations for an optimal strategy for the sustainable use of the forest and therefore the conservation of biodiversity. Cocoa, timber and maize are very important commodities in the economy of Ghana. The Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), introduced in 1983, aimed to increase returns from timber and cocoa. Maize production also increased as a result of high rate of population growth and the need to reduce imports to correct persistent Balance of Payments deficits. However, increases in output of major food crops over the period 1965&ndash;1995 have been attributed more to land expansion than to increases in productivity. This has implications for forest loss and biodiversity. About 20% of Ghana&rsquo;s tropical high forest area, where cocoa and maize are grown, consists of forest reserves, created to serve both protective and productive functions. These reserves hold all that is left of Ghana&rsquo;s forests, and although the area under reserve has remained fairly constant between 1965 and 1995, much has been degraded through illegal logging, bad logging practices and legal and illegal farming activities. Virtually all unreserved forest has been converted to farmlands and fallow areas. Successfully established plantations so far cover a very insignificant area and cannot meet the increasing demand for forest resources. Increasing loss of forest and tree species has implications for the variety of fauna in the forest, which in turn influences the mechanisms and rates of regeneration, reproduction and speciation in tropical forests.Chapteren1-84064-150-9CIFOR Head Quarter727Perrings, C. (ed.) The economics of biodiversity conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa: mending the arkGHThe structural adjustment programme and deforestation in GhanaBenhin, J.K.Barbier, E.B2000agricultural policydeforestationeconomicsforest policystructural adjustmenteconomic policy***Work supported by CIFORGhana&rsquo;s Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) was begun in 1983 to reverse economic decline through resource mobilisation, public sector and institutional reforms, and market liberalisation in order to promote growth. Recognising the need for agriculture to lead any sustained overall economic growth, both short and medium term policies and strategies have been implemented. The objective of the SAP was to eliminate supply-demand imbalances in the agricultural sector by providing incentives to expand production. The policies were grouped as follows: improving agricultural productivity; reducing risk and uncertainty factors associated with production and post-harvest activities; enhancing production incentives; providing the required support infrastructure. The agricultural sector still faces many constraints in production and marketing. Increases in output during the SAP period may be due more to land expansion than to productivity outputs. This has negative implications for forests and biodiversity in Ghana. Both supply and demand-side policies have been used to address deforestation. On the supply side, measures have been taken to control or regulate the supply of timber to concessionaires, and a national tree-planting programme was launched in 1984. On the demand side, the provision of credit facilities, low corporate taxes, exchange rates and foreign exchange retention help improve efficiency in processing and, with an export ban on certain species, help reduce the overuse of tree species. Attention is now being turned to forest fees.Chapteren1-84964-150-9CIFOR Head Quarter728Perrings, C. (ed.) The economics of biodiversity conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa: mending the arkGHEstimating the biodiversity effects of structural adjustment in GhanaBenhin, J.K.Barbier, E.B2000biodiversitycocoaeconomic analysiseconomicsforestsland uselossesmaizetimbers***Work supported by CIFORA dynamic model of forest land use in Ghana is developed and used to derive demand equations for optimal timber harvesting, cocoa land and maize land that are a function of the model&rsquo;s price parameters. An equation is also developed to estimate the biodiversity level in Ghana. The hypothesis that maize land expansion is a proximate cause of forest loss in either the pre or post-adjustment period is not supported by empirical results. Cocoa land expansion and timber expansion are significant factors, but their impacts on forest loss are reduced in the post-adjustment period. This infers that the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) has significantly reduced the impacts of cocoa land expansion and, less significantly, timber extraction on forest loss. In terms of price impacts on forest loss, relative timber input-output prices have the greatest impact on forest loss in both the pre and post-adjustment periods; adjustment policies have had little impact on the influence of timber prices on forest loss. The SAP, however, has affected the influence of cocoa and insecticide prices. Rising cocoa prices could induce farmers to convert forest land. Increasing the price of insecticides beyond a certain limit could also lead to increased rates of forest loss as farmers expand production by converting forest. The species-index estimates indicate that the rate of biodiversity loss has reduced in the post-adjustment period. It can be inferred that policies relating to prices and other incentives have reduced the rate of cocoa and maize land expansion and improved upon timber extraction.Chapteren1-84964-150-9CIFOR Head Quarter729Perrings, C. (ed.) The economics of biodiversity conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa: mending the arkGHManaging multiple and common-property resources, case 8: governance of common-property resourcesCampbell, B.M2000institutionsnatural resourcessocioeconomicsbook availableChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter741CGIAR Equity, well-being, and ecosystem health: participatory research for natural resource managementGHAcacia auriculiformisTurnbull, J.W.Awang, K1997Acacia auriculiformisDetails of uses, botany, ecology, silviculture, genetic resources, breeding, prospects and literature for Acacia auriculiformis.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter177Faridah-Hanum Ibrahim Auxiliary plants in agriculture and forestryGHThe markets for non-timber forest products in the humid forest zone of CameroonNdoye, O.Ruiz Perez, M.Eyebe, A1998forestsincomemarketsnon-timber forest productsrural communitieshumid zonesDacryodes edulisIrvingiaMany rural dwellers in tropical regions depend on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for their livelihood and their income needs. Local markets play an important role in enabling forest-dependent households to realize a significant part of their cash income through sale of NTFP's. Increase urbanization (as a result of rural to urban migration) is a significant factor that expands the size of local NTFP markets. This paper focuses on local markets and on market intermediaries who facilitate the coordination (or the matching) of supply and demand of NTFPs by providing market outlets to farmers and guaranteeing a source of domestic supply of NTFPs for consumers. It presents the results of a study which analysed the four main NTFPs sold in the humid forst zone of Cameroon.(Dacryodes edulis, Irvingia spp., Cola acuminata and Ricinodendra heudelotii). The study found that the quantity of NTFPs marketed is significant, amounting to at least US$1.75 million in the first half of 1995. More than 1,100 traders, mainly women, are engaged in the distribution of NTFPs. Furthermore, the marketing margins obtained by traders vary between 16% (for Dacryodes edulis) and 30% (for Irvingia spp.). of the value of slaes. Thus the study confirms the role of NTFPs as a source of employment and income not only for gatherers but also for traders, and suggests the need and potential for developing these markets.Chapter20p.enCIFOR Head Quarter309CMAcacia mangium plantations in PT Musi Hutan Persada, South Sumatera, IndonesiaSiregar, S.T.H.Hardiyanto, E.B.Gales, KCIFORBogor, Indonesia1999Acacia mangiumforest plantationspulpsrotationssoil fertilityforest products industriesconferencesPT Musi Hutan Persada, a forestry company growing wood for pulp in South Sumatra manages about 200 000 ha of forest plantations, 90% of which consists of Acacia mangium. Most of the plantations are in an area with high rainfall and on red-yellow podzolic soil with inherently poor fertility and low pH. Inter-rotation site productivity and management have been identified by the company as one of the crucial issues for sustaining the long-term productivity of its plantations. This paper describes the study plan for inter-rotation site productivity and management of A. mangium plantations in PT Musi Hutan Persada. The experiment tests the on-site effect of different treatments of organic matter or aboveground biomass management. Information from earlier work indicates that most A. mangium biomass and three major nutrients (N, P and K) is in the wood, and harvesting will remove around 200 kg N, 45 kg P and 240 kg K per hectare. Litter production of an 8-year old stand was about 13 t ha &ndash;1 and about 70% of its mass will be lost in one year.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/StMgnt.pdfChapteren979-8764-33-1CIFOR Head Quarter773Nambiar, E.K.S., Cossalter, C. and Tiarks, A. (eds.) Site management and productivity in tropical plantation forests: workshop proceedings 16-20 February 1998, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.IDMethods for assessing the conservation and development of forest products: what we know and what we have yet to learnWollenberg, E1998assessmentconservationdevelopmentforest productshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Incomes.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter478Wollenberg, E, and Ingles, A. (eds.) Incomes from the forest: methods for the development and conservation of forest products for local communitiesIDTurning ideas into action: planning for non-timber forest product development and conservationde Jong, W.Utama, R1998non-timber forest productsplanningnature conservationEffective planning for non-timber forest product (NTFP) development and conservation will ensure the most effective use of scarce resources and maximise the likelihood that the objective will be obtained. NTFP development and conservation is usually a long-term activity and involves the collaboration of a number of different, quite independent parties. This has implications for the kind of planning that needs to be undertaken. Issues confronting the manager planning a NTFP initiative are discussed, highlighting three essential elements: the involvement of stakeholders, the need for good information and the need for biological monitoring. Consideration is given to the problems and opportunities in applying these planning principles to forest-based income activities in a GTZ supported Social Forestry Development Project in Indonesia. Ways are suggested to undertake projects in a step-wise fashion in order to match decisions with information as it becomes available. The point is made that in some cases NTFPs may not be the most appropriate products for development. However, the interests of funders often inappropriately constrain the possibilities for working with agricultural products with greater potential.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Incomes.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter480Wollenberg, E, and Ingles, A. (eds.) Incomes from the forest: methods for the development and conservation of forest products for local communitiesIDEstimating the incomes of people who depend on forestsWollenberg, E.Nawir, A.A1998community forestryforest productsincomemethodologynature conservationEstimating the incomes of people whose livelihoods depend on the forests is a key to understanding their well being and the use of the forest. Yet there has been little agreement about the methods to undertake such assessment. This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the methods available. The authors summarise the methodologies used in 10 case studies and use these cases, as well a insights from their own research in Indonesia, to suggest ways of overcoming the logistics of collecting income information related to possibly hundreds of products. Attention is also drawn to the difficulties of assigning values to forest products where such products are not sold. This review indicates some of the reasons why good information remains unavailable: expense of collecting information, weak application of methods and incomparable data. Also, some basic economic concepts do not fit very well the values, perceptions or conditions of forest dwellers. One conclusion is that the methods currently in use for accurately estimating incomes are costly and probably not possible or appropriate for many development efforts, especially where long-term monitoring is required.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Incomes.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter482Wollenberg, E, and Ingles, A. (eds.) Incomes from the forest: methods for the development and conservation of forest products for local communitiesIDPolicies affecting deforestation for cattle in Central America.Kaimowitz, D1997deforestationland usetenure systemsroad constructionpolicyThe most important change in land use in Central America in the last 40 years has been the widespread conversion of forest to pasture. The literature presents a number of explanations for this expansion. Depending on which factors are believed to be important, the prognosis and policy recommendations to address the issues will differ. This study uses the Central American experience to put forth some hypotheses about the factors influencing forest conversion to pasture, and about how effective policies have been or are likely to be in addressing the problems arising from conversion. Conclusions drawn from the study indicate that market prices for beef and dairy products, technological change and policies which constrain timber prices have only moderate or little influence on the rate of clearance. However, it was found that road construction, land tenure and land use policies are likely to have a significant impact on the amount of forest that is cut to make way for pasture. It is also recommended that livestock credit also be restricted in agricultural frontier regions with high rainfall.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter6De Groot, J.P. and Ruben, R. (eds) Sustainable agriculture in Central AmericaIDO avanco da agricultura sustentavel na America LatinaKaimowitz, D1997policydeforestationpovertyEste documento examina até onde a América Latina avançou na busca de uma agricultura mais sustentável, e alguns fatores que explicam esse grau de avanço. Pretende-se efetuar um balanço global do quanto percorremos, quais são os obstáculos no caminho e até onde é realista pensar chegar. Por agricultura sustentável intende-se uma agricultura que permite alimentar e vestir toda a população com um cuto razoável, oferece um nível de vida aceitável para os que dependem do setor e degrada pouco a base dos recursos naturais. O documentao conclui que, em termos globais, o avanço em direçáo a uma agricultura mais sustentável foi mínimo. No entanto, esse panorama geral esconde o facto de que se progrediu bastante em temas e lugares específicos. O documento está dividido em seis seções. A primeira analisa as mudanças gerais quanto à segurança alimentar da população e as receitas da população rural. A segunda examina as tendências gerais quanto à degredação dos recursos naturais relacionados com a agricultura. A terceira, a quarta e a quinta analisam o avanço da agricultura sustentàvel quanto às politicas das intituições e à tecnologia respectivamente, e a sexta apresenta algumas conclusões fainais.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter7Almeida, J. and Navarro, Z. (eds) Reconstruindo a agricultura, ideias e ideais na perspective do dosenvolvimento rural sustentavelIDChanges and challenges to international forestry: preparing for the 21st centuryVanclay, J.K1997changeforestryRecent and anticipated changes in technology and institutions offer renewed challenges for forestry in Australia and abroad. Accommodating change is easy when it is foreseen, but when change is unheralded it may be best managed by those with broad experience and current knowledge. Thus we may prepare for change through selected refresher courses and by actively looking to broaden our experience. It is likely that Australia's role regionally and globally as a seat of learning, as a genetic storehouse and as timber trader will become more important in the future. Australia and New Zealand have much expertise and experience that may be sought by our near northern neighbours, especially in reduced impact logging, research management and conservation planning.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter24Bachelard, E.P. and Brown, A.G. (eds.) Preparing for the 21st century: proceedings of 4th Joint Conference of Institute of Foresters of Australia and New Zealand Institute of Forestry, 21-24 April 1997, CanberraIDTROPIS, the tree growth and permanent plot information systemVanclay, J.K1997information systemstreesgrowthTROPIS, the Tree Growth and Permanent Plot Information System, contains five elements: (1) a network of people willing to share permanent plot data and tree growth information (serviced by newsletters and information sources hosted at http://www.cifor.id/tropis or available form CIFOR), (2) an index to, or metadatabase of, people and institutions holding permanent plot data, (3) a database management system (MIRA) to assist more efficient data management, (4) a system (WORLD) to identify comparable sites in other regions, allowing data from elsewhere to be used when no local growth information exists, and (5) an inference system (PLANTGRO) to allow growth estimates to be made in the absence of empirical data. Most of these components are still under development, but the first two elements are operational. The index or metadatabase currently contains references to 10 000 plots with 2 000 species contributed by 100 collaborators, and is growing at about 1 000 plots per month. Searches of the database are welcomed, and may be directed to the author.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter26Proceedings, IUFRO Conference on Growth Studies in Moist Tropical Forests in Africa, 11-15 November 1996, Kumasi, GhanaIDFrom heartwood to bark in Indonesia: gender and sustainable forest managementColfer, C.J.P.Wadley, R.L.Woelfel, J.Harwell, E1997forest managementgender relationssustainabilityforest productsCIFOR has been testing criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management since 1994. Researchers in that project use many methods to test for local people&rsquo;s views of their access to the forest. They are interested in the people&rsquo;s sense of co-management of resources. The researchers evaluate what they find through testing against their own qualitative understanding based on long-term, ethnographic work. Using the analogy of a tropical tree, the authors document their continuing attempts to assess gender issues as they pertain to human well being and sustainable forest management. The work is based on the assumption that forests cannot be sustainably managed until appropriate attention is paid to the people who inhabit those forests &ndash; both women and men. Researchers&rsquo; abilities to assess women&rsquo;s security of intergenerational access to resources simply, quickly and reliably was found to be in need of further attention.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter93Women in Natural Resources Proceedings of International Conference on women in the Asia-Pacific Region: Persons, Powers and Politics 11-13 August 1997, RELC, SingaporeID418Measuring and capturing forest values issues for the decision-makerGregersen, H.Lundren, A.Kengen, S.Byron, R.NWorld Forestry Congress Organizing CommitteeAnkara, Turkey1997measurementdecision makingvaluesforestsImportant benefits are derived from forests. Decisions regarding production of forest benefits generally are made locally, or at most nationally (by national governments). Yet, many of the benefits are global and lie outside the context of local or national decisions. They are what economists call &ldquo;externalities&rdquo; for the decision-makers. The issues related to capturing forest values, or &ldquo;internalizing the externalities&rdquo; are discussed. In a political context, the question of &ldquo;capture&rdquo;, or who pays and who gains, arises: What mechanisms can be developed to ensure that decision-makers capture the value of the positive externalities and are made to pay for the negative ones they create? If this does not happen, then it is unlikely that they will consider them in decisions. A summary is provided of how the various forest values can be estimated and assessed. The final part of the paper discusses the question of presentation of forest value information to decision-makers, with a particular focus on the issues surrounding development of a useful and effective environmental accounting system for forests.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter133Proceedings of the XI World Forestry Congress 13-22 October 1997, Antalya, TurkeyID4 (E)Australian vegetationTurnbull, J.W1997vegetationThe volume is designed to provide a reference text for all those concerned with selecting and growing trees and shrubs in rural areas of developing countries and in the more tropical parts of Australia. This first chapter highlights the uniqueness of Australian vegetation and its evolution and its place as a typical segment of the world's flora. The woody plants of Australia have been noted for their uniqueness from the time of their discovery and study by European botanists. How different they are is a matter of interpretation, but a degree of uniqueness derives from the fact that some 75% of the species are endemic to Australia and the woody vegetation over most of the continent is dominated by two large genera, Eucalyptus and Acacia. At a higher taxonomic level, almost all angiosperm families in Australia occur widely in other parts of the world. The special character has to be explained in terms of the geography and environment in which they have evolved. Prolonged isolation of Australia following the break-up of the southern super-continent of Gondwana has contributed greatly to the distinctiveness of the vegetation. Australia has been isolated from other continents for at least 60 million years. During this period, great changes occurred in the climate and soil, which were important in the evolution of the modern flora.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter175Doran, J.C. and Turnbull, J.W. (eds) Australian trees and shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm planting in the tropicsAUEucalyptus urophyllaTurnbull, J.W.Doran, J.C1997Eucalyptus urophyllaDetails of uses, botany, ecology, silviculture, genetic resources, breeding, prospects and literature for Eucalyptus urophylla.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter176Faridah-Hanum Ibrahim and Van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) Auxiliary plants in agriculture and forestryAUStructure and community dynamics of a natural and a disturbed tropical seasonal forest in ThailandYarwudhi, C.Kobayashi, S.Kutintara, U.Takahashi, M.Marrod, D.Hirai, K.Eiadtong, W.Tanaka, H.Nakashizhuka, T1997communitiesnatural foreststropical forestsDynamics of tree populations were studied from 1992 to 1995 in 4 ha permanent plots placed both in a natural and a disturbed tropical seasonal forest in Mae Klong Watershed Research Station, Kanchanaburi, Western Thailand. In the natural forest, the recruitment, mortality, gain and loss rate in basal area (trees > 5 cm dbh) during the first 2 years were 10.50 % yr-1, 1.52 % yr-1 and 1.51 % yr-1, respectively. High recruitment rate compared with the other temperate and tropical forests (ca. 1-2 % yr-1) was caused by the death of a bamboo species a few years before. Forest fires which occured after that also affected the high recruitment rate. The spatial pattern of recruited trees was concentrated at the area where the bamboo died and the forest fire occured. In a disturbed forest, the recruitment, mortality, gain and loss rate in basal area during 3 years were in the range of 25.8 - 51.7 % yr-1, 6.9 - 55.5 % yr-1, 41 - 64 % yr-1 and 5.6 - 57.6 % yr-1, respectively. Higher recruitment and growth rate of trees in a disturbed forest compared with those in a natural forest greatly contributed to the recovery of forest biomass. Contrary to the annualy stable gain in basal area, mortality rate and loss rate in basal area were highly variable among years caused by the opportunistic occurence of fire. Fire regime greatly affects the dynamics both in a natural forest and a disturbed forest.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter202Global Changes in the Tropical Contexts: proceedings of FORTROP '96 International Conference on Tropical Forestry in the 21st Century, 25-28 November 1996, Bangkok, Thailand.TH2Historical background and conceptual framework of the FAO model code of forest harvesting practiceDykstra, D.P1997forestry practicesharvestingmodelsThe FAO Model Code of Forest Harvesting Practice was published in early 1995 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as a model which can be used by FAO member countries contemplating the development of their own codes of forest practice. This paper outlines the purposes of the FAO Model Code, reviews the historical events leading to its preparation, and summarises the philosophical foundation upon which it has been constructed.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter246Research on environmentally sound forest practices to sustain tropical forests: proceedings of the FAO/IUFRO Satellite Meeting held in conjunction with the IUFRO XX World Congress., Tampere, Finland 4-5 August 1995THPlantations for the tropics -- their role, extent and natureBrown, A.G.Nambiar, E.K.S.Cossalter, C1997plantationstropicsThis chapter describes the context in which tropical forest plantations are expanding as a source of industrial wood and fuel. World demand for the former is increasing, but the rate of increase is slowing and is subject to fluctuations in economic activity. Dependency on fuelwood is very high in many countries, and it is not lessening overall. The use of planted trees by communities and industry to satisfy these demands is increasing. A small number of species have been very widely used, but there is merit in extending the choice available to growers, in part to better cater for the diverse biophysical and socioeconomic environments in tropical countries. The very varied climates and soils of the tropics are reflected in great variation in plantation yield, and there are many critical issues yet to be understood regarding sustainable production by tropical plantations. Several factors which cause low productivity are amenable to manipulation by managers. Experience from temperate regions can provide valuable guidance for both practice and research in the tropics. Wood requirements cannot be satisfied from native forests alone; plantations offer proven prospects for higher rates of production per unit area compared to native forests, and the production trend suggests that even forest-rich nations are shifting their reliance for wood supply from native forests to plantations. Long-term production with requisite environmental care is a challenge for both research and practice.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter255Nambiar,E.K. S. and Brown, A.G.(eds.) Management of soil, nutrients and water in tropical plantation forestsTHSocial sustainabilityWollenberg, E.Colfer, C.J.P1997sustainabilitysocial activitiesIn discussing conservation issues and dilemmas it is common to hear the term 'social sustainability' or reference to the 'social aspects of sustainability'. Although these concepts are used frequently, they are rarely defined. The authors offer three definitions that can be used separately or in combination. Social sustainability can be defined as the maintenance of people's well-being (with a focus on the people most dependent on the resource), the actions of people to sustain the resource, or the maintenance of equitable benefits across generations. It is necessary to be clear about which definition is used to have a mutual understanding of what is to be achieved through social sustainability. The authors stress that any definition of sustainability is inherently relative and bound by the limits of the time, place and people being considered. In any situation, it is important to maintain flexibility in one's vision of what social sustainability is and be open to revising that view based on changing and or different circumstances.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter263Borrini-Feyerabend,G. and Buchan, D. (eds.) Beyond fences: seeking social sustainability in conservation. v. 2THThe response of the tropical forest stand to silviculture operationsFavrichon, V.Dupuy, B.Maitre, H.F.Nguyen-The, N.Damio, T.Doumbia, N.Kadir K.Petrucci, Y.Sist, P1997tropical forestssilvicultureforestry practicesThe CIRAD-Forest Research Programme on the dynamics of humid tropical forests has been in operation since 1974 in collaboration with various national forest research institutes. Research is carried out on a network of experimental plots, of which the most important are in Africa (Mopri, Irobo and La Téné in Côte d&rsquo;Ivoire and M&rsquo;baiki in the Central African Republic), South America (ZF2 at Manaus in Brazil and Paracou in French Guiana) and Asia (Strek at Berau in Indonesia). These plots have been designed with a common methodology and are followed up consistently. They enable study of the dynamics of humid tropical forest ecosystems and the response of different types of forest to disturbances such as commercial logging and therapeutic thinning. Much research has been carried out on these plots. Some of the results obtained have already led to the implementation of large-scale forest management projects based on the principles of sustainable management (Yapo in Côte d&rsquo;Ivore, for example). The aim of this article is to present an overview of these plots and to outline the main response trends of the forest stand to sylviculture interventions. In the first part, the parameters of the average natural forest are given (in terms of growth rate, expansion and mortality). By showing how these parameters change over time after sylviculture interventions, the effect of stand density on productivity and the influence of harvesting and thinning on the recovery rate of the forest stand can be assessed.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter271Proceedings of the XI World Forestry Congress 13-22 October 1997, Antalya, TurkeyTH3Towards more rigorous assessment of biodiversityVanclay, J.K1998assessmentbiodiversityBiodiversity is often ill-defined and subjectively surveyed, resulting in inefficient and ambiguos estimates. Strengths and deficiencies of prevailing survey techniques are appraised through a review of selected literature. Analogies with forest inventory are used to suggest options for more efficient and rigorous biodiversity assessment. Techniques such as variable-probability and model-based sampling, especially when used in conjuction with generalised linear modelling, offer efficient alternatives to more traditional assessment based on quadrats and nested plots. Bayesian methods offer scope to combine expert and local knowledge with formal samples, and warrant further investigation. Suggestion for further research are given.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter275Bachmann, P., Köhl, M. and Päivinen, R. (eds) Assessment of biodiversity for improved forest planning: proceedings of the Conference on Assessment of Biodiversity for Improved Forest Planning, 7-11 October 1996, Monte Verità, SwitzerlandTHImpacts of trade on growth, distribution and the environment in forest communitiesAngelsen, A1998forestscommunitiesgrowthdistributionenvironmentThis paper develops a microeconomic framework to assess how opening up for trade will affect the overall welfare and its distribution within a forest community, as well as the impact on the environment. Whereas trade will increase overall welfare, it usually creates both winners and losers. The increased scale of the activity caused by trade is likely to have negative impacts on the environment when viewed in isolation, but it may also shift resources away from destructive activities. The paper briefly presents some tentative conclusions based on fieldwork in Sumatra, Indonesia.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter282A paper presented at a workshop on Trade Impacts on Forest Communities. Aatvidaberg, Sweden, 18-20 January 1998 (has not been published)THThe markets on non-timber forest products in the humid forest zone of CameroonNdoye, O.Ruiz Perez, M1997non-timber forest productsmarketshumid zonesforestsMany rural dwellers depend on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for their livelihood and their income needs. Increased urbanisation (as a result of rural urban migration) is an important factor that expands the size of local markets of NTFPs. This paper focuses on local markets in the humid forest zone of Cameroon and on market intermediaries who facilitate the corrdination (or the matching) of supply and demand of NTFPs by providing market outlets for farmers and guaranteeing a source of domestic supply NTFPs for consumers. The behaviour constraint and standard operating procedures of market intermediares are not always known, especially in the wake of the economoic crisis. Traders of NTFPs do not always deal with a single NTFP. This strategy helps them cross-subsidise among different NTFPs. This means that the margin obtained by selling a particular NTFP can be used to support other NTFPs (purchases, storage, processing). The quantity of NTFPs marketed in the humid forest zone of Cameroon is important. Furthermore, the marketing margins obtained by traders vary between 16% (for Dacryodes edulis) and 30.4% (for Irvingia gabonensis) of the value of sales. In addition, the marketing margins received by those trading in Dacryodes edulis, Ricinodendron heudelotii, and Irvingia gabonensis were higher than the minimum wage in most markets. Thus the study confirmed the role of NTFPs as a source of employment and income for traders and suggests the need for developing these markets.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter284Doolan, S. African rainforest and the conservation of biodiversity: proceedings of the Limbe Conference, Limbe Botanic Garden, Cameroon, 17-24 January 1997CMMapping the potential distribution of plants and animals for wildlife management: the use of the DOMAIN software packageGillison, A.N1997wildlifemanagementdistributionmappingplantsfaunaspecies diversitycomputer softwareAn adequate knowledge of species distribution and performance is fundamental to effective wildlife management. In the majority of cases where known distributions are very limited, other means of acquiring information may be needed to model the potential distribution of species of management concern. This paper briefly reviews some available software packages including the recent &lsquo;Windows&rsquo; version of DOMAIN developed at CIFOR. Unlike some other potential mapping packages, the DOMAIN program can work efficiently with relatively few known distribution points. These are correlated with the values of other spatially referenced, environmental variables such as elevation, soils, vegetation type and climate that are considered to influence species distribution. A habitat envelope or environmental domain is then computed based on these correlates. The algorithm then matches the template with the known environmental values for all pixels in the area under study and maps out similarity classes. In this way a rapid appraisal of the potential distribution of one or more species can be made for any area where there are available relevant, spatially referenced environmental data. A case study from Central Sumatra demonstrates how the method may be used to generate maps of plant species diversity or richness.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter305Romimoharto, K., Hartono,S.and Sonarno, S.M. (eds) Proceedings of the National Seminar on The Role of Wildlife Conservation and Its Ecosystem in National DevelopmentCMNWFPs in Bulungan, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaKatz, E1997non-timber forest productsThis subchapter examines the NWFP trends in the area designated as the Bulungan Research Forest, which has been allocated by the Indonesian government to CIFOR for research purposes. The research forest covers 303 000 hectares in Bulungan district, East Kalimantan, between the Malinau and Bahau rivers, adjacent to the Kayan-Mentarang National Park. The NWFPs discussed include animals and birds, camphor, gaharu, gutta percha, illipe nuts, damar and rattan. The article also raises questions about how these trends and scenarios will unfold in the future in areas such as Bulungan.http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/W5475E/W5475E00.HTMChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter307Mittelman, A.J., Lai, C.K., Byron, N., Michon, G. and Katz, E. Non-wood forest products outlook study for Asia and the Pacific: towards 2010IDNon-market benefits of forests: a modelling approach for policy intervention in MozambiqueNhantumbo, I.Dent, J.B.Kowero, G.S.McGregor, M.J1997non -market benefitsforestsmodelspolicyTradable forest products are normally the focus of attention in forest management as opposed to non tradable products and non marketable benefits such as erosion control, aesthetic and traditional ceremonies values, biodiversity maintenance, wildlife conservation and other intangible benefits. This situation results from the fact that tradable goods are included in the national accounts in terms of their contribution to the GDP. Potential and still controversial proxies for analysis of the macroeconomic impacts of environmental variables include the creation of the Resource Environmental Accounts (REA) and the Environmental Adjusted Net Domestic Product (EDP) and other approaches such as change of macroeconomic policies and linear programming. Planning sustainable forest management demands an integration of all resources including potential uses by different social groups at the national and international level over medium or long term. The commitment of both the formal and informal sectors in the planning and implementation of measures to protect the environment at national level depends on the perceived value that each associate with the resources. However, the most applied method of valuation of environment, Contingent Valuation (CV), is still facing a great deal of scepticism concerning the reliability of its results. Therefore, methodological problems rise further when attempting to analyse the likely impact of alternative future environmental policy /strategies at macro level in a data scarce situation, where target groups have minimum or no information about environmental goods. Other difficulties include derivation of coefficients and selection of the appropriate aggregation level. In this research, a multiobjevtive mathematical programming model framework incorporating farmers' preferences, regional and national environmental goals and priorities is developed to determine the impact of utilisation of marketable forest products on the non-market benefits of forests. The incorporation of the latter in the model provides the basis of a powerful decision support system for policy interventions.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter310Proceedings of an International Symposium on Non-Market Benefits of Forestry, Edinburgh, 24-28 June 1996MZForest harvesting and transport: Old problems, new solutionsDykstra, D.P.Heinrich, R1997harvestingforeststransportForest harvesting and transport operations lie on a near-optimal path for creating conflict. Thus their careful implementation is important not only for the sustainability of forests but also for the continuation of forestry as a profession. This paper summarises recent initiatives to reduce environmental and social impacts associated with forest harvesting and transport. These include efforts to reduce the global extent of harvesting operations in natural forests by increasing forest yields; attempts to enhance economic efficiency through better operational planning and control and through more effective training of forest workers; initiatives to develop incentive systems and policies which will promote the adoption of reduced-impact harvesting and transport system; efforts to prepare local and regional guidelines for environmentally sound forest practices; and work on the development of procedures of assessing the sustainability of forest practices. The paper also reviews briefly a selection of recent technological advances which promise to make forest harvesting and transport operations both more economically efficient and also more environmentally sound.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter336Proceedings of the XI World Forestry Congress 13-22 October 1997, Antalya, TurkeyMZ3, D: productive functions of forestsPlantes américaines au Sud CongoKatz, E1998plant introductionMost plants presently cultivated in the Congo, including the main food crops, have been introduced from the American continent. Starting from present-day observation, the author attempts to reconstruct their process of introduction, adoption and substitution for African species. The main crops were introduced on the Atlantic coast by the Portuguese between the end of the 16th century and the 18th century and slowly made their way into the interior, as indicated in travellers' descriptions. They happened to be more resistant and productive than local plants. People progressively added them to their diet and even invented new preparation techniques. Fruit trees and potential commercial crops were more or less successfully introduced in colonial times.ChapterfrCIFOR Head Quarter352Chastanet, M. (ed.) Plantes et paysages d'Afrique: une histoire à explorerCGReduced-impact logging experiments: impact of harvesting intensities and logging techniques on stand damageSist, P.Bertault, J-G1998logging effectsharvestingforest damageTimber harvesting was investigated both in terms of commercial timber volume extracted and impact on residual stand. Conventional and Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) techniques were compared on the basis of pre- and post-harvesting stand inventories. Timber volume extracted averaged 87 m3 ha-1 and the resulting commercial volume was 46 m3 ha-1 (i.e. 53.8% of the felled volume). On average, logging damage affected 40% of the residual trees (dbh > 10 cm): injured and dead trees were recorded in equivalent proportions (21% and 19% respectively). Generally, felling operations caused injury to trees, crown damage being most common, whereas skidding caused death to trees, essentially by uprooting. Tree injury and death from RIL, in contrast, was substantially lower (30.5%) than from conventional methods (48.1%). This study demonstrated that the impact of logging on trees can be substantially reduced by strict supervision and planning of logging operations and limit of harvesting intensity, which should not exceed 80 m3 ha-1. If these technical recommendations are followed, it is possible to reduce the damage by 20% which is equivalent to about 100 stems ha-1 (dbh > 10 cm).ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter362Bertault, J.G., Kadir, K., (eds) Silvicultural research in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan: the contribution of STREK projectCGDecision-making among diverse interests: the use of future scenarios in local forest management policy, a proposed methodologyWollenberg, E1998methodologydecision makingforest managementpolicyThe purpose of this concept paper is to propose a methodology for enchancing the policy-making process in local forest management (LFM). Local forest management is defined here as the involvement of people living near a forest in activities intended to maintain or enhance the forest and improve local people's well-being. As an umbrella concept, LFM included the rehabilitation of forests on degraded lands, management of natural forest, intensification of agroforestry to reduce pressure for use of natural forest, logging by communities, the sharing of management responsibilities with the state (co-management), nurseries, hunting and gathering by so-called traditional populations and wage employment for local people planting trees. It covers both development interventions as well as indigeneous practices. This paper explores the potential of a future scenario method for improving the policy-making process. The emphasis of the method is on the process of generating future scenarios through stakeholder consultations, more than on the product of the scenarios or models used to produce them. Outlined is the justification, objectives and components of the method. Issues related to stakeholder analysis, elicitation of the future and construction of a model for producing future scenarios are discussedChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter374Victor, M., Lang, C., Bornemeier, J. (eds.) Community forestry at a crossroads: reflections and future directions in the development of community forestry: proceedings of an international seminar held in Bangkok, Thailand 17-19 July 1997CGWood harvestingDykstra, D.P.Poschen, P1998harvestingtimbersWood harvesting is the preparation of logs in a forest or tree plantation according to the requirements of a user, and delivery of logs to a consumer. It includes the cutting of trees, their conversion into logs, extraction and long distance transport to a consumer or processing plant. This article describes the sequence of wood harvesting operations, common methods, equipment and hazards, including felling and extraction preparation, extraction and log making and loading, and standards and regulations.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter383Stellman, J.M. (Ed.) Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. 4th ed.CGFrom bark to hartwood: gender issues in sustainable forest managementColfer, C.J.P.Wadley, R.L.Woelfel, J.Harwell, E1997gender relationssustainabilityforest managementThe studies discussed here were designed to assess previously identified human components of sustainable forest management (SFM). These human components include security of intergenerational access to resources, co-management of forests, and the definition of appropriate stakeholders. A variety of methods is currently being tested for cost effectiveness and reliability, in the hopes that people&rsquo;s well being and their roles in forest management can be routinely assessed. Some of the methods we have used in assessing the human components of SFM include a participatory card sorting technique, &ldquo;Galileo&rdquo; cognitive mapping, a local history form, an &ldquo;Iterative Continuum Method&rdquo; (ICM), and participatory mapping. These methods are briefly evaluated against the authors&rsquo; more qualitative understanding of gender issues in the research context, based on long term, ethnographic fieldwork. This paper reports our attempts and our shortcomings in integrating a gender perspective into the assessment process.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter388Proceedings of the International Conference on Women in the Asia-Pacific Region: Persons, Powers and Politics, 11-13 August 1997, RELC, Singapore.CGSumming-up of the seminar findingsSayer, J.A1998forest managementcommunity forestrygovernanceChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter390Kugan, F., Juin, E., Malim, P. (eds.) Sustainable forest management: proceedings of the Seminar held on 22 November 1997 at Sangrila's Tanjung Aru Beach Resort, Kota Kinibalu, Sabah, MalaysiaCGDatabase management for forestry literature in the Asia-Pacific regionSoeripto, S.W1998databasesmanagementforestryDatabases for forestry literature in the Asia Pacific Region have not been fully developed. The needs for establishing good database is not well understood by all levels of management at many forestry organizations. Some aspects which affect databases management including management support, organizational structure, information technology, data collection, and information delivery are briefly discussed. In addition a short list of forestry related CD-ROM databases and forestry web sites is included at the end of this paper.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter397Enriquez, G.L., Wasrin, U.R., Murdiyarso, D. (eds.) Proceedings of Seminar on Tropical Forest Dynamics, Bogor, Indonesia, 10-11 Desember 1996CGChanging roles in forest researchSayer, J.A1998Forest ResearchchangeThe globalisation of economies and the emergence of a powerful multi-national corporate sector will result in significant shifts in the geographic locations, types and intensities of forest use. Governments will increasingly need to apply their resources to creating the optimal policy environment. New types of forest research institutions and a new culture of forest research are required: science that operates at the scale of landscapes allowing the optimisation of many products, and that treats forests in their social context; and management that can adapt quickly to changing social and economic conditions. Tropenbos' special contribution may be to develop the capacity to predict the response of these systems to a variety of management interventions. CIFOR's contribution lies in drawing on the information produced by Tropenbos and other upstream science to generate options for institutional and policy interventions to achieve sustainable forestry. Future research should give increased emphasis and resources to achieving greater integration to research management within each site. Optimal utility of the residual forests will come from an appropriate balance between management for environmental functions and for the variety of products whose harvesting is consistent with the maintenance of these environmental functions. The future role of public forest research institutes should be to provide the scientific underpinnings for multiple use forest management with a heavy emphasis on environmental public goods and the equitable distribution of costs and benefits.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter418Tropenbos Seminar proceedings "Research in Tropical Rain Forests: Its Challenges for the Future", 25-26 November 1997CGPublic policies to reduce inappropriate tropical deforestationKaimowitz, D.Byron, R.N.Sunderlin, W.DWorld BankWashington, D.C., USA1998forest policygovernment policydeforestationpropertyownershipcostsprofitabilityThis paper explains the ways in which, and the extent to which, public policy measures might be used to reduce inappropriate tropical deforestation.Inappropriate deforestation is a signifanct problem: 1. deforestation generally causes negative externalities that generate cost to society not reflected in exixting prices and has long term consequences that individual producers rarely consider. 2. The relativie importance of the negative externalities tends to grow over time if an increasing proportion of deforestation occurs in areas that have only marginal value for agriculture but that sequester large amount of carbon, have fragile soils, or are high in biodiversity. The process of deforestation must be analysed at two levels: agents and causes. How certain causes can be manipulated to influence the behaviour of agents, so as to lessen the rate of inappropriate deforestation is discussed.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter425Lutz, E., Binswanger, H., Hazell, P., McCalla, A. (eds.) Agriculture and the environment: perspectives on sustainable rural developmentCGRiberalta: extractivistas bajo una élite tradicionalKaimowitz, D.Bojanic Helbingen, A.J1998government policylocal governmentloggingprotected areasreserved forestsbrazil nutsThis chapter looks at the municipal government of Riberalta, Bolivia and its role in forest management. Riberalta is located in the northern Bolivian Amazon and depends heavily on Brazil nuts harvesting and processing, as well as logging and agriculture. The traditional local elite has maintained control over the municipal government. Since passage of the 1996 forestry law the municipal government has attempted to create a municipal forest reserve and a local protected area but has fought strongly against government titling of indigenous territories. (DK)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter428Balanza P. P., Kaimowitz, D. (eds.) Municipios y gestion forestal en el tropico BolivianoBOExperiences in benzoin resin production in Sumatra, IndonesiaKatz, E.Goloubinoff, M.Ruiz Perez, M.Michon, G1998non-timber forest productsstyrax tonkinensistradechemical compositiontappingusesbenzoinproductionThis paper presens a preliminary results of research on benzoin in North Sumatra, Indonesia.Benzoin was studied because of its intersting management, and very little data was available on present exploitation. Benzoin is the resin of various species of Styrax trees (Styracaceae). In Sumatra Benzoin resin from Styrax tonkensis is called kemenyan in Maly and haminjon in Batak. It is chiefly used for incense, perfume and medicine. The authors thought that benzoin in North Sumatra had become a very minor activity, yet they found that it is still produced in fourteen sub-districts distributed over two districts, Dairi and North Tapanuli, where it is either the main source of income, or secondary to commercial agriculture. Thousands of farmers and small farmers and small local traders still live from this resource. Present trading channels follow very old trading routes. The Indonesian consumption, which is possible the highest in the world at the moment, is the most likely to decrease, as using benzoin in rituals is now perceived as backward. Its uses as a component of kretek cigarettes could also decrease tremendously in the future. Research is still needed to more accurately define the present marketing channels and the future potential of this product. The authors recommend taht customs offices change their categories, so that import-export figures of "minor" products such as benzoin can appear separately.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter437Mugah, J.O., Chikamai, B.N., Mbiru, S.S., Casadei, E. (eds.) Conservation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins and essential oils: proceedings of a regional conference for Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya 6-10 October 1997BOPlanes de manejo forestal y necesidades de informacion para el manejo operacionalSabogal, C1998forest managementforest exploitationvirgin foreststropical forestsdecision makingThe main aim of this paper is to present some thoughts about natural forest management, management plans, information needs in management planning, and how to overcome some of the technical deficiencies existing. Emphasis is placed on management of hardwood neo-tropical natural forest exploitation and on information aspects as well as on the biophysical and silvicultural research needed for the planning, implementation and assessment of management techniques. There is a need to systematise and disseminate in a broader context the research findings and the practical experiences. Current biological, ecological and silvicultural knowledge relevant to management is not accessible enough for those involved in planning and/or in the forest management decision-making process.ChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter460BOLFOR, CIFOR, IUFRO Memoria del Simposio Internacional sobre Posibilidades de Manejo Forestal Sostenible en America Tropical, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia 15-20 de Julio de 1997BOAprovechamiento de impacto reducido: convirtiendo los resultados de la investigacion en practicas de campoDykstra, D.P1998code of practiceforest managementlogging effectsforest exploitationIn the four years since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992, an important shift has taken place in the attitudes towards tropical forest management. During the UNCED meeting urged a global initiative to reduce the impact of logging operations and to develop an 'International Code for Forest Exploitation Practices'. At the same time, several development agencies as well as international non-governmental organisations began promoting reduced impact logging as a strategy for sustainable management of tropical forest. If extensive adoption of reduced impact logging and other sustainable forest management techniques does not result, confrontations with environmental groups will occur, as before. As a contribution to the debate on tropical forest sustainable management, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) recently published the Code for Forest Exploitation Practices. The Code, designed as a general reference to be used in FAO member countries, will require some modification to adapt some of the proposed specific practices to variability of local conditions existing in the tropics. The function of a publication like the FAO Code will be to outline the general criteria for environmentally sound forest exploitation and to promote exploitation practices in accordance with these criteria.ChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter461BOLFOR, CIFOR, IUFRO Memoria del Simposio Internacional sobre Posibilidades de Manejo Forestal Sostenible en America Tropical, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia 15-20 de Julio de 1997BOL'exploitation du benjoin dans les hautes terres Batak: situation actuelleKatz, E1998benzoinstyraxusestradeThe article describes the present situation of exploitation, trade and uses of Sumatra benzoin (Styrax spp.) as well as its historical perspective. North Sumatran Batak people exploit this fragrant resin. They use it for medicine, burn it in rituals and tell myths about it. They trade it at the local level, then hand it to ethnic Chinese who trade and transform it in Sumatra, Central Java and Singapore, which is now its main international trading point. Producers and traders have been going through a difficult phase for the last decades. Nevertheless this international trade has been conducted for at least a thousand years and benzoin continues to be used all over the world as incense, flavouring agent, medicine and perfume.ChapterfrCIFOR Head Quarter470Guillaut, C. (ed.) Histoire de barus: le site de Lobu Tua. Etudes et documentsBOISenteurs de miel et d'encens: le benjoin a Java centreGoloubinoff, M1998benzoinstyraxSumatra benzoin (Styrax spp.) is a fragrant resin that has been traded overseas for many centuries. However, more than 70% of the production is sent from Sumatra to Java where it is used as an ingredient in traditional cigarettes and as incense in rituals. In Southern Central Java several small factories specialise in 'klembak menyan' cigarettes which are made from tobacco, Chinese rhubarb (Rheum officinale) and benzoin. This hand rolled cigarette was popular until the late 70s when the kretek cigarette became a serious competitor. However, the product still has customers among transmigrants, Central Java countrymen and low-income workers. The incense market, as a benzoin outlet, is far more important. Javanese people still use incense in many rituals, despite changing life habits and fundamental Islam influence. Several factories manufacture incense by mixing benzoin with other raw materials. Java remains the main place for incense use although some is exported or sent to other Indonesian islands such as Bali.ChapterfrCIFOR Head Quarter475Guillot, C. (ed.) Histoire de barus: le site de Lobu Tua. Etudes et documentsBOIAnnex 3: Roles of global and regional networks and consortia in strengthening forestry researchDykstra, D.P. (Chairman)Kone, I.Nair, C.T.S1998conferencescooperationforestryinternational organizationsresearchresearch institutesCollaborative institutional arrangements such as networks and consortia are becoming significant in the provision of goods and services in situations where such collaborations can improve the overall comparative advantage of the alliance. Economic globalisation, rapid development of communication technologies and increasing problem complexity have enhanced the relevance of these networks. While networks and strategic alliances are playing an increasingly important role in national and international agricultural research they have been less widely used in forestry for collaborative research. Forestry research networks foster the exchange of information among scientists and to a lesser extent, users and beneficiaries of forestry research. Recent developments in forestry suggest that by broadening the scope of their activities, these networks could contribute much more to forestry research. Many research problems could be handled more effectively through networking than by individual research institutes. In this paper a selection of issues relating to collaboration in forestry research through networks and consortia at the regional and global levels is examined. It is not a comprehensive overview of the subject but rather an attempt to catalogue the many existing forestry research networks and collaborative arrangements. The aim is to raise issues for discussion.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter487Proceedings of International Consultation on Research and Information Systems in Forestry: An Austrian and Indonesian initiative in support of the programme of work of the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests, September 11-17, 1998, Gmunden, AustriaBOForest resources information in Indonesia: examining the systems, constraints and opportunitiesUsmanSiswari, R.L.S.Amin, M.DarudonoChrystanto, S.Y.Kirana, R.T.Khan, A.Nasendi, B1998forest resourcesInformation is one of the keys to efficient forest management. In the past, information tended to focus on timber production and economic values. Today, there are broader concerns about sustainable management as well as the social and environmental values of forests. This has led to a growing demand for more diverse and more accurate information, which presents new and daunting challenges. CIFOR and partners in selected countries are studying the current systems of forest resources information to identify strengths and weakness, and opportunities for improvement. In Indonesia, the Ministry of Forestry (MoF) collaborated with CIFOR to examine the information systems and flows, and to analyze current constraints and future opportunities. Key MoF entities responsible for collecting, synthesizing and disseminating information include: Bureau of Planning; Directorate-General (DG) of Forest utilization; DG of Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation; DG of Forest Inventory and Land Use Planning; and Forest Research and Development Agency. The MoF/CIFOR study dissected the information and reporting flow from various field units to the Ministry. Periodic reports are required from forest concessions and industries, technical executing units, and regional and provincial forestry offices. However, field data and information are often inaccurate, unreliable, inconsistent or late. Many weaknesses also exist in data processing, especially with the lack of statistical analysis. In general, there are misconceptions and differences among local information sources, and a low level of people's participation in the process. Linkages to actual and potential users of information remain weak. Significant information gaps exist within and outside the formal forestry sector, notably for non-wood forest products, forest /tree resources on privately managed lands, and other resources that are vital for household and local economies. There are also important sources of important in other ministries and the private sector. The major constraints are linked to the limited capacities of may diverse elements-institutional, human, technical, financial and infrastructure-which are essential for effective information systems and flows. Future opportunities hinge on improving coordination, developing human resources, securing management commitment, adopting participatory approaches, engaging more information/communications professionals, and collaborating with CIFOR and other international organizations to address some of identified constraintsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter500Chun, K. L. Forest resources information in Indonesia: examining the systems, constraints and opportunities. Project report: a join study by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry and CIFORIDSocial pressure for environmental reform in Latin AmericaKaimowitz, D1998environmentsocial impactChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter507Carter, M.R., Cason, J., Zimmerman, F. (eds) Development at a crossroads, uncertain path to sustainablility after the neo-liberal revolutionIDNon-timber forest products in Latin America: an overviewRuiz Perez, M1997non-timber forest productsNon-timber forest products are today being viewed as legitimate sources of livelihood for local communities. By forming associations, extractivist have achieved some success in having their rights to exploit forested areas recognised and enshrined in legislation and/or receiving increased prices paid for produtcs. The development of legal system of non-timber forest product use has not been without problems. Communities should be involved in decision-making on the management of the forest resourceChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter509Crafter, S. A., Awimbo, J.and Broekhoven, A. J. (eds.) Non-timber forest products: value, use and management issues in Africa, including examples from Latin AmericaIDResearch and information for sustainable forestsSayer, J.A1998Forest ResearchsustainabilityforestsForestry is no longer just about ensuring sustained supplies of timber, non-timber products and wildlife, today a much wider range of local, regional and global values influence decisions on how to manage forests. Forests are central to debate on climatic change, water management and biodiversity conservation. Progress in information technology allowing manipulation of complete data sets, computer-based models and remote sensing capabilities are all contributing to providing the information which is now needed to manage forests. As economics are liberalised and trade barriers reduced forests are becoming more and more a global resource. Decisions formerly made by government forest agencies are increasingly being made by corporate investors. The implications for research are that the private sector will dominate areas such as tree improvement, plantation technology and wood processing but will not find it attractive to invest in research about the public-good values of forests. It will be important for the public sector to engage in research, which provides the ability to assess a variety of forest conditions, monitor changes and develop standards against which to evaluate forest management practices. The paper poses questions on the provision of scientific advice to the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests; what form an international consultative mechanism for forest research should take, identification of new collaborative initiatives and the way forward for initiatives for global forest information systems.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter510IUFRO Proceedings of International Consultation on Research and Information Systems in Forestry: An Austrian and Indonesian initiative in support of the programme of work of the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests, September 11-17, 1998, Gmunden, AustriaIDChanging patterns of research funding: threat or opportunity for research on forests. Discussion paper on Mobilising resources for forest researchSayer, J.A.Hunter, I1998research supportForest ResearchA lower percentage of product value is invested in research in the forest sector than in many other sectors of the economy. Moreover, while it has been possible to reach a stable funding environment for research in some parts of the sector - notably in forest products - other aspects of forestry research are increasingly unattractive to funding agencies. The funding environment for forestry research is changing. Increasingly, state funding for commercial or proprietary research is being withdrawn in the expectation that such research will be taken up by the private sector. State funding is being applied to the issues that governments rate as important, either as a result of perceived public concern or as a result of international agreements. Competitive bidding is increasingly being used as a mechanism to allocate funds. This process has tended to favour small disciplinary teams doing component research at the expense of multi-disciplinary teams working at the systems level. In the Developed World the task is to improve the perceived value of forestry research; to adapt smoothly to the new research agenda created by changed demands placed upon forests and to maintain a balanced and progressive programme. In the Developing World the task is to build a research-capacity, an essential component of soundly-based, locally adapted development solutions, where often none exists. Given that state funding for many aspects of forestry research is not likely to increase and may decline, new sources of funding must be found. It is proposed that the role of Foundations, the GEF, Climate Change mitigation funds, the private sector and the commercial exploitation of research products be reviewed.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter511Proceedings of International Consultation on Research and Information Systems in Forestry: An Austrian and Indonesian initiative in support of the programme of work of the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests, September 11-17, 1998, Gmunden, AustriaIDForest protected areasSayer, J.A1999protected areasChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter513Paper presented at the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests, Brazil-United States of America Initiative, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 15-19 March 1999IDMelaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. BlakeDoran, J.C.Turnbull, J.W1999Melaleuca quinquenerviaecologyMelaleuca quinquenervia is a small to medium sized tree (8-12 m) that is native to the coastal region of eastern Australia, southern Papua New Guinea and New Caledonia between latitudes 8 and 340 S. It has been planted as an exotic in the tropical lowlands of several countries and has become a serious weed in Florida, USA. The leaves are a source of the cineole-rich essential oil called niaouli oil or goman oil used in pharmaceutical preparations. It is often grown as a windbreak and as an ornamental. A strong flavoured honey is produced from the abundant flowers. The wood is an excellent fuel and makes good quality charcoal. It is suitable for pit props, fence posts, flooring and pulp. The paper-like bark may be used as mulch in potting mixes, for packaging and insulation. The paper describes the botanical features, aspects of its growth and development, its ecology, pests and diseases, harvesting and genetic resources. It concludes that the best prospects for the use of Melaleuca quinquenervia are on swampy sites, as more productive species are already available for better-drained habitats. It has a demonstrated ability to grow quite rapidly in areas of the humid and subhumid tropics that may be inundated for many months. Further research on this species and its close relatives is advocated and this should proceed with care in view of its potential to become a serious weed.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter540Oyen, L.P.A., Nguyen Xuan Dung (eds.) Essential-oil plantsIDForests, policies and people on the Central American agricultural frontierKaimowitz, D.Paupitz, J1999conflictdeforestationforest policyforest resourcesgovernment policyusesagricultureForests cover between 17 and 19 million ha of the Central American isthmus. Most of this is broadleaved forest on the Atlantic side of the isthmus. The size and contribution of these forests vary greatly between the Central American countries, from Belize, with over 80% of its land in forests, to El Salvador, where little forest remains. The forests' main contribution to society comes from local uses and the environmental services they provide. Forest products, per se, contribute less to the region's economies but play key roles in the livelihood strategies of many poor families. Over the last 50 years, forest cover has declined rapidly in the region, caused mostly by the expansion of crops and livestock. This article traces the evolution of the agricultural frontier in Central America prior to and during the political-military conflict that engulfed the region until 1990. Then it looks at more recent changes in policies and forest cover, and concludes with recommendations regarding future management of frontier areas and forests. Although there is occasional reference to Belize and El Salvador, focus is mostly on Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter541Palo, M., Uusivuori, J. (eds.) World forests, society and environmentIDPotential for application and demonstration of SFM at CIFOR's research forest, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaSoekartiko, BByron, R.NMinistry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan-Forestry AgencyTokyo, Japan1998CIFORforest managementresearchsustainabilityconferencesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter550International Workshop on Model Forests for Field-Level Application of Sustainable Management, March 10-12, 1998, Tokyo, Japan: record of workshop discussionsIDIncome generation through rehabilitation of imperata grasslands: production of vitex pubescens as a source of charcoalUtama R.Rantan, D.de Jong, W.Budhi, G.S1999agroforestryconferencesincometechnologyvitexplantingWe have presented a tree-planting technology that may allow reclaiming Imperata cylindrica grassland and at the same time increase incomes for local swidden agriculturist in West Kalimantan. It is expected that this technology allows us to draw some general conclusions about what should be considered as the domestication of tree species. Domestication of a trees species should be largely concerned with providing the technology that allows the tree-planting agents to successfully cultivate the tree species, meaning that the tree species can successfully be reproduced and lead to achieving an economic profit. Developing the technology has many facets. What these facets are depends both on the characteristics of the tree species and the opportunities and constrainsts of the tree planting agent. Selection of certain genetic strains may be one facet of the domestication, but, as the case described here demonstrates, it is not always a necessary requirementChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter556Roshetko, J. M., Evans, D. O. (eds.) Domestication of agroforestry trees in Southeast Asia: proceedings of a Regional Workshop, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, November 4-7, 1997IDPolicy options related to roads in tropical forestsKaimowitz, D1999deforestationeconomicspolicytropical forestsroad constructionEconomic theory and empirical evidence suggest that building or improving roads near forests encourage forest clearing for land speculation, agriculture and other activities. Policies used to mitigate the dangers of forest road projects have failed in many countries. Practically all countries now require environmental impact assessments for large road projects near forests but these are often of poor quality and lead to a few protective measures. On the other hand, it is neither feasible nor desirable to prohibit all new road projects near tropical forests as for many rural people who live near forests improving their access to markets and services is among their greatest aspirations and highest priorities. The paper provides a possible set of appropriate policy recommendations related to roads in tropical forests. These are: (1) avoid road construction projects where costs do not justify the economic benefits; (2) include cost recovery provisions in road projects; (3) focus road investments in areas that already have substantial population and/or high quality soils; (4) establish performance bonds for forest concessions which companies will forfeit if farmers encroach on concession lands; (5) respect the territorial rights of indigenous people; and (6) open project documents to public scrutiny.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter562FAO Road infrastructures in tropical forests: road to development or road to destruction?IDLa situacion de los bosques tropicalesRuiz Perez, M.Byron, R.N1999tropical forestsconservationTropical forest constitute the largest forest biome on Earth, hosting a large part of its biodiversity and contributing to global water and carbon cycles. The chapter analyses the pressures on these forest, their causes and differenciated results in each of the main tropical continents. Some strategies proposed to conserve tropical forest are discussed. The chapter concludes asking what would be the role of the professionals interested in management and conservation of tropical forest.ChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter563Homenaje a don ángel Ramos Fernández (1926 - 1998). Tomo IIDInvestigating the role of rattan in development: CIFOR research into forest livelihood strategies and the dynamics of forest-related development projects in IndonesiaBelcher, B1999non-timber forest productscanes and rattansresearchCIFOREfforts to develop non-timber forest products such as rattan need to consider the dynamic socio-economic context. Changing opportunities and constraints will have an important influence on wether the development is successful and what impacts are achieved. CIFOR, a centre within the CGIAR system, is researching this issue, focussing on a traditional rattan cultivation system in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The research is investigating the direction and implications of this change on small holder forest management and forest product useChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter572R. Bacilieri, S. Appanah Rattan cultivation : achievements, problems and prospects. An International Consultation of Experts for the Project : Conservation, Genetic Improvement, and Silviculture of Rattans in South-East Asia 12-14 May, 1998, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaIDForestry research in Sub-Sahara Africa: time for reflectionTemu, A.B.Kowero, G2000capacityforestryresearchresearch institutescopy availableDespite the great social, economic and environmental diversity in countries of Africa South of Sahara (SSA), forestry research issues and advances are quite similar. This is partly influenced by historical facts relating to forest resource ownership and management. In most countries, governments own and manage forest resources. Forestry research institutes are in many countries tiny departments or units tucked under huge ministries or agricultural research organisations. Their visibility, much less their effectiveness, is barely significant, because they are poorly staffed and financed. The little available forestry research capacity is poorly managed. The few competent researchers are increasingly involved in administrative functions and looking for greener pastures. Economic policies imposed by global financial institutions constrain the recruitment of young scientists to undertake forestry research now and in the future. Although universities are much better resourced, their efforts are rarely linked with national research issues. They operate independently, far removed from real world issues. Through the intervention of some global stakeholders, some research institutes have developed their research agendas, but these have largely remained on the shelf for lack of implementation resources. Most ongoing work is donor-driven. There is a serious gap between forestry research and development. Research institutes do not have the capacity to extend their findings and are not properly linked with agricultural extension services or NGOs to get their messages to stakeholders, especially farmers. This delimits the usefulness of the little that could trickle from forestry research. This paper briefly discusses these issues and makes some recommendations. It is clear that SA countries and the global community have a role to play to redress the situation. SSA and the world stand to loose the opportunity to benefit from SSA forestry resources unless affirmative action is taken.Chapteren983-2181-08-9CIFOR Head Quarter690Krishnapillay, B. et al. (eds.) Forest and society: the role of research: XXI IUFRO World Congress 2000 , 7-12 August 2000, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaIDEcosystems, timber and biodiversitySayer J.A1999biodiversitycommunity involvementecosystemsforestsmanagementnatural resourcesnature conservationsustainabilityusesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter694Schei, P. J., Sandlund, O. T., Strand, R. (eds.) Proceedings of Norway/UN Conference on the Ecosystem Approach for Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity, Trondheim, 6-10 September 1999IDBiodiversity: treasures in the world's forests - concluding statement of the ForumSayer, J.A1999conferencesbiodiversityforestsguidelinesnature conservationnature tourismrelationshipsgenetic resourcesindigenous knowledgepeoplecopy availableChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter706Poker, J., Stein, I., Werder, U. (eds.) Proceedings Forum Biodiversity - Treasures in the World's Forests , 3-7 July 1998IDBreak barriers, increase impact: equitable generation and dissemination of natural resource information in the Brazilian AmazonShanley, P.Rodriguez Gaia, G2000economicsforest managementforest productsinformation needsnon-timber forest productsrural communitieshouseholdsExpansive growth in the logging, ranching and mining industries is swiftly transforming forests and forest dependent communities worldwide. To either resist or adapt to the powerful forces changing rural landscapes, small holders must respond to a glut of new information in an exceedingly short span of time. Under such conditions, the learning process must be consciously constructed so as to catalyse new ways of thinking about forest management effectively and quickly. The paper describes a research project in eastern Amazonia designed to assist rural communities evaluate the local costs and benefits associated with timber extraction and non-timber forest product use.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter726Guijt, I., Berdegue, J. A. and Loevinsohn, M. (eds.) Deepening the basis of rural resource management: proceedings of a workshop, February 16-18, 2000, ISNAR, The Hague, NetherlandsIDEcological scales and use rights: the use of multiagent systemsBousquet, F.Le Page, C.Antona, M.Guizol, P2000fuelwoodright of accessspatial variationsocial activitiessimulation modelscomputer simulationforest resourcesusesCopy availableThe interactions between natural forest dynamics have to be taken into account when managing the use of forest resources. Simulation models were developed to improve the understanding of this complex system of interactions. Models of multi agent systems are effective tools for studying the dynamics of complex adaptive systems. Several simulation models were developed to study the use of forest resources. This paper presents a model designed to understand the interaction between fuel wood consumption and landscape dynamics. The hypothesis put forward suggests that fuel wood consumption can explain the landscape changes that occur in the Kayanza region of Burundi. The second hypothesis is that a sustainable use of resource must keep steady the fuel wood consumption level per capita over time. A preliminary map was outlined.Chapteren983-2181-08-9CIFOR Head Quarter742Krishnapillay, B. et al. (eds.) Forests and society: the role of research, vol. 1: sub-plenary sessions. Proceedings of the XXI IUFRO World Congress, 7-12 August 2000, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaIDBiomass and successional changes in vegetation in a deforested area of ThailandTakahashi, M.Nakashizuka, T.Kobayashi, S.Yarwudhi, C.KutintaraHirai, K1997biomasssuccessionchangevegetationdeforestationThe plot for the study on vegetation changes was established in a deforested area of the Maeklong Watershed Research Station, Kanchanaburi, western Thailand. The plot (100 x 400 m2) was divided into four hundred 10 x 10 m2 sub-quadrats. We found six major vegetation types in the sub-quadrats: bamboo, woody shrub, banana (Musa acuminata), and three grasses Eupatorium ordotarum, Arundo donax and Bothrichloa sp. types. The aboveground biomass (kg m-2) of each dominant vegetation type was measured as follows: 4.1 for the bamboo type, 7.6 for the woody shrub type, 0.84 for the banana type, 2.0 for the E. ordotarum type, 2.3 for the A. donax type, and 0.8 for Bothrichloa type. The changes in dominant vegetation types have been monitored from 1992 to 1995. In 1992, the percentages of dominance for E. ordotarum, woody shrub, and A. donax were 39%, 20%, and 17% respectively. The transition matrices were calculated from the replacement patterns of vegetation types in the same quadrats. The vegetation change projected using the transition matrices suggested that the bamboo areas will increase while the woody shrubs and E. ordotarum areas will decrease in the future. Total bimass changes, calculating from the project, show that the total biomass of this pilot will increase due to the accumulation of woody shrub biomass. However, frequent fire disturbance will largely influence the speed of biomass accumulation in the plot.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter201Khemnark, C. Global Changes in the Tropical Contexts. Proceedings of FORTROP '96 International Conference on Tropical Forestry in the 21st Century, 25-28 November 1996, Bangkok, Thailand.TH2Ritos, representaciones y meteorología en la Tierra de la Lluvia (Mixteca, México)Katz, E1997community forestrygovernanceEs difícil imaginar que el clima no sea importante para los mixtecos, dado que se llaman a sí mismos &ldquo;el Pueblo de la Lluvia&rdquo;. El elemento que más caracteriza el clima de esta región es la alternancia entre la estación de lluvia y la estatción de sequía. El principal cultivo de subsistencia, el maíz, depende del temporal, ya que pocas zonas son irrigables. La espera de las primeras lluvias es una fuente de angustia. A su vez, el exceso de lluvia puede ser dañino. Para controlar este elemento tan aleatorio, se pracatican ritos para pedir e impedir la lluvia y se han desarrollado various métodes de previsión del clima. Lluvia y sequía sirven de eje simbólico en prácticas cotidianas tales como la agricultura y la cocina, y en la expresión de la reproduccióon , de los procesos de la vida, de la fertilidad y la abundancia. Al mismo tiempo, el ciclo de la lluvia se representa como el ciclo de la vi da humana. Todos los fenómenos meteorológicos son ligados a la lluvia, perociertos pueden ser tambiíen &ldquo;secos&rdquo; o &ldquo;de lluvia&rdquo;, como el viento, el remolino, y el rayo. El paso de la lluvia a la sequía (y viceversa), marcado por ritos, se compara con el paso entre vida y muerte, entre este mundo y el otro mundo.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter350Goloubinoff, M., Katz, E. and Lammel, A. (eds) Antropología del clima en el mundo hispanoamericanoTHA half century of permanent plot observation in Budongo Forest, Uganda: histories, highlights and hypothesesSheil, DMAB UNESCOParis, France1998UgandaforestsProceedings from the 1995 Smithsonian MAB Washington Symposium.W.J. Eggeling established several 1.86 ha permanent sample plots (PSPs) in Budongo Forest, Uganda, during the 1930s and 1940s. Using data from these plots he described Budongo's vegetation within a comprehensive &lsquo;successional&rsquo; framework. Some of these plots have been re-measured on several occasions since their establishment. Five plots were fully reassessed in 1992-1993 (c. 9 ha total including c. 5,000 stems ³ 10 cm dbh). This paper outlines the history of the unique Budongo evaluations and highlights the significance and opportunities available from long term PSP studies. Eggeling&rsquo;s (1947a) framework remains a classic example of succession in which species numbers decline in later stages. Disturbance models for local diversity maintenance have been implied and Connell (1978) chose to use Eggeling&rsquo;s account of Budongo as the main illustration of his intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Community change at Budongo can now be directly evaluated using the long term PSP data. Those plots which have been disturbed do indeed show an increase in species numbers. More surprisingly however the undisturbed late successional forest has not shown the expected decrease in species richness. The implications of the various observations are examined and the theoretical context is considered. It is suggested that the intermediate disturbance model is limited, and that a more comprehensive theory would include the many influences that effect regeneration within a changing environment. Any influences or processes which allows the successful regeneration of species within communities where they are not already present has the ability to increase local species richness. In long lived tree communities such species augmentation may be brought about by many types of environmental changes, both sudden (as in disturbance) and also by gradual and progressive influences.Chapteren1-85070-963-7CIFOR Head Quarter405Dallmeier, F. and Comiskey, J. A. Forest biodiversity research, monitoring and modeling: conceptual background and old world case studies.THThe state of the world's forest biodiversitySayer, J.A.Iremonger, S1998biodiversityforestsThe term of biodiversity was first used un specialized conservation circles in the mid -1980's. In the decade that has elapsed it has moved to center-stage on the international agenda. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), adopted at the Rio Summit in 1992 and now ratified by 169 countries, has had a major impact on biodiversity becoming a global concern. A major landmark was the publication of the Global Biodiversity Assessment (Heywood and Watson 1995), which provided a comprehensive account of the status of the world's biodiversity and of the issues confronting its conservation. Subsequently, in 1996 the Sub-sidiary Body for Scientific, Technical and Technological Adivice (SBSTTA), established by the Parties to the CBD, recognized the extreme importance of forests for biodiversity and established priorities for conservation. It recognized the inadequacy of existing systems of protected areas, the potential for improved conservation in managed forests and the need for more research and assessment to underpin forest biodiversity conservation programs. However, concern at a political level is not being matched by practical conservation achievement on the ground. Fewer new protected areas are being established and many exsisting ones are poorly managed. The possibility of conserving significant biodiversity in extensively managed multiple use areas has still to be proven in practice (Terborogugh and van Schaik 1997). The purpose of this article is to attempt to assess the progress that has been made, to identify some of the key problems, and to identify those actions which would yield the greatest benefits for forest biodiversity conservationChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter421Palo, M. and Uusivuori, J. (eds.) World Forests Society and EnvironmentTHComposition, structure, and changes in a montane rain forest at the Cibodas biosphere reserve, West Java, IndonesiaAbdulhadi, RSrijanto, A.Kartawinata, K1998compositionchemical compositionrain forestsreserved areasComprehensive ecological studies in Indonesia are relatively new and are urgently needed before the natural forest disappears. There is only one permanent plot in Cibodas Biosphere Reserve, West Java, which was established on 4 ha in 1975. In addition, there are 4-2 ha plots in Gunung Leuser Biosphere Reserve, Sumatera, which were set up in 1980, and one 10.5-ha plot in Wanariset, Semboja, East Kalimantan, which was established in 1980 (Budiman and Abdulhadi, 1995). Long-term ecological research has also been carried out in Kalimantan at Gunung Palung National Park (Leighton, 1990), Barito Ulu (Chivers, 1992), and Kayan Mentarang (Soedjito et al.,1992). The Cibodas Biosphere Reserve, known also as the Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, is an important area with regard to the history of nature conservation and botanical research in Indonesia because it was the first nature reserve established in the country. The reserve was initially set up in 1830 under management of the Cibodas Botanic Garden. In 1889, the primary forest above the garden was desingnated a scientific area dedicated to research purposes, and in 1925, this area was declared as the Cibodas-Gunung Gede Nature Reserve. The Gede-Pangrango was established as one of the first five Indonesian national parks in 1980, encompassing the entire forests and summits of Mt. Gede and Mt. Pangrango. The flora and vegetation of the park have been well studied (e.q. Koorders, 1918-1923; Docters van Leeuwen, 1933; Meijer, 1959; van Steenis et al.,1972; Yamada, 1975,1976,1977;Sunarno and Rugayah,1993). The undisturbed forest never appears entirely closed, as natural gaps are rather common, especially after an extremely heavy wind storm such as occured in 1984 (Srijanto,1987). Slight disturbances caused by illegal cutting are evident at the lower edge of the park. A series of vegetation types, ranging from upper montane and elfin forests to apline grasslands, have been described by various authors (Seifriz,1923; Docters van Leeuwen, 1933; van Steenis et al., 1972) This report is concerned with a study of composition, structure and changes of the montane forest located at 1,500 to 1,900 m above sea level within the park.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter440Dallmeier, F. and J.A. Comiskey (Eds.) Forest biodiversity research, monitoring and modeling : conceptual background and old world case studiesTH"El Nino visto por las ciencias sociales: propuestas de investigacion", climatic and hydrological effects of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events at regional and local scalesKatz, E.Goloubinoff, M.Lammel, A1998El Ninoclimatic changeUntil now, the El Nino has mainly been studied by natural scientists. From their experiences in the study of the relationship between societies and their climatic environment (Gloubinoff, Katz & Lammela, 1997), the authors propose that social scientists be included in future research projects dealing with this theme. They show the different aspects in which these scientists could complement and enrich other scientific approaches that often give a global view of the ENSO from the physical perspectives of the sky, the sea or the earth. Focused on human beings, the social sciences tend to approach the problem at a local level. First, research could be conducted on local history of floods and drought, through oral tradition, archives and archaeology. Second, in most societies, people have developed a good indigenous knowledge of the local climate, its variations, seasons, meteorological phenomena, climate change and weather forecasting. Anthropologists, for instance, can interpret the logic of this knowledge beyond its symbolic elements, to enhance the understanding of indigenous knowledge by other scientists. It could aise be interesting to be aware of how populations affected by El Nina perceive that phenomenon, which carries a mythical name given by the coastal inhabitants of South America. Understanding how these populations interpret news on El Nino, as conveyed by the mass media, would bring the problem a step forward and allow the media to pass on better data and forecasting to the affected people. Third, the environmental and social consequences of the El Nino phenomenon should be recognized, as well as the rote of human responsibility in the consequences, as was recently shown in the case of forest fires in IndonesiaChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter474Cadier, E., Galarraga, R., Gomez, G. (eds.) Consecuensias climaticas e hidrologicas del evento El Nino a escala regional y local: incidencia en America del Sur, INAMHI-ORSTOM Conference, Quito, 26-29 November 1997THDevelopment of the forest sector in IndonesiaSunderlin, W.D1999resource utilizationenvironmental factorsdeforestationdegraded forestsconcessionsforest productsIndonesia is among the world's leading wood products exporters, and is the leading plywood exporter. The forest sector has grown rapidly in the last three decades to 487 concessions occupying 56 million hectares. A notable change in recent years has been the rapid growth of the pulp and paper industry. The extraction of timber from concessions is over 40 million cubic metres per year whereas the government-determined threshold for sustainable production is 22 million cubic metres per year. Non-wood forest products account for 1-5% of forest sector export income. Rattan production, like that of timber, has been subject to dramatic transformation through the implementation of value-added policies and Indonesia has become the world's leading supplier of rattan furniture. The main environmental concerns related to the forest sector are: (1) deforestation and forest degradation resulting from the farming practices of agricultural smallholders; (2) deforestation and forest degradation from land use practices of large enterprises such as timber concessions, tree crop and industrial timber plantations, and pulp and paper mills; and (3) the use of fire for clearing land. The Indonesian forest industry sector is facing greater upheaval and challenges that at any point in the past 30 years. On the positive side, there may be a temporary reprieve from pressure on natural timber supplies in the short-term resulting from the decline in demand for plywood. There is no indication that current policies will provide incentives for sustainable management of natural forests. The drastic currency depreciation may lead to high demand for Indonesian forest products and the resumption of high pressures from within the forest sector. Moreover, the economic crisis has increased pressures from outside the forest sector on remaining forest resources by agriculture, mining and transmigration. Overall, the rate of exploitation of Indonesia's natural forests for industrial purposes is unsustainable.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter591Palo, M., Uusivuori, J. (eds.) World forests, society and environmentTHRemote sensing and statistical data analysis as tools to understand forest livelihood strategiesDewi, S.Garcia-Fernandez, C.Ruiz Perez, M.Belcher, B.Angelsen, A.de Agar, P.M.Loken, A.Lutnaes, K1999data analysisdata collectionforest managementland use changenon-timber forest productsremote sensinghousehold surveysIn recognition of the importance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in both social and forest resource management terms, one of CIFOR's major projects is on "Sustainable Use and Development of Non-Timber Forest Products ". The project is aiming at a world level comparison of NTFPs-based forest use, and currently has field sites in seven countries, including Indonesia. This paper reports on a study on the interaction between land-use changes and forest management strategies at the household level, and how this interaction is shaped by ecological, physical, socio-economic and other exogenous factors (e.g., policies). Field sites in Indonesia are in Pasir and Mahakam in East Kalimantan, and the West of Lake Toba in North Sumatra. We are going to approach the problem by combining various data collection and data analysis tools. Data collection tools include remote sensing, household surveys, ecological surveys, market studies, gender and diversity studies. Analytical tools include GIS, statistical analysis, spatial modeling, land-use decision modeling, and gender and diversity analysis. The general framework of the study covers three scales: landscape, local and household. In the landscape level, time series of satellite images classified based on vegetation cover together with other data such as road, eleva-tion, soil type, administrative boundaries and population are used to obtain a transition probability matrix (TPM). The area with major changes is taken as local scale. Depending on the nature of the changes (e.g. road, plantation, etc.), we will apply optimization and econometric models based on data from the household studies. The overall model also allows for making scenarios to predict or outline possible future changes. We will study the impact of land-use change on biodiversity through the landscape diversity, complexity and heterogeneity. For preliminary study, we started with the simplest TPM, namely Markov TPM. A temporal Markov TPH was obtained from post-classification images of two Landsat TH images of North Sumatra taken in 1993 and 1996. Projection using this temporal Markov TPH shows the tendency of decreasing primary forest area, and increasing other types of vegetation cover over time. The spatial Markov TPM shows that it is very rare for primary forest to be directly adjacent to barren areas. More common a gradient between primary forest, secondary forest and other types of scrubs and crops is observed. Secondary forest's role as a pivotal state, both temporally and spatially, can clearly be seen m the TPM. The preliminary analysis of the household data in two villages in North Sumatra shows that land-use changes are associated with new economic opportunities. This has reduced the time spent on the management of benzoin gardens, but it has not lead to more drastic land-use changes such as abandoning the gardens completely. Rather they are kept as a reserve for possible future utilization. This has an influence on the resilience of the forest systems of the region and contributes to explain the rates and types of change observed.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter609Y. Laumonier, B. King, C. Legg, K. Rennolls (eds.) Data Management and Modelling using Remote Sensing and GIS for Tropical Forest Land InventoryIDPenggunaan teknik elektroforesis gel pati untuk mendeteksi variasi isozim empat jenis tanaman buah (Garcinia mangostana, Parkia javanica, Nephelium lappaceum, dan Artocarpus heterophyllus)Hartati, N. S.SudarmonowatiFahdiar, A.E.Siregar, U. J1997IsoenzymesfruitstreesTeknik elektorforesis isozim khususnya pada gel pati kentang merupakan metode yang telah lama dikembangkan untuk analisis keragaman genetik tanaman. Oleh karena kualitas pita enzim yang bagus sangat diperlukan untuk mendukung ketepatan analisis, maka dilakukan optmisasi metode elektroforesis yang meliputi pemilihan komposisi bufer pengekstrak, sistem bufer elektroforesis, prosedur pewarnaan enzim serta pemilihan material tanaman. Sebelas sistem enzim diekstrasi dari daun, embrio, atau bakal tunas manggis (Garcinia mangostana), petai (Parkia javanica), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) dan nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), menggunakan tiga macam bufer pengekstrak. Sistem enzim yang diidentifikasi adalah Aspartat Amino Transferase (AAT), Posfatase asam (ACP), Peroksidase (PER), Malat dehidrogenase (MDH), Isositrat dehidrogenase (IDH), dehidrogenase (SDH), dan 6-Posfogluconat dehidrogenase (6-PGD). Faktor lain yang dicoba adalah jenis sistem bufer elektroforesis yaitu Lithium (L), Histidin (H) pH 8,0 atau pH 6,0 Morfolin sitrat (MC) dan Sodium borat (SB). Dari sebelas sistem enzim yang dicoba, delapan enzim dapat dideteksi pada manggis, sembilan enzim pada nangka, sembilan enzim pada petai, dan delapan enzim pada rambutan. Berdasarkan jumlah enzim yang dapat dideteksi serta kualitas pita yang dihasilkan material tanaman yang paling baik digunakan adalah daun. Sistem bufer elektroforesis yang terbaik untuk keempat jenis tanaman adalah MC karena resolusi sebagian besar sistem enzim baik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keragaman genetik dapat dideteksi sehingga dapat mendukung penelitian selanjutnya untuk mendapatkan nilai keragaman genetik (genetik diversity value) pada jumlah sampel yang besar.ChapteridCIFOR Head Quarter389Moeljopawiro, S., Herman, M., Saono, S., Mariska, I., Purwantara, B. dan Kasim, H. Prosiding Seminar Perhimpunan Bioteknologi Pertanian Indonesia, Surabaya, 12-14 Maret 1997.IDWorld heritageSigaty, T1998international agreementsprotected areasChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter450Laan, T., Murray, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the International Forest Conservation and Protected Areas Workshop, Canberra, Australia, 8-10 September 1998IDEl potencial de manejo de especies maderables de rápido crecimiento en regeneración natural, sistemas agroforestales y plantaciones puras: Estudios de caso en Brasil, Perú y Costa RicaCurrent, D.Rossi, L.B.Sabogal, C.Nalvarte, W1998This article presents the preliminary results of case studies of three species with abundant regeneration in the natural regeneration of areas previously cleared for agriculture or pasture which have gained a place in timber markets (Guazuma crinita in Peru, Schizolobium amazonicum in Brazil and Cordia alliodora in Costa Rica). Due to the growing market interest in these species they are increasingly being integrated into the management of smallholdings in systems of management of natural regeneration, agroforestry systems and plantations. According to this preli minary research, the systems that have been preferred in the past by smallholders have been caring for natural regeneration and the establishment of agroforestry systems based on natural regeneration and plantings. The preference for these systems has been due to the low cost and ease of establishment and the ability to combine short-term benefits (crops and perennials) with timber production. Recently, due to incentives programs, more owners are opting for plantations whose greater costs are offset by incentives.ChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter506Proceedings I Cogreso Forestal Latinoamericano de la IUFRO. Valdivia, Chile. Noviembre de 1998.IDCan new technologies in agriculture save the forests?Angelsen, A.Kaimowitz, D1999technologyagricultural productionlabourdeforestationfactors of productionThis paper addresses under what circumstances technological change in agriculture is likely to increase deforestation and when it will decrease it. It identifies four sets of variables that influence these outcomes: the type of technological change involved, the farmers' socio-economic profile, the conditions in the relevant product and factor markets, and the agro-ecological contexts in which the technologies are introduced. Labor intensive technologies tend to reduce deforestation, as do technologies that lead to large price decreases for the output produced. Capital intensive technologies associated with mechanized agriculture or cattle ranching are much more likely to increase deforestation.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter819Sustainable agriculture solutions: the action report of the sustainable agriculture initiativeIDGenetic resources for plantation forestryBoyle, T.J.B.Cossalter, C.Grifin, A.R1997forest plantationsgenetic resourcesRelatively few tropical species have been used extensively in plantations. Species of pines and eucalypts are used in about one-third of the total area of tropical forest plantations, and acacias are also commonly planted. In utilising genetic resources effectively, it is important to assess the relative contributions of the genotype and the environment to the phenotype, and the relative magnitude of genetic variation at each level in the genetic hierarchy: species, provenances, and down to individual trees. The significance of quantitative variation and molecular genetics in the selection of genetic resources is discussed and the use of these different types of information in the design and implementation of tree improvement strategies described. Diff erent approaches to the selection of genetic resources at each level of the genetic hierarchy are reviewed with particular reference to selection for water and nutrient use efficiency. While marker-aided selection, physiological testing and modelling may be valuable in the future, traditional field testing remains an absolute necessity.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter179Nambiar, E.K.S. and Brown, A.G. Management of soil, nutrients and water in tropical plantation forestsIDLes stratégies territoriales face à l'Etat: un exemple d'appropriation de l'espace au Kouilou (Congo)Katz, E.Nguinguiri, J.C1997community forestrygovernancepolicySous le régime &ldquo;marxiste scientifique&rdquo;, les identités ethniques et claniques ont été gommées.Mais, comme dans tout l&rsquo;ancien bloc socialiste, elles resurgissent de plus belle, malgré l&rsquo;important brassage de population qui a eu lieu dans les villes et le long de la ligne de chemin de fer 16 . Mais comme pour les récents conflits politiques à Brazzaville (Dorier-Apprill, 1995), la coloration ethnique des revendications au Kouilou est toutefois à nuancer. Nous avons vu que des membres de la même ethnie peuvent s&rsquo;affronter, entre autochtones et migrants, pour l&rsquo;appropriation des ressources naturelles. L&rsquo;ethnie ou le clan fonctionne en tant que groupe stratégique, au même titre que le réseau de solidarité villageois ou les associations. Le groupe se définit en fonction d&rsquo;intérêts locaux et ponctuels au travers de relations de clientélisme. Si les ressources halieutiques diminuent dans un village habité à la fois par des Vili et des Téké, c&rsquo;est autour de l&rsquo;ethnie que se fédèrent les conflits. Si les dissensions s&rsquo;opèrent autour des plantations d&rsquo;eucalyptus, les villageois s&rsquo;appuient sur l&rsquo;association ou bien jouent la carte de la tenure foncière clanique. La référence à la tradition sert de prétexte et varie aussi selon le contexte : ici, croyance au génie, là, appropriation coutumière des terres. Mais prétexte ou non, la tradition est toujours vivante et s&rsquo;adapte au changement. Pour les populations du Kouilou, comme pour d&rsquo;autres sociétés (Bonnemaison, 1992 ; Vincent, 1995), le territoire qu&rsquo;elles occupent est chargé d&rsquo;histoire et de géo-symboles, tant sur le plan visible qu&rsquo;invisible, et son appropriation est le fait des génies tutélaires. Les marques matérielles de l&rsquo;histoire y étant rares, la géographie symbolique prend encore plus d&rsquo;importance qu&rsquo;ailleurs. Ceux qui viennent de l&rsquo;extérieur pour exploiter des ressources peuvent le faire tant qu&rsquo;ils s&rsquo;acquittent correctement de leurs redevances face aux gérants visibles et invisibles du territoire ; mais de toutes façons, leur passage en ces lieux est éphémère car la permanence est aux génies.ChapterfrCIFOR Head Quarter351Bonnemaison, J., Cambrézy, L. and Quinty-Bourgeois, L. (eds.) Le territoire: lien ou frontière ? Identités, conflits ethniques, enjeux et recompositions sociales (Colloque ORSTOM-Paris IV, Paris, 2-4 Oct. 1995), ParisCGGrowth and mortality patterns before and after loggingNguyen-The, N.Favrichon, V.Sist, P.Houde, L.Bertault, J-G.Fauvet, N1998logginggrowthmortalityIn the frame work of the STREK project, growth and mortality rates were analysed in both primary forest and after interventions such as logging or liberation thinning in logged-over forest. Dipterocarps, the dominant family in the upper storey and the major commercial species, were the particular focus. Before logging, the annual increment is a few millimetres per year and depends on the diameter class, linked to the social status in the stand. Dipterocarps grow faster than many other species and the stand density influences growth. The denser the stand, the higher the proportion of trees with negative or nil growth with an associated high probability of dying. After logging, growth and mortality were clearly influenced by the degree of canopy opening related to logging intensity. The data analysis therefore took into account different levels of logging intensity. A spatial approach using GIS showed that only a part of the stand suffered any harvesting impact. Two years after logging, the balance between growth, recruitment and mortality, showed no significant difference to the control plots. This suggests that the forest is not yet in a reconstitution phase but in a recovery process. Overall, the growth enhancement induced by canopy opening is balanced by a higher mortality. In the logged over areas, growth, after the silvicultural treatments, was enhanced by an average of 50%. The long-term effect of these treatments will have to be assessed over an extended period.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter366Bertault, J-G, Kadir K., (eds) Silvicultural research in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan, the contribution of STREK projectCGBosque secundarios como recurso para el desarrollo rural y la conservación en los trópicos de América Latina = Secondary forests resource for the rural development and the environmental conservation in the tropics of Latin AmericaSmith, J.Sabogal C.de Jong, W.Kaimowitz, D1997rural developmentconservationDatos recientes muestran que la destrucción de los bosques primarios ha estado acompañada por la expansión de los bosques secundarios. Los estudios también muestran que los bosques secundarios son capaces de proporcionar algunos de los servicios económicos y ecológicos de los bosques primarios. Esto ha conducido a una nueva estrategia para aumentar el valor de los bosques secundarios para agricultores y ganaderos, con el objetivo de inducirlos a conservar estos bosques indefinidamente, o al menos a retardar su reconversión a otros usos. El objetivo de este artículo es de contribuir a una estrategia coherente para realizar el potencial de los bosques secundarios. Nuestra hipótesis es de que existen áreas importantes bajo bosque secundario en terrenos de pequeños y grandes productores y que a través de intervenciones tecnológicas y de política se puede incrementar significativamente el área y el valor económico y ecológico de bosques secundarios y, por consiguiente, el periodo por el cual estos son conservados. También formulamos la hipótesis de que los bosques secundarios son altamente variables en sus características ecológicas y en términos de objetivos y recursos de sus propietarios. Por tanto, es probable que las intervenciones requeridas sean altamente variables. Un análisis de la dinámica de los bosques secundarios puede ayudar a dirigir las intervenciones a aquellas áreas con la más alta probabilidad de impacto. El análisis de los aspectos socioeconómicos de la dinámica de bosques secundarios se basa en el cambio progresivo en el tiempo de algunas características de áreas de frontera agrícola. Hacemos la distinción entre dos trayectorias diferentes: aquella seguida por colonos y la de comunidades indígenas. Una tercera categoría de circunstancias accidentales, tales como conflictos militares y litigio, también pueden conducir a la creación de bosques secundarios. Las opciones de manejo para bosques secundarios se clasifican de acuerdo a sus requerimientos de recursos (capital, tierra, mano de obra y capacidad gerencial) y el transcurso de tiempo para obtener un producto, resultando cuatro grupos: barbechos mejorados de ciclo corto, barbechos enriquecidos de ciclo medio, bosques de producción de ciclo medio a largo, y bosques de conservación. Las características de cada categoría de productores y sus bosques secundarios son contrastados con las características de las opciones de manejo donde la probabilidad de adopción es la más alta. Luego se identifican las categorías generales de intervenciones de política apropiadas para cada categoría de productor, siendo: políticas relacionadas al mercadeo de productos del bosque secundario, reformas de la legislación y políticas que permiten a los productores capturar el valor de los servicios ambientales que suministran los bosques secundarios. Concluimos enfatizando la importancia de un marco conceptual dinámico para el desarrollo de una estrategia para bosques secundarios, que permite prevenir la degradación del recurso, en oposición a revertir esta después de que ocurra. El marco conceptual que se presenta también permite el análisis de bosques secundarios como una parte integral del sistema de producción del agricultor. Finalmente, se enfatiza que la contribución principal de este ejercicio es el marco conceptual. Los resultados son meramente indicativos y necesitan ser verificados con datos empíricos.ChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter445Elias, E. Memorias del taller internacional sobre el estado actual y potencial de manejo y desarrollo de bosque secundario tropical en América Latina. Pucallpa-Péru, 2 al 6 de junio de 1997CGThe World heritage convention as a mechanism for tropical forest conservationSayer, J.A.Iremonger, S.Ishwaran, N.Thorsell, J1999tropical forestsnature conservationinternational agreementsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter573Thulstrup, Hans D. (ed.) World natural heritage and the local communityCGLes effects de la crise economique et la devaluation sur l'utilisation des plantes medicinales au Cameroun: implications pour la gestion durable des foretsNdoye, O.Ruiz Perez, M.Desire, M.A.Ngono, D.L1999economic crisesmedicinal plantsChapterfrCIFOR Head Quarter586L' Atelier International FORAFRI sur La Gestion Durable des Forets Denses Humides Africanes Anjourd'hui, Libreville, Gabon, 12-16 Octobre 1998CMSpatially explicit model of deforestation in BoliviaVanclay, J.K.Kaimowitz, D.Puntodewo, A.Mendez, P1999spatial analysismodelsdeforestationgeographical information systemsimpactcopy availableA GIS compiled by the Departmental Government of Santa Cruz, Bolivia offers data that may help to resolve some competing theories of tropical deforestation. The GIS contains many attributes relating to land use at two points in time, 1989 and 1994, and allow us to address questions like: What has been the impact of past road construction on deforestation and land use? What impacts might be expected from future road construction? What impact do zoning policies such as forest concessions and protected areas have? What influence do cultural factors have on forest clearing and fragmentation? We discuss our methodology and report interim results. We seek to provoke discussion on appropriate statistical procedures for such analyses.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter598Laumonier, Y., King, B., Legg, C., and Rennolls, K. (eds.) Data Management and Modelling using Remote Sensing and GIS for Tropical Forest Land InventoryBOPlants: varieties and usesCampbell, B.M1997plantsusesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter272Middleton, J. Encyclopaedia of AfricaBODescription of the primary lowland forest of BerauSist, P.Saridan, A1998forestsdescriptionslowland areasThe structure and species composition of the primary lowland dipterocarp forest in Berau is presented. This study mainly focuses on the primary forest based on 3 control plots of 4 ha each, totalling 12 ha, where 93% of the trees (dbh (10cm) were identified at the taxa level. Tree identification led to a collection of herbarium samples and to development of a herbarium reference which now contains more than 3 000 samples representing 45 families, 129 genera and 579 species or taxa. In primary forest, the average figures for density, basal area and standing volume are 530.7 trees 31.5 ha-1 , and 402 m3 ha-1, respectively. In the study area dipterocarps represented 25% of the tree population, 50% of the basal area and 60% of the standing volume. In the three control plots of primary forest (12 ha), 538 different taxa were recognised representing a mean of 182 trees per ha. The families Dipterocarpaceae and Euphorbiaceae were the most important taxa in both density and number of species (61 species each). Two dipterocarp species, namely Shorea leptoderma Meijer ex Wood and Shorea symingtonii Wood were recorded for the very first time in Indonesia. The structure of the forest of Berau is very similar to that of Sabah or other parts of northern Borneo. The main characteristic of this forest is its remarkable richness in dipterocarps which is exhibited in a mean of 29 species per ha. The forests of Sabah are mainly dominated by light-demanding dipterocarp species such as Parashorea spp. and Dryobalonops spp. This could result from important canopy disturbance caused by climatic events like cyclones or long periods of drought. The high species richness of the Berau forest may be linked to a longer-term stability and a relative constancy of the climate in the region.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter361Bertault, J-G, Kadir K., (eds) Silvicultural research in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan, the contribution of STREK projectBOLiberation thinnings in logged-over forestsSist, P.Abdurachman1998thinningloggingforestsOne of the objectives of the STREK project was to propose silvicultural methods able to increase forest production, especially in logged-over areas, The area RKL 1 which was logged 15 years ago was the most suitable zone to implement those trials. This study aims to describe the silvicultural treatments undertaken in RKL 1. Two different treatments were applied in addition to the control: the first treatment was a liberation thinning carried out systematically in the plot with a removal of 30% of the basal area involving the non-commercial species with dbh = 20 cm. The second silvicultural treatment was a two-fold intervention: (i) a liberation thinning focused around selected potential crop trees (PCT) characterised by an extraction of non-commercial species with dbh = 20 cm located within a circle of a constant 10 m diameter centred on the PCT; and (ii) an extraction of the same non-commercial species group with dbh = 40 cm outside the 10 m circles. The efficiency of the arboricide on the trees three years after treatment is given.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter363Bertault, J.G. and Kadir, K., (eds) Silvicultural research in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan, the contribution of STREK projectBOTropical forests, carbon, and people: a revisionist philosophy for the new milleniumDykstra, D.P1998tropical forestscarbonpeopleChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter443A paper presented at the College of Forestry, Oregon State University, November 5, 1998. A contribution to the 1998 Starker lecture series, "Different philisophies and the impacts of these philosophies on the world's natural resources"BOLiving on the edge: evaluating options for people and ecosystems at the forest edge.Vanclay, J.K1998local populationforestsecosystemsliving conditionsChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter451Van Noordwijk, M., De Foresta, H. (eds.) Agroforestry in landscapes under pressure: Lampung research planning trip.BOCodes of forest practice and related research needs.Turnbull, J.W.Vanclay, J.K1999code of practiceforest managementregulationsloggingThis paper aims to set codes of forest practice in the framework of the evolving debate on sustainable forest management. Codes of forest practice are sets of regulations or guidelines developed by governments or other organisations to assist forest managers select practices to be followed when carrying out forest management and utilisation operations. These practices, when correctly applied, should meet standards for sustainable forest management. A code of practice is also a form of forest policy typically used to promote certain environmental benefits and the codes are regarded as important measures in moving towards sustainable forest management. They are based on the best knowledge available to ensure forests are well managed. In many countries the pressures from environmental activists to improve forest management practices began in the 1970s. In Australia, CSIRO published environmental guidelines for forest harvesting in 1979 and throughout the 1980s most Australian States developed codes of forest practices, principally directed at logging or harvesting forests. In the United States many forestry authorities published guidelines and best management practices from 1988 onwards, but Oregon developed the first comprehensive forestry practices Act in 1971. In the tropics, buoyant world timber markets and weak forest regulatory authorities led to deteriorating standards of timber harvesting and utilisation, and the gap, is widening between the principles of sustainable forest management and forest management practices. ITTO produced general guidelines for management of natural forests, planted forests and conservation of biological diversity in tropical forests. Regional codes of practice for the South Pacific and Asia-Pacific have and are being developed. The paper concludes that sustainability continues to be the single most important principle to guide forest management and management will need to continuously challenge and evaluate its own codes of forest practices.Chapteren0-643-06316-1CIFOR Head Quarter452Brown, A.G. (ed.) Sustainable forest management: proceedings of the Hermon Slade Workshop on Sustainable Forest Management, Melbourne, 30 November - 4 December 1998BOEl manejo de los bosques tropicales: retos, deficiencias y oportunidadesPutz, F.E1998tropical forestsforest managementforest exploitationlogging effectsDespite the challenges and deficiencies tropical forest research faces, it has never had so much power as now. Foresters rely on new approaches to stimulate a change in the way forest is used for a more sustainable management system. In addition, new legislation and international agreements on forests will help if there is political willingness to apply the laws and postpone economic benefits. However, before there is any possibility of change from the culture of forest exploitation to the culture of forest management, it is necessary to address some issues. Some lumbermen, forest concessionaires and forest owners do not see any reason to change the present exploitation practices; they argue that they have no access to the information for implementation of reduced impact logging techniques and other forest management practices; and additionally forest management is less profitable in the short-term. There is a need to respond to these issues, to accept the challenges and to overcome the deficiencies in the research programmes to stop destructive forest exploitation practices and preserve the forest.ChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter459BOLFOR, CIFOR, IUFRO Memoria del Simposio Internacional sobre Posibilidades de Manejo Forestal Sostenible en America Tropical, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia 15-20 de Julio de 1997BOForest composition, structure, and regeneration in a dry forest of the Nicaraguan Pacific coastSabogal, C.Valerio, L1998compositionforestsregenerationThis paper presents the results of nearly five years of research in one of the least disturbed dry forests in Nicaragua, the country with the largest proportion of dry forest areas in Central America. Floristic, structural and dynamic aspects of dry deciduous and gallery forest stands are presented. The study has international implications because knowledge of tropical dry forest ecology is scarce at the same time that local demands on such forests around the world are intense.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter508F. Dallmeier and J.A. Comiskey (eds.) Forest, biodiversity in North, Central and South American, and the Caribbean: research and monitoringNIDiversified management of natural forests: changing roles of tropical silvicultureSayer, J.A1999natural foreststropical forestsforest managementsylvicultureChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter512Paper presented at the 26th Anniversary and Inauguration of the Chair of Tropical Forest Management, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18 March 1999NI(Afterword) Riska: memories of a Dayak girlhoodColfer, C.J.P1999living conditionsgender relationswomenThis brief afterward discusses Riska&rsquo;s experiences in the context of Colfer&rsquo;s ethnographic knowledge of gender and lifestyle changes among the dayaks of Kalimantan. It discusses the burgeoning literature reflecting women&rsquo;s voices, a genre to which Riska contributes. Building on her own ethnographic experience, Colfer highlights important changes that have affected women&rsquo;s lives, such as increasing wage labour opportunities for men, new technological devices for men, negative stereotypes of dayaks on the part of outsiders, and agricultural extension programs that focus on men. The problems that dayaks often encounter when they try to join mainstream Indonesian life are briefly discussed. She concludes by recounting some of the important positive values represented by dayak ways of life: a sense of humor and equanimity in the face of disaster; unusual generosity; recognition of differing strengths; acceptance of responsibility of reach other&rsquo;s welfare;and a value placed on hard work, initiative and creativity.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter588Sari, Riska Orpa Riska: memories of a Dayak girlhoodNIManagement Advice from Tree MeasurementsVanclay, J.K1999treesmeasurementChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter596Gideon, O. and Oavika, F. (eds.) Permanent sample plots and growth models for natural forest management in PNG. Proceedings of Workshop, PNG Forest Research Institute, Lae, 10-13 November 1998.NITROPIS - networking research with permanent plotsVanclay, J.K1999researchinformation systemstreesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter597Gideon, O. and Oavika, F. (eds.) Permanent sample plots and growth models for natural forest management in PNG. Proceedings of Workshop, PNG Forest Research Institute, Lae, 10-13 November 1998.NI(Summary) Discussion on 'Integrating Reserve and Off-reserve Management'Golman, M.Vanclay, J.K1999reserved areasmanagementChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter599Brown, A. G. (ed.) Sustainable Forest Management. Proceedings of the Hermon Slade International Workshop held at Melbourne, 30 November - 4 December 1998NIOn yield regulation for sustainable forestry, with examples from QueenslandVanclay, J.KOxford Forestry InstituteOxford, U.K.1999sustainabilityforestryregulationsyieldsgrowthPersonal anecdotes are used to highlight some important considerations for yield regulation and to introduce some pertinent literature. A checklist of key issues and research needs is offered. Perhaps the most important consideration is to maintain a holistic systems view, and to involve clients and to ensure their needs are met. http://www.myrlin.org/download/wsart12.zipChapteren0-85074-152-1CIFOR Head Quarter604Wright, H.L. & Alder, D. Proceedings of a workshop on Humid and Semi-humid Tropical Forest Yield Regulation with Minimal Data, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 5-9 July 1999AUCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) - keynote addressKartawinata, K1999CIFORconferencesChapter58-61enCIFOR Head Quarter620International Workshop on Model Forests for Field-Level Application of Sustainable Forest Management : record of workshop discussions, March 23-27, 1999, Mie, JapanAULa gestion local de recursos forestales: la experienca Boliviana 94-98Kaimowitz, D1998decentralizationforest managementnatural resourcesThis brief paper presents basic background information on decentralization in Bolivia and the role of municipal governments in forest management. Then it provides some possible lessons from the Bolivian experience for Central America. In concludes that decentralization opens new opportunities for local participation but does not gurantee that participation will occur or that benefits will be share more equitably. Informal power relations can be more important than formal changes in laws. Decentralisation's impact on the conservation of natural resources remains uncertain, with conflicting tendencies operating in both directions.ChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter686Manejo decentralizado y colaborativo del medio ambiente en Centroamerica Workshop Proceedings. Memoria del encuentro realizado del 20 al 22 de abril de 1998 en San Jose, Costa RicaBO(manuscript) Forest operations and multiple resource managementDykstra, D.P1999logging effectsnon-timber forest productsforest resourcesconflictharvestingimpactThe contribution of non-timber forest products to the global economy is significant, though probably less than that of timber products. In addition, non-timber resources provide substantial environment benefits that are difficult or impossible to measure in an economic sense but are nevertheless highly valued by society. In all parts of the world and at all levels of economic development, societies increasingly demand that forest managers consider the value of non-timber goods and services in making harvesting and silvicultural decisions. While this is not easy, methodologies are becoming available that at least are beginning to make the task feasible. Technologies that offer promise for incorporating non-timber values into harvesting and silvicultural decisions include the use of comprehensive multiple-resource models to develop plans and to negotiate with interested parties, and the modification of forest practices in an effort to enhance non-timber values through the operations themselves. Operating technologies that reduce damage to residual vegetation, decrease soil disturbance, and improve timber recovery will benefit management while at the same time increasing substantially the value of the non-timber goods and services provided by forests (o)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter455Keynote presentation for the International Mountain Logging and 10th Pacific Northwest Skyline Symposium, "New Technologies for Harvesting Systems, People, and the Environment in Mountainous Terrain", March 28-April 1, 1999, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USABOConstraints and opportunities in rattan production-to-consumption systems in AsiaBelcher, B1999canes and rattansproductionconsumptionmarketingSix systems of rattan production, processing and marketing from four Asian countries are compared using a production-to-consumption systems approach. Cases were selected to represent a range of management and capital intensity at different stages. Strong similarities among the cases are explained by characteristics of the material and similar policy treatments among the four countries. There is a tendency toward increasing intensity and scale in the manufacturing sector, but this has not translated into incentives for improved management in raw material production. The industry in most countries is still based mainly on the unsustainable exploitation of wild rattan, although there are technically feasible systems for intensifying production. Raw material shortages are already being experienced in the industry. The situation represent a good opportunity for investment. The paper concludes by identifying key areas for attentionChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter571Bacilieri, R., Appanah, S. Rattan cultivation : achievements, problems and prospects. An International Consultation of Experts for the Project : Conservation, Genetic Improvement, and Silviculture of Rattans in South-East Asia 12-14 May, 1998, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaBOGlobalisation, localisation and protected areasSayer, J.A1999biodiversityinternational organizationsnature conservationparticipationusesProcesses of economic integration and growing economic influence of corporations are leading to greater efforts among people in all countries to protect the lifestyles and habitats that they value. For conservation organizations, the first challenge is clearly defining objectives and priorities on what to conserve, followed by mobilising the best available science and emerging techniques of working with local human communities to determine the most effiecient way of achieving the agreed conservation goals at the least social cost. Greater transparency, obejectivity and fairness must be essential elements in the process of allocating land for various purposes. For conservationists, the critical task is to determine the optimal extent, location and management of areas needed to achieve an acceptable balance between the development needs of local people and global biodiversity conservation needs. The inevitable trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and other uses of natural areas are more likely to be widely accepted if they are made in transparent manner with the full participation of all people concerned, with related economic costs and benefits allocated in an equitable manner. IUCN needs to play a leadership role in helping people protect their land against global pressures and enable the to be fairly compensated for any costs they may incur when they live in areas whose biodiversity values are primarily global and not localChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter577McNeely, Jeffrey A. (ed.) IUCN's 50th anniversary celebration : results of imagine tomorrow's world : symposium workshopBOReduced impact logging: putting research results into practiceDykstra, D.P1998logging effectscode of practiceenvironmental impactSince the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was held in 1992 attitudes toward management of tropical forest has changed. Previously, environmental group opposed any logging at all in such forests. Around the same time, many development agencies and international non-governmental organizations began promoting reduced-impact logging as a strategy for sustainable of tropical forests. Codes of forest practice are sets of guidelines which are designed to help foresters in government agencies and forest enterprises select practices to be followed in carrying out forest management and utilization operations. FAO recently published the FAO Model Code of Forest Harvesting Practice. It is intended to be used as a reference by FAO member nations which are contemplating the preparation of their own codes of forest harvesting practice. It has been prepared to provide information on a range of practices that are likely to be acceptable under various conditions, and also on practices which may reduce timber or non-timber resource values. In doing this, the FAO Model Code make two assumptions: First, that it is necessary to know what practices are technically and economically feasible. Second, that it is possible to conduct forest harvesting operations in ways that are consistent with sustainable forest management. The techniques to practice the reduced-impact logging are discussed in this paper. For the most part of the techniques to implement it only require relatively minor modifications. Government policies play an important role to ensure that these practices are adopted widely. (YS)ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter435Frederick Kugan, Jeflus S. Sinajin, Dr. Konrad Uebelhör and Robert Ong (eds.) Proceedings of the Seminar on Harvesting Technologies and Standards for Sustainable Forest Management in SabahBORoles of global and regional networks and consortia in strengthening forestry researchNair, C.T.S.Dykstra, D.P1998cooperationforestryinternational organizationsresearchCollaborative institutional arrangements such as networks and consortia are becoming significant players in the provision of goods and services in situations where such collaborations can improve the overall comparative advantage of the alliance. Economic globalisation, rapid development of communication technologies, and increasing problem complexity have enhanced the relevance of networks and other such arrangements. While networks and strategic alliances are an integral part of business and industry, and are playing an increasingly important role in national and international agriculture research (APAARI 1997) they have been less widely used in forestry for collaborative research. Convinced that both the efficiency and effectiveness of forestry research could be improved through strategic alliances, the Fourth Session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests stressed the need to "promote consortia and networks to lead and organize research" (IISD 1997). Historically, forestry among research networks have been created principally to foster the exchange of information among scientists and to a lesser extent, users and beneficiaries of forestry research. This was the primary aim of IUFRO, by far the largest and oldest forestry research network, when it was created in 1892. For nearly all forestry research network, including IUFRO, exchange of information continues to be a primary focus but recent developments in foresty suggest that by broadening the scope of their activities, these networks could potentially contribute much more to forestry research. Numerous research problems can potentially be handled more effectively through networking than by individual research institutes. National research systems are often constrained by lack of expertise and resources, and networks can help overcome these limitations. Making this potential a reality requires a clear understanding of the role of networks and consortia, as well as their potential strengths and limitations. In this paper we examine a selection of issues relating to collaboration in forestry research through networks and consortia at the regional and global levels. We make no pretence that our treatment provides a comprehensive overview of this subject. Rather than attempting to catalogue the many forestry research networks and collaborative arrangem ents that exist, our objective is to raise issues that might be fruitfully discussed during the ICRIS dialogueChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter442Proceedings of International Consultation on Research and Information Systems in Forestry: An Austrian and Indonesian initiative in support of the programme of work of the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests, September 11-17, 1998, Gmunden, AustriaBOStatistical methods for estimating species richness of woody regeneration in primary and secondary rain forests of Northeastern Costa RicaChazdon, R.L.Colwell, R.K.Denslow, J.S.Guariguata, M.R1998statistical analysisplantsestimationspeciesThe study of plant communities requires a basic understanding of the abundance, distribution, and number of species present. Yet, in obtaining this information, scientists can rarely sample the entire community or area of interest. In practice, data from numerous small sub-samples provide a basis for extrapolating to a larger area, Such extrapolating must take into account the well-supported observation that estimates of local species richness depend strongly on the number of individuals and the area sampled (Gleason, 1922; Preston, 1948). Although researchers must rely heavily on extrapolations for many kinds of ecological studies, relatively little attention has been focused on improving the accuracy, applicability, and accessibility of species-richness estimators in vegetation studies, particularly in higly diverse tropical ecosystems. If robuts and accurate statistical estimators of species richness that are reasonably insensitive to sample size can be found, they can serve to provide a quantitative basis for identifying conservation priorities, for comparative biogeographic or regional studies, and for assessing long-term changes in species richness. Bunge and Fitzpatrick (1993) and Colwell and Coddington (1994) provided a broad overview of statistical approaches for estimating species richness form samples. Here, we evaluated the performance of several of these methods in estimating species richness of young woody regeneration in six tropical forest sites. We compared the performance of various estimation techniques within individual sites as well as across a range of sites differing in successional status and in woody species abundance and spatial distribution. We focused specifically on two size classes of wood regeneration: 1) established seedlings <1m in height, and 2) saplings and shrubs>1m in height, but <5cm in diameter at breast height (dbh), hereafter referred to as saplings. In most standard vegetation sampling approaches, the species composition and abundance of young regeneration (seedlings and saplings) are sub-sampled in numerous small quadrats within a larger plot. These sampling methods often do not yield similar densities of stems for different regeneration size classess. Moreover, fewer trees are sampled compared to seedlings or saplings. Therefore, comparisons of species richness among size classes within the same site many be biased by different sample sizes, different numbers and spacing of quadrats, and different total areas censused. Comparisons of species richness across a range of sites may also be confounded by sampling-induced biases such as differences in area sampled, overall density of individuals, and spatial distributions (patchiness) of individuals. Our study considered effects of sample size (number of quadrats or number of individuals), overall density, and non-random spatial distributions on the performance of different species-richness estimators within and among six tropical forest sites. Before evaluating the estimators, it is important to define the evaluation criteria. We defined three features of an ideal species-richness estimator. First, it would be independent of sample size (number of quadrats or number of individuals), beyond some minimum threshold, and would remain stable as sample size increased. When plotted on the same scale as the species-accumulation curve, it should be rapidly increase to Smax and remain constant. Second, the ideal estimator would be insensitive to patchiness of species distributions across the quadrats sampled. Third, it should be insensitive to sample orderChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter456Dallmeier, F., Comiskey, J.A. (eds.) Forest biodiversity research, monitoring and modeling: conceptual background and old world case studiesCRPaysage, espaces, territoire: representations mixteques (Mexique)Katz, E1998ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter471Guillaud, D., Seysset, M., Walter, A. (eds.) A Joel Bonnemaison, le voyage inacheveCRTemporal and spatial dynamics in the extraction of non-timber forest products in the Northern Bolivia AmazonDijkman, W.Stoian, D.Henkesmans, A.B.Assies, W.Boot, R.G.A1998brazil nutsdevelopmentincomenon-timber forest productssustainabilityrubberFor more than a century, northern Bolivia has had a tradition of commercial forest exploitation. For several decades into the twentieth century, the extraction of rubber and Brazil nuts was combined with subsistence agriculture, resulting in an agro-extractive cycle that fostered a sedentary lifestyle of forest dwellers. The extraction of rubber and Brazil nuts used to be organized in a debt-peonage system, often leaving extractivists in debt to the patron. The decline of the Bolivian rubber market during the 1980s induced the breakdown of the agro-extractive cycle. Most people left the patron-controlled extraction areas (barracas), and either established themselves as farmers in independent communities close to urban areas or migrated to the cities where the processing of forest products had increased job opportunities. About half the Brazil nut collectors are now seasonal migrants, mainly from the cities. Depending on access to land, forest resources, and markets, extraction-based income can contribute to more than 50% of the overall household income, especially in the more remote forest settlements. Some processing plants gain direct access to tbe Brazil nut resource base through vertical integration, thereby increasing their control of the production process. These large enterprises partly take over the role of the former patrons (e.q. on making advance payments to the Brazil nut collectors). The increasing demand for Brazil nuts and the increased in-country processing in Bolivia has benefited all participants in the production process, including the collectors. Especially the collectors from independent communities manage to get a higher price for the nuts they collect. Even so, an unequal exchange continues to be characteristic of many non-timber-forest-products-based (NTFP-based) production systems. In addition, more recent extractive activities (e.q. logging and palm-heart extraction) are threatened by depletion of the resource area. None of the extractive activities thus fulfills all the criteria of sustainable developmentChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter473Seminar proceedings "Research in Tropical Rain Forests: Its Challenges for the Future", 25-26 November 1997BOA production-to-consumption systems approach: lessons from the bamboo and rattan sectors in AsiaBelcher, B1998bamboosnon-timber forest productscanes and rattanshttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Incomes.pdfChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter481Wollenberg, E, and Ingles, A. (eds.) Incomes from the forest: methods for the development and conservation of forest products for local communitiesBOForest structure and regeneration process of peat swamp Alan forests (Shorea albida) in Brunei DarussalamKobayashi, S1998natural regenerationpeatlandsseedlingsShorea AlbidawetlandsTropical peat lands constitute one of the most important area for the land utilization in insular Asia, although peat lands are widely distributed in Asia of 22.2 million ha compared with 5.2 million ha in America and 3.5 million ha in Africa (Kyuma et al. 1986). 18.2 million ha of peat exist in insular Asia. On the other hand, peat swamp forests are distributed 90,884 hectares in Brunei Darussalam. These forests dominantly consist of pure Shorea albida (Alan) stands classified into three forest types such as Alan Batu, Alan Bunga, Alan Padang (Anderson 1964). In this study, I tried to clarify the Alan forest structures and regeneration process at different site condition. Different forest type where observed from outside of peat dome to center such as the mixed swamp forest dominated Drybalanops rappa, Alan Batu, Alan Bunga, Alan Padang and Padan Paya forests. Among these forests, Alan forests occupied wide area and S. albida as monoculture stand is very peculiar in tropical rain forests associated with its phenological characteristics and site condition of peat swamp. Different Alan forest types are characterized on their heights and ground water levels. On the seedling establishment and regeneration process, although S. albida blossomed in February, 1986 in Brunei and Sarawak, the seedling population of S. albida almost dissapeared from the forest floor two year after. The main factors of mortality were considered to be the shortage of light intensity (less than 700 lux) and the water condition of the habitat which becomes easily dry on days without rainfall on the root system and becomes flooded after continual rainfall on the peat horizon. It is also appeared on the point of demography that the energy allocation pattern to root weight of S. angustifolia more than 30%. Peat land utilization must be taking into account of fragile ecosystem of S.albida forest on its regeneration process.ChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter491Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Asian Tropical Forest ManagementBOManejo sostenible y recuperación de bosques degradados: resultadas preliminares de experiencias de una red InternacionalMontagini, F.Eibl, B.McDonagh, P.Kobayashi, S1998In misiones, Argentina, natural regeneration was examined in forests harvested by minimum diameters (MD) and uniform spacing (US). Three years after harvesting, a total of 22,300 seedlings/ha were found in the forest cut by MD, 54,300 seedlings/ha in the forest cut by US, and 33,000 seedlings/ha in undisturbed forest. The degree of canopy closure and understory plat composition were also examined. Forest harvest methods with reduced impact techniques can contribute to maintain high levels of plant diversity and habitat heterogenity. In richment trials for the rehabilitation of over-exploited forests, the most successful species were Bastardiopsis densiflora, Ocotea puberula, Enterolobim contortisiliquum, Cordia trichotoma and Peltophorum dubium. The use of non-timber species investment returns and makes this practice more profitable. These experiences are part of a CIFOR research network including Latin America and SE AsiaChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter495BOCien años de cafetales. Dinámica de los agroecosistemas cafetaleros en la Mixteca (México)Katz, E1997non-timber forest productsChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter356Katz, E. Symposio "Los Campesinos del Café en el Pasado y Presente de America Latina", Congreso Internacional de los Americanistas, Quito, July 7 - 11, 1997BOUna breve introduccion al diseno experimental y a la estadistica (anexos)Putz F.E.Romero, C1997conferencesChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter423Putz, F.E., Romero, C., Heinrich, R., Merlo, F. (eds.) Seminario International de Capacitacion en Investigacion Sobre Aprovechamiento Forestal de Impacto Reducido y Manejo de Bosques Naturales: Resultados, Concepcion, 1-12 de Julio de 1997, Santa Cruz, BoliviaBOResena historica de la investigacion sobre politicas en Centro AmericaKaimowitz, D.Murrar, A1997cooperationinternational organizationspolicyresearchrural developmentnatural resourcesCGIARThis chapter reviews Central America's experience with regional collaborative policy research efforts focusing on rural issues, with particular emphasis on natural resources issues. It first presents a historical description of these efforts. Regional rural policy research began with the institutions developed around the Central American Common Market in the 1960s and 1970s, then became heavily tainted by the region's military conflicts in the 1980s, and came under the predominant influence of CGIAR centres and international agencies in the 1990s. Some specific issues are examined, including the need for greater Central American control over the research agenda, stakeholder participation, the role of regional research coordinators, the quality of the research being conducted, the balance between primary and secondary research, and coordination between different regional initiatives. (DK)ChapteresCIFOR Head Quarter426Scherr, S., Miranda, B., Neidecker-Gonzales, O. (eds.) Investigaciones sobre politicas para el desarrolo sostenible en las laderas mesoamericanasBOChanges of soil and understory biomass before and after the harvesting of Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation in Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi, ThailandKobayashi S.Yarwudhi C.Suksawang S1997ecosystemsenvironmental impactEucalyptusforest plantationslogging effectssoilEnvironmental changes must be initiated by forest harvesting. The harvesting of timber has affected forest ecosystems in various ways which includes degradation, shortage of forest water supply, soil loss and green house gas emission. Selective cutting, clear-cut, fire and burning are major causes of land degradation, though forest harvesting becomes a trigger to other forms of land utilization. However, while forest harvesting affects changes in ecosystem, land utilization afterwards may cause severer impacts on natural ecosystems. Nevertheless, the affects of forest harvesting have not fully been understood. Information on the long term impact of tree harvesting on forest ecosystems especially with regard to changes in vegetation, soil and productivity, is lacking. The harvesting impacts to ecosystems vary with time and method of logging, timber transporting method, logged tree species, soil characteristic, topography, local rain fall pattern and others. Therefore, impacts are assessed in relation to logging and timber transportation measures by taking many experimental plots in various conditions by a long term monitoring. Forest harvesting impacts on ecosystem were surveyed within a Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation in Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi to determine a sustainable rotation for the plantation. The experimental site had alraedy received severe damege to the soils during the first forest harvesting which was done to convert the natural forest to an Eucalyptus plantation. After the harvesting of Eucalyptus, soil and understory biomass were slightly changed, the thickness of A0 & A horizons, the hardness of A & B horizons and contents of Cations decreased, whereas bulk density and the saturated hydraulic conductivity rates increased. Severe variations in cha nges of soil properties was obeserved at yarding road, this was caused by the compaction of the topsoil by a yarding car. On the other hand, topsoil physical properties were improved by skidding when compared with the resuts of three different study sitesChapterenCIFOR Head Quarter605C. Khemnark [et al.] (eds.) Tropical forestry in the 21st century: global changes in the tropical contextTH2